2022年考博英语-电子科技大学考前模拟强化练习题12（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-电子科技大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题At the end of the Second World War, American spending on research and development（ ） half the worlds total; today, it has dropped to one third.问题1选项A.made upB.made forC.made up forD.made from【答案】A【解析】句意:二战结束吋，美国在研究和发展上的支出占世界在这些方面总支出的一半，如今该比例下降到了三分之一。考查短语辨析。选项均为对应短语的过去式。make up 和解，和好，组成，构成，编造，化妆，拿定主意;make for 为生产；走向，有利于，扑向；make up for 补偿，弥补，补救；make from 由制造，用制成，以谋生。2. 单选题The philosophy teacher was indeed amazed by the students（ ）in handing the computer.问题1选项A.availabilityB.probabilityC.variabilityD.versatility【答案】D【解析】句意:这位哲学老师的确为这些学生在操控计算机上的多才多艺感到惊讶。考查名词辨析。Availability 可利用，可用性，有用（效）性；probability可能性，机率；variability 可变性，变异性；versatility 多功能性，多才多艺，用途广泛。因此D符合句意。3. 单选题A complete investigation into the causes of the accident should lead to improved standards and should（ ）new operating procedures.问题1选项A.result inB.match withC.subject toD.proceed with【答案】A【解析】句意:彻底调查这个事故的原因,应该会提高标准,而且带来新的操作程序。考查短语辨析。result in 导致，带来；match with使较量，与相配，使与一致;subject to 使服从，使遭受；受管制;proceed with 继续进行。因此A符合句意。4. 单选题In daily life, he is free and easy, but in his work, he is a person（ ）perfection.问题1选项A.in proportion toB.in preference toC.in the wake ofD.in pursuit of【答案】D【解析】句意:在日常生活中，他是无拘无朿的，但在工作中他却是一个追求完美的人。考查短语辨析。in proportion to与 成比例，与相称；in preference to 优先于；in the wake of 紧紧跟随，随着而来；in pursuit of 寻求，追求。此处为介词短语做后置定语。D符合句意。5. 单选题Fertilizer, natural substance or mixture is used to（ ）soil so as to promote plant growth.问题1选项A.enactB.enlargeC.encloseD.enrich【答案】D【解析】句意:肥料、自然物质或混合物被用来使土地肥沃,以促进植物生长。考查动词辨析。Enact 通过(法律),扮演,担任角色; enlarge扩大,扩充,扩展; enclose围绕,放入封套; enrich使充实,使肥沃,使富足。故D符合句意。6. 单选题In the（ ）of this earthquake, many national and international communities offered help and assistance.问题1选项A.senseB.hopeC.caseD.wake【答案】D【解析】句意:随着这个地震而来的是很多国家和国际团体主动提供帮助。考查短语辨析。In the sense of 从意义上说; in the hope of怀着的希望; in the case of至于,在的情况下; in the wake of 紧紧跟随,随着而来。因此D符合句意。7. 单选题The men were full of（ ） because they thought their friends had been unjustly punished.问题1选项A.diagnosisB.indigestionC.indignationD.aggression【答案】C【解析】句意:这些人非常愤怒，因为他们认为他们的朋友受到了不公正的惩罚。考查名词辨析。diagnosis 诊断，结论；indigestion 消化不良，难理解；indignation愤怒，愤慨;aggression侵略。故C符合句意。8. 单选题The new miracle of the medical world is the stem cell, a marvel of human nature in that it can become any of nearly 220 cell types that constitute the human body. It is often called a blank cell that can be programmed to become other cells. Researchers predict that, by using stem cells, they can create organs that can be transplanted into people who desperately need them to save their lives. The most common source of stem cells is the human embryo, the initial stage of human life after a female egg is impregnated by a male sperm. In this very fact lies an ethical conundrum that has rocked both the medical and political landscape of the United States and other countries. Coupled with this is new research in cloning, which has seen some success in developing animal species without the use of normal birthing procedures. All of these areas of research are making quite a few people nervous about both the sources of stem cells and where the research is taking mankind.Most stem cell-containing embryos come from four different sources: fertility clinics which often store more human embryos than are needed; fetuses from unwanted pregnancies that are aborted; therapeutic cloning, which is when a human egg is stimulated into an embryo-like state; and custom-fertilization in which a human egg is deliberately fertilized with sperm to create an embryo in order to harvest its stem cells. Morally many people are outraged by these sources, claiming that human life is not something that should be tampered with and created just for scientific and medical purposes. At the core of this debate is the issue of what really constitutes a human being, with one side claiming a human does not exist until born from its mother while the other side claims that once egg and sperm meet, life has begun.The United States government has taken an active role in the debate and is consciously looking at the voting booth while making decisions regarding stem cell research. The government gave the go-ahead for federal spending on stem cell research but limited activity to specimens that already existed, meaning no new embryos could be created solely for stem cell research. Similar laws regarding cloning research have been proposed, including therapeutic cloning. Many universities and research centers worry that these laws may cause their best and brightest scientists to seek appointments overseas, where stem cell research is not so controversial.1. According to the first paragraph, a stem cell is unlike other cells because（ ）.2. According to the second paragraph, all of the following are sources of stein cells EXCEPT（ ）.3. According to the second paragraph, the main debate concerning stem cell sources revolves around（ ）.4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the underlined sentence in the last paragraph?5.According to the third paragraph, American universities and research institutes are worried about（ ）.问题1选项A.it has at least 220 different partsB.it can develop into any other cellC.it has been used to cure illnessD.it is at the center of a controversy问题2选项A.artificially impregnated womenB.human eggs that act like they are fertilizedC.embryos made for people who cannot conceiveD.the remains of unwanted babies1. （ ）.问题3选项A.how they are extracted from the sourceB.what the stem cell are used forC.the methods used to produce themD.when someone believes life begins问题4选项A.The United States government is involved in the debate on stem cells only because it is worried about the voters.B.The voters are making the United States government worried about its position on stem cell research.C.The issue of stem cell research is one that United States voters are concerned aboutD.The United States governments decisions on stem cell research reflect what its voting public wants.2. （ ）.问题5选项A.not getting enough funds for stem cell researchB.losing people for better opportunities elsewhereC.having the government shut down their operationsD.having to find new sources of stem cells【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。第一段指出: The new miracle of the medical world is the stem cell, a marvel of human nature in that it can become any of nearly 220 cell types that constitute the human body(医学界的新奇迹是干细胞。令人惊叹的是，它可以成为构成人体的近220种细胞中的任何一种),故选B“它能发展成任何其它的细胞”。2.细节事实题。题干问:根据第二段,以下哪项不是干细胞的来源。A:人工怀孕的女性,B:类似于已受精状的人类卵子,C:为不孕的人所做的胚胎,D:意外怀孕产出的婴儿的遗体。根据题干定位至第二段: Most stem cell-containing embryos come from fourdifferent sources: fertility clinics which often store more human embryos than are needed; fetuses from unwanted pregnancies that are aborted; therapeutic cloning, which is when a human egg is stimulated into an embryo-like state; and custom-fertilization in which a human egg is deliberately fertilized with sperm to create an embryo in order to harvest its stem cells(大多数包含干细胞的胚胎来自四个不同的来源：经常储存有多余人类胚胎的产科；因意外怀孕而被流产的胎儿； 治疗性克隆（即人类卵子被刺激成胚胎状）和特定的受精（即人类卵子被故意地与精子受精来创造一个胚胎，以便获取其干细胞）),因此只有A未被提及。故选A。3.细节事实题。第二段指出: At the core of this debate is the issue of what really constitutes a human being, with one side claiming a human does not exist until born from its mother while the other side claims that once egg and sperm meet, life has begun(这场争论的中心是什么真正地构成了人类，一方的人宣称直到从母亲身体生出来之后，人才真正存在，然而另一方的人却宣称一旦卵子和精子结合生命就开始了)。故选D“人们认为生命是从何吋开始”。4.判断推理题。最后一段划线句句意为:美国政府己积极参与这场争论，在做有关干细胞研究的决定吋正有意识地看着投票站。由此可知D项“美国政府有关干细胞研究的决定反映出其投票的公众的需求”正确。5.细节事实题。最后一段指出: Many universities and research centers worry that these laws may cause their best and brightest scientists to seek appointments overseas, where stem cell research is not so controversial(很多大学和研究中心担心，这些法律可能导致它们优秀和最杰出的科学家们前往干细胞研究没有如此有争议的海外寻求职位)。由此可知B“因海外更好的机会而流失人才”正确。9. 单选题It is an offence to show（ ）against people of different races.问题1选项A.distinctionB.differenceC.separationD.discrimination【答案】D【解析】句意:对不同种族的人表现出歧视是一种冒犯。考查名词辨析。distinction区别，特性;difference差异，不同;separation分离，距离;discrimination歧视，区别，辨别。故D符合句意。10. 单选题This is not the right（ ）to ask for my help; I am far too busy even to listen.问题1选项A.timeB.opportunityC.chanceD.case【答案】A【解析】句意:这不是向我寻求帮助的恰当吋机，我太忙了，甚至没时间倾听。考查固定搭配。it is the right time to do sth. 是做某事的恰当时机。故选A。11. 单选题After having discussed the matter with the bank manger, Peter（ ）received his Ioan.问题1选项A.instantlyB.instinctivelyC.causallyD.inexpertly【答案】A【解析】句意:在与银行经理讨论这件事后，Peter即刻就得到了贷款。考查副词辨析。instantly立刻，立即，马上；instinctively 本能地；causally 随便地，偶然地，临吋地；inexpertly 外行地，不熟练地。因此A符合句意。12. 单选题Television, the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by raid change and growth, is moving into a new era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.The word “television”，derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (vision: sight) roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance. Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image (focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable. These impulses, when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is non-broadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for thirty seven years in a form similar to what exists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most pail, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment. These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well. We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.1. With which topic is the passage primarily concerned?2. What is the literal meaning of the word “television”?3. Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as a function of electronics in televisiontransmissions?4. What field of television is intended for specific groups?5. Which of the following statements about the relationship between the television and itsviewers can be inferred from the passage?问题1选项A.Recent changes in modern technology.B.The marriage of broadcasting giants.C.The role of television in todays society.D.The content of broadcast television programs.问题2选项A.Medium of the massesB.Sight from a distanceC.Airwave transmissionD.Vehicle for communication问题3选项A.The conversion of image into electronic impulses.B.The sending of impulses through a wire or cable.C.The changing of one image into another image.D.The feeding of impulses into a receiver.问题4选项A.Broad-based.B.Reconstituted.C.Traditional.D.Non-broadcast.问题5选项A.Viewers do not take an active role in watching television.B.Viewers would prefer increased news coverage.C.Viewers like to use television to reach other human beings.D.Viewers have grown tired of television.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。第三段起到了承上启下的作用: Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings (电视不仅仅是一个电子系统,它还是一种表达工具和传播渠道。因此,电视成了一个对其他人发生影响的强大工具)。因此C项“电视在当今社会里的角色”比较能概括文章大意。2.词义题。第二段指出: The word “television” .can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance (电视可以从字面上理解为来自远方的景象)。由此可知B项“来自远方的景象”正确。3.细节事实题。A:图像转换成电子脉冲,B:通过电线或电缆发送电子脉冲,C: 将一个图像转换成另外一个图像,D:将脉冲送入接收机。第二段指出:through a sophisticated system of electronics,television provides the capability of converting an image . into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable. These impulses, when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image (通过复杂的电子系统,电视能够将一副閤像转换成能经过导线或电缆发送出去的电子脉冲信号。当这些电子脉冲信号被输入一部接收机(电视机)吋,就可以用电子学的方法把脉冲信号重新恢复成同一幅图像)。由此可知C项在文中未被提及。故选C。4.细节事实题。第四段指出: Second, there is non-broadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques (第二类为非广播电视,使用受控的发射技术来满足个人以及某些特殊利益群体的需要)。因此答案为D项“非广播类的”。5.细节事实题。最后一段指出: We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer (我们渐渐把显像管看作是娱乐的来源,让自己成为这个生动的媒介的被动观众),由此可知A项“观看者在观看电视吋扮演被动角色”正确。13. 单选题Land belongs to the city; there is（ ）tiling as private ownership of land.问题1选项A.no such aB.not suchC.not such aD.no such【答案】D【解析】句意:土地属于城市，没有诸如土地私人所有的事情。考查固定句式。there is no such thing as. 没有如样的事情。14. 单选题Anthropology is the study of human beings as creatures of society. It fastens its attention upon those physical and industrial techniques, those conventions and values, which distinguish one community from all others that belong to different tradition.The distinguishing mark of anthropology among the social sciences is that it includes for serious study other societies than our own. For its purposes any social regulation of mating and reproduction is as significant as our own, though it may be that of the Sea Dyaks, and have no possible historical relation to that of our civilization. To the anthropologists, our customs and those of New Guinea tribe are two possible social schemes for dealing with common problems, and in so far as he remains an anthropologist he is bound to avoid any weighting of one in favor of the other. He is interested in human behavior, not as it is shaped by one tradition, our own, but as it has been shaped by any tradition whatsoever. He is interested in a wide range of custom that is found in various cultures, and his objective is to understand the way in which these cultures change and differentiate, the different forms through which they express themselves and the manner in which the customs of any peoples function in the lives of the individuals.Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way round. Traditional custom is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.1. According to the passage, we can say that anthropology（ ）.2. For serious study, an anthropologist（ ）.3. In the third paragraph, the author is trying（ ）.4. Which of the following does the author most probably agree with?5. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?问题1选项A.can deal with human beings as one group of the creatures in the living worldB.can reveal an enormous diversity of traditionsC.can provide insights into the relationship between human beings and natureD.can distinguish the human race from other creatures问题2选项A.must not study his own cultureB.is not supposed to have a prejudice against any societyC.should focus on those societies which are historically related to each otherD.is obliged to work only on those societies that have no historical relationship to each other问题3选项A.to be critical of customB.to say that anthropology is more important than psychologyC.to strengthen the role custom plays in experience and beliefD.to draw our intention to the importance of custom问题4选项A.The goal of the anthropologist is to understand the way in which people express themselves.B.The anthropologist tries to understand why cultures are carried on without any change.C.The anthropologists professional interest is as wide as the variety of customs.D.The anthropologist is to explore social relations of different people.问题5选项A.Human Behavior.B.Creature of Society.C.The Science of Custom.D.The Functions of Cultures.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.判断推理题。第一段指出: It fastens its attention upon those physical and industrial techniques, those conventions and values, which distinguish one community from all others that belong to different tradition (它把注意力集中在那些自然特征和工业技术、 传统和价值观上，它们使一个社区区别于从属于不同传统的其他社会), 即人类学能体现从属于不同传统的社会之间的不同,因此B项“揭示传统的巨大多样性”正确。2.判断推理题。A项中“must not”和D项中“only”表述过于绝对,故排除。B:不应该对任何社会存在偏见,第二段指出: .and in so far as he remains an anthropologist he is bound to avoid any weighting of one in favor of the other (只要他还作为一位人类学家，他就一定会避免厚此薄彼，对任何文化存在偏见),因此B与原文所述相符。C:应关注历史上相互关联的社会,第二段指出: For its purposes, any social regulation.and have no possible historical relation to that of our civilization (就其目的而言，任何社会规则都与我们文化中的社会规则不可能有历史联系),因此C与原文不符。故选B。3.作者意图题。题干为:在第三段,作者打算?第三段开始指出: Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great moment (当前，习俗并没有被看作是一门重要的学科), 随后强调了 As a matter of fact, it is the other way round (事实正好相反)。而后谈及了习俗的作用和多样性。因此作者第三段谈及的是习俗的重要性和地位。故选D。4.判断推理题。第二段指出: He is interested in a wide range of custom that is found in various cultures, and his objective is to understand the way in which these cultures change and differentiate, the different forms through which they express themselves and the manner in which the customs of any peoples function in the lives of the individuals (他感兴趣的是在各种文化中所发现的浩瀚的习俗范围，他的目标就是弄懂这些文化变化和相互区别的方式，搞清楚它们表达自己的不同方式，弄明白任何一个民族的习俗在某一特定文化中的个人生活中的作用方式),故选C“人类学家的专业范畴与习俗的丰富性一样广泛”。5.主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了人类学的研究范围、对象和目标。通篇都在介绍人类学所研究的重点是人类的习俗，以及后文重点介绍了习俗的重要性和地位。故C项“习俗的科学”比较适合做文章标题。15. 单选题There are many kinds of metals,（ ）its special properties问题1选项A.each havingB.every havingC.each hasD.one has【答案】A【解析】句意:这里有很多种金属，每一种都有它特有的属性。语法题。考查独立主格。“its special properties它特有的属性”的逻辑主语是空格前“metals金属”,因此这里使用独立主格结构来 表示补充说明。16. 单选题The government（ ）to approve the use of wide-spread surveillance when the Justice Department took objections.问题1选项A.is goingB.had beenC.was aboutD.is coming【答案】C【解析】句意:政府即将同意采取广泛监督的手段吋，却遭到了司法部的反对。语法题。考查时态(一般过去将来时)。由关键词“took”可知句子主调为过去时,因此使用现在吋态的A项和D项排除。句意为“政府即将同意”,因此应用一般过去将来时。故选C。17. 单选题As a junior assista