2022年考博英语-江苏大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第170期

2022年考博英语-江苏大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 不定项选择题Flight simulator (飞行模拟器) refers to any electronic or mechanical system for training airplane and spacecraft pilots and crew member by simulating fight conditions. The purpose of simulation is not to completely substitute (1) actual fight training but to thoroughly familiarize students with the vehicle (2) before they (3) extensive and possibly dangerous actual flight training. Simulations also is useful for review and for familiarizing pilots with new (4) to existing craft.Two early flight simulators appeared in England within a decade after the first fight of Orville and Wilbur Wright. They were designed to enable pilots to stimulate simple aircraft (5) in three dimensions: nose up or down; left wing high and right low, or vice versa; and (6) to left or right. It took until 1929, however, for a truly effective simulator, the Link Trainer, to appear, devised by Edwin A. Link, a self-educated aviator and inventor from Binghamton, New York. (7), airplane instrumentation had been developed sufficiently to permit “blind” flying on instruments alone, but training pilots to do so involved (8) risk. Link built a model of an airplane cockpit equipped (9) instrument panel and controls that could realistically stimulate all the movements of an airplane. Pilots could use the device for instrument training, manipulating the controls (10) instrument readings so as to maintain straight and level flight or (11) climb or descent with no visual reference (12) any horizon except for the artificial one on the instrument panel. The trainer was modified (13) aircraft technology advanced. Commercial airlines began to use the Link Trainer for pilot training, and the US government began purchasing them in 1934, (14) thousands more as World War II (15).问题1选项A.forB.toC.withD.on问题2选项A.concerningB.concernC.being concernedD.concerned问题3选项A.undertakeB.undergoC.underplayD.underuse问题4选项A.modelsB.modificationsC.modifiersD.modicum问题5选项A.manifestationsB.manipulationsC.manifestoesD.maneuvers问题6选项A.yawlingB.yawningC.yawingD.yawping问题7选项A.From then onB.From now onC.By nowD.By then问题8选项A.considerableB.considerateC.consideringD.considered问题9选项A.forB.inC.withD.on问题10选项A.On the part ofB.On the basis ofC.On the track ofD.On the verge of问题11选项A.controlB.controllableC.controlledD.controller问题12选项A.toB.forC.onD.in问题13选项A.as forB.as toC.asD.for问题14选项A.acquiringB.requiringC.sustainingD.retaining问题15选项A.realizedB.realizingC.approachingD.approached【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D第6题:C第7题:D第8题:A第9题:C第10题:B第11题:A第12题:A第13题:C第14题:A第15题:D【解析】1.【选项释义】A. for对于；因为 B. to给C. with和 D. on在之上【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】substitute作动词时，和for或者with搭配，substitute for sb./sth.表示“代替某人/某物”，substitute B with/by A表示“用A代替B”，空格处后面直接跟了actual fight training（实战训练），故填入for符合搭配，该题选择A项。【干扰项排除】B、D项不符合固定搭配；C项不符合句意。【句意】模拟的目的并不是要完全取代实战训练。2.【选项释义】A. concerning关于；涉及 B. concern担心；关心C. being concerned被关注 D. concerned相关的【考查点】非谓语动词。【解题思路】分析句子可知，空格处跟在名词vehicle的后面，是作vehicle的定语，concern是动词，不能直接跟在vehicle的后面，而vehicle和concern是被动关系，表示被涉及的，所以用concern的过去分词形式，故该题选择D项。【干扰项排除】A项表示主动关系；B、C项是动词，不符合句子语法结构。【句意】模拟的目的不是要完全取代实战训练，而是要让学生彻底熟悉有关的工具。3.【选项释义】A. undertake承担；从事 B. undergo经历，经受C. underplay低调处理；降低的重要性 D. underuse未充分利用【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】根据宾语actual flight training（实际飞行训练）可知，空格处表示“经历”符合动宾搭配，其他三个选项都不符合句意，故该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合动宾搭配。【句意】模拟的目的不是要完全替代实际的战斗训练，而是要在学生进行广泛的和可能危险的实际飞行训练之前彻底熟悉相关的工具。4.【选项释义】A. models模型 B. modifications修改；改进C. modifiers修饰语 D. modicum少量，一点点【考查点】语义逻辑。【解题思路】根据existing和new可推知，new (34)是指在现有的飞机上进行的改进或修改，故该题选择B项符合句子逻辑。【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句子语义逻辑。【句意】模拟也有助于检查和使飞行员熟悉对现有飞机的新改进。5.【选项释义】A. manifestations显示；表明 B. manipulations操纵；控制C. manifestoes宣言 D. maneuvers机动动作；作战演习【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】根据句子可知，冒号后的内容是对空格处进行的解释，根据冒号后的关键信息“机头向上或向下；机翼左高右低或相反”可知，这是对飞机进行动作操作，maneuver指操纵某物的动作，一般是用于作战目的，符合句子语境，故该题选择D项。【干扰项排除】A、C项不符合句意；B项多指需要熟练运用到手的操作，不符合语境。【句意】它们的设计是为了让飞行员在三维空间中模拟简单的飞机动作：机头向上或向下；机翼左高右低或相反。6.【选项释义】A. yawling双桅轻便帆船 B. yawning打哈欠C. yawing偏航 D. yawping叫喊；哭喊【考查点】联系上下文。【解题思路】由to left or right（向左或向右），结合前文提到“在三维空间中模拟简单的飞机动作”可知，空格处表示“偏航”，故该题选择C项符合句意。【干扰项排除】A、B、D项都不符合句子语义逻辑。【句意】向左或向右偏航。7.【选项释义】A. From then on从那时起 B. From now on从现在开始C. By now到目前为止 D. By then到那时候【考查点】联系上下文。【解题思路】根据句子中的had been developed可知，“飞机上的仪器发展到足以允许盲人仅靠仪器飞行”这件事情是已经发生在过去，而上文说“直到1929年，一个真正有效的模拟器才被设计出来”，说明这个模拟器设计的时间没有足以允许盲人飞行的仪器的发展时间长，也就是说到真正有效的模拟器设计出来的时候，飞机上的仪器已经发展到可以让盲人飞行的地步了，故该题选择D项符合上下文语义。【干扰项排除】A、B、C项不符合上下文语义。【句意】到那时，飞机上的仪器已经发展到足以允许“盲人”仅靠仪器飞行。8.【选项释义】A. considerable相当多（或大、重要等）的 B. considerate体谅的；体贴的C. considering考虑到；鉴于 D. considered经过深思熟虑的【考查点】联系上下文。【解题思路】由but可知，句子前后语义表示转折，前文说“飞机上的仪器发展到足以允许盲人仅靠仪器飞行”，后文又提到“但是这样做的话会”，综合理解可推知involved (38) risk指的是“涉及到相当大的风险”，该题选择A项符合语义。【干扰项排除】B、C、D项不符合句子前后语义衔接。【句意】到那时，飞机的仪器已经发展到足以允许“盲人”仅靠仪器飞行，但训练飞行员这样做有相当大的风险。9.【选项释义】A. for对于；因为 B. in在里面C. with和 D. on在上面【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】equip作动词，常与with搭配，equip with表示“配备，装备”，故该题选择C项符合搭配。【干扰项排除】A、B、D项不和equip搭配使用。【句意】林克训练器建立了一个飞机驾驶舱的模型，配备了仪表板和控制装置，可以真实地模拟飞机的所有动作。10.【选项释义】A. on the part of就而言 B. on the basis of根据；基于C. on the track of追踪 D. on the verge of濒临于；接近于【考查点】语义逻辑。【解题思路】根据manipulating the controls（操纵控制）和instrument readings（仪表读数）可知，操纵控制是基于仪表盘读数，所以空格处表示“基于”符合句意，故该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句子语义逻辑。【句意】飞行员可以使用该设备进行仪表训练，根据仪表读数操纵控制，以保持直线和水平飞行。11.【选项释义】A. control指挥；控制 B. controllable可控制的C. controlled受控制的 D. controller控制器【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】分析句子可知，空格处前有or，表示空格处所填单词和maintain是并列动词，to是不定式，故空格处填入control的动词原形，该题选择A项。【干扰项排除】B、C、D项都不符合句子语法结构。【句意】飞行员可以使用该设备进行仪表训练，根据仪表读数操纵操纵装置，保持直线水平飞行或控制爬升或下降。12.【选项释义】A. to对；给 B. for因为；对于C. on在上面 D. in在里面【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】根据空格前的reference可知，reference to sth.表示“参考某物”，故该题选择A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D项均不和reference搭配。【句意】飞行员可以使用该设备进行仪表训练，根据仪表读数操纵操纵装置，保持直线水平飞行或控制爬升或下降，除仪表面板上的人工水平线外，无需任何地平线的视觉参考。13.【选项释义】A. as for关于；至于 B. as to至于；就而论C. as随着；当时 D. for因为；对于【考查点】联系上下文。【解题思路】上文提到飞行员可以用林克训练器进行多种操纵和控制，而飞机的仪器已经发展到足以允许“盲人”仅靠仪器飞行，所以推断训练器随着飞机技术的进步而改进，空格处表示“随着”，故该题选择C项。【干扰项排除】A、B、D项不符合句子语义逻辑。【句意】训练器随着飞机技术的进步而改进。14.【选项释义】A. acquiring获得，得到 B. requiring要求C. sustaining维持；支撑 D. retaining保持；保留【考查点】联系上下文。【解题思路】空格后的thousands more是指“数千架训练器”，前文提到“美国政府在1934年就开始购买训练器”，后面又提到“随着二战又数千架训练器”可知，美国又购买了数千架，acquire表示“获得，得到”，放在句中符合上下文语义，故该题选择A项。【干扰项排除】B、C、D项不符合上下文语义。【句意】随着二战又购买了数千架训练器。15.【选项释义】A. realized实现 B. realizing实现C. approaching接近 D. approached接近【考查点】语义逻辑。【解题思路】由as可知，as在句中作时间状语，表示是一件事情正在发生，另一件事也正在进行当中，但as从句中的动词一般用过去式，且按照句意“随着二战又购买了数千架训练器”可知，空格处表示“战争的临近”符合句意，故选择D项。【干扰项排除】A、B项不符合句意；C项不符合as时间状语从句的用法。【句意】随着第二次世界大战的临近，又购买了数千架训练器。2. 不定项选择题It is often claimed that nuclear energy is something we cannot do without. We live in a consumer society where there is an enormous demand for commercial products of all kinds. Moreover, an increase in industrial production is considered to be one solution to the problem of mass unemployment. Such an increase presumes an abundant and cheap energy supply. Many people believe that nuclear energy provides an inexhaustible and economical source of power and chat it is therefore essential for an industrially developing society. There are a number of other advantages in the use of nuclear energy. Firstly, nuclear power, except for accidents, is clean. A further advantage is that a nuclear power station can be run and maintained by relatively few technical and administrative staff. The nuclear reactor represents an enormous step in our scientific evolution and, whatever the anti-nuclear group says, it is wrong to expect a return to more primitive sources of fuel. However, opponents of nuclear energy point out that nuclear power stations bring a direct threat not only to the environment but also to civil liberties.Furthermore, it is questionable whether ultimately nuclear power is a cheap source of energy. There have, for example, been very costly accidents in America, in Britain and, of course, in Russia. The possibility of increases in the cost of uranium in addition to the cost of greater safety provisions could price nuclear power out of the market. In the long run, environmentalists argue, nuclear energy wastes valuable resources and disturbs the ecology to an extent which could bring about the destruction of the human race. Thus, if we wish to survive, we cannot afford nuclear energy. In spite of the case against nuclear energy outlined above, nuclear energy programs are expanding. Such an expansion assumes a continual growth in industrial production and consumer demands. However, it is doubtful whether this growth will or can continue. Having weighed up the arguments on both sides, it seems there are good economic and ecological reasons for sources of energy other than nuclear power.1. The writers attitude toward nuclear energy is _.2. According to the opponents of nuclear energy, which of the following is TRUE of nuclear energy?3. Some people claim that nuclear energy is essential because _.4. Which of the following statements does the writer support?5. The function of the last sentence is to _.问题1选项A.indifferentB.favorableC.tolerantD.negative问题2选项A.Primitive.B.Exhaustible.C.Cheap.D.Unsafe.问题3选项A.it provides a perfect solution to mass unemploymentB.it represents an enormous step forward in our scientific evolutionC.it can meet the growing demand of an industrially developing societyD.nuclear power stations can be run and maintained by relatively few technical and administrative staff问题4选项A.The demand for commercial products will not necessarily keep increasing.B.Nuclear energy is something we cannot do without.C.Uranium is a good source of energy for economic and ecological reasons.D.Greater safety provisions can bring about the expansion of nuclear energy programs.问题5选项A.advance the final argumentB.reflect the writers attitudeC.reverse previously expressed thoughtsD.show the disadvantages of nuclear power【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.【选项释义】1. The writers attitude toward nuclear energy is _. 1. 作者对核能的态度是_。A. indifferent A. 漠不关心的B. favorable B. 支持的C. tolerant C. 宽容的D. negative D. 否定的【考查点】观点态度题。【解题思路】根据第二段首句“此外，核能最终是否是一种廉价的能源也是个问题”，和最后一句“权衡双方的论点后，似乎有充分的经济和生态理由采用核能以外的能源”可知，作者主张利用其他能源，而不是核能，从中可以看出作者对核能持否定的态度，该题选择D项“否定的”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“漠不关心的”、B项“支持的”和C项“宽容的”根据解题思路可知，这三项属于曲解原文。2.【选项释义】2. According to the opponents of nuclear energy, which of the following is TRUE of nuclear energy? 2. 根据核能的反对者，关于核能，下列哪项是正确的？A. Primitive. A. 原始的B. Exhaustible. B. 会枯竭的C. Cheap. C. 便宜的D. Unsafe. D. 不安全的【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据第一段最后一句“然而，核能的反对者指出，核电站不仅给环境带来直接威胁，也给公民自由带来直接威胁”可知，核能反对者认为核电站不仅对环境，而且对公民自由都是一种直接的威胁，即核能不安全，故该题选择D项“不安全的”。【干扰项排除】A项“原始的”、B项“会枯竭的”和C项“便宜的”不是反对者的观点，这三项属于曲解原文。3.【选项释义】3. Some people claim that nuclear energy is essential because _. 3. 一些人认为核能是必不可少的，因为_。A. it provides a perfect solution to mass unemployment A. 它为大规模失业提供了一个完美的解决方案B. it represents an enormous step forward in our scientific evolution B. 它代表着我们科学发展的巨大进步C. it can meet the growing demand of an industrially developing society C. 它能满足工业发展中社会日益增长的需求D. nuclear power stations can be run and maintained by relatively few technical and administrative staff D. 核电站可以由相对较少的技术和管理人员来运行和维护【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据第一段第五句“许多人认为核能提供了一种取之不尽的、经济的能源，因此它对一个工业发展的社会是必不可少的”可知，核能是社会工业发展所必需的，可以提供取之不尽且经济的能源，C项“它能满足工业发展中社会日益增长的需求”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“它为大规模失业提供了一个完美的解决方案”，解决大规模失业问题的一个途径是提高工业生产，而不是核能，该项属于曲解原文；B项“它代表着我们科学发展的巨大进步”和D项“核电站可以由相对较少的技术和管理人员来运行和维护”是支持使用核能者认为的核能的优点，与题干不构成因果关系，这两项属于张冠李戴。4.【选项释义】4. Which of the following statements does the writer support? 4. 作者支持以下哪一种说法？A. The demand for commercial products will not necessarily keep increasing. A. 对商业产品的需求不一定会持续增长。B. Nuclear energy is something we cannot do without. B. 我们离不开核能。C. Uranium is a good source of energy for economic and ecological reasons. C. 从经济和生态的角度来看，铀是一种很好的能源。D. Greater safety provisions can bring about the expansion of nuclear energy programs. D. 更好的安全条款可以带来更多的核能项目。【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】第二段倒数第二、三句提到“这种扩张是以工业生产和消费者需求的持续增长为前提的。然而，这种增长能否持续还是个疑问。”从中可知，工业生产和消费者需求的增长是否能够持续，还令人怀疑，所以A项“对商业产品的需求不一定会持续增长”符合题意。【干扰项排除】B项“我们离不开核能”是支持使用核能者的观点，不是作者的观点，该项属于张冠李戴；C项“从经济和生态的角度来看，铀是一种很好的能源”和D项“更好的安全条款可以带来更多的核能项目”，根据第二段第三句“铀的成本可能会增加，再加上加强安全措施的成本，这可能会以高昂的价格将核电挤出市场”可知，这两项与原文相反，属于反向干扰。5.【选项释义】5. The function of the last sentence is to _. 5. 最后一句的作用是_。A. advance the final argument A. 提出最后的论点B. reflect the writers attitude B. 反映作者的态度C. reverse previously expressed thoughts C. 颠倒之前表达的想法D. show the disadvantages of nuclear power D. 展示核能的缺点【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至最后一句“权衡双方的论点后，似乎有充分的经济和生态理由采用核能以外的能源”，可知文章最后一句表明了作者的观点，即作者认为从经济和生态环境方面来考虑，可以利用其他形式的能源，而非核能，B项“反映作者的态度”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“提出最后的论点”和D项“展示核能的缺点”都不是最后一句话的作用，这两项属于曲解原文；C项“颠倒之前表达的想法”，第二段第一句就指出“核能最终是否是一种廉价的能源也是个问题”，可知作者并没有颠倒之前的看法，该项属于反向干扰。3. 单选题You should have put the milk into the ice box, I expect it _ undrinkable.问题1选项A.becameB.had becomeC.has becomeD.becomes【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. became成为了 B. had become已经成为C. has become成为 D. becomes成为【考查点】时态。【解题思路】根据should have done可知，此处是虚拟语气，表示本应该做却没做，而牛奶已经变质不能喝了，是过去发生的动作对现在造成影响，所以空格处用现在完成时，故该题选择C项。【干扰项排除】A、B、D项时态不符合。【句意】你本应该把牛奶放进冰箱的，我想它已经不能喝了。4. 单选题Excited and unafraid, the _ child examined the stranger with bright-eyed curiosity.问题1选项A.empatheticB.drowsyC.hesitantD.inquisitive【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. empathetic体恤别人感受的；感同身受的 B. drowsy困倦的；昏昏欲睡的C. hesitant犹豫的；踌躇的 D. inquisitive好奇的；好学的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键信息with bright-eyed curiosity（睁着明亮好奇的眼睛）可知，_ child指的是“好奇的孩子”，故该题选择D项符合句意。【干扰项排除】A、B、C项都不符合句意。【句意】这个好奇的孩子感到兴奋而不害怕，睁着明亮的眼睛好奇地打量着那个陌生人。5. 单选题Since Mr. White died a year ago, there has been discord in the family about the division of the estate.问题1选项A.distinctionsB.disagreementsC.disadvantagesD.discussions【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. distinctions区别 B. disagreements分歧；争论C. disadvantages缺点 D. discussions讨论【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】分析句子可知，discord是一个名词，dis-前缀表示否定的，那么discord可能是一个贬义词，由关键信息the division of the estate（遗产分配问题）综合理解可推断，discord是指遗产分配上的分歧或不和，B项词义与之相近，故该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合划线单词词义。【句意】自从怀特先生一年前去世以来，家里在遗产分配问题上一直不和。6. 不定项选择题Theyre still kids, and although theres a lot that the experts dont yet know about them, one thing they do agree on is that what kids use and expect from their world has changed rapidly. And its all because of technology.To the psychologists, sociologists, and generational and media experts who study them, their digital gear sets this new group apart, even from their tech-savvy (懂技术的) Millennial elders. They want to be constantly connected and available in a way even their older siblings dont quite get. These differences may appear slight, but they signal an all-encompassing sensibility that some say marks the dawning of a new generation.The contrast between Millennials and this younger group was so evident to psychologist Larry Rosen of California State University that he has declared the birth of a new generation in a new book, Rewired: Understanding the iGeneration and the Way They Learn, out next month. Rosen says the tech-dominated life experience of those born since the early 1990s is so different from the Millennials he wrote about in his 2007 book, Me, My Space and I: Parenting the Net Generation, that they warrant the distinction of a new generation, which he has dubbed the “iGeneration”.“The technology is the easiest way to see it, but its also a mind-set, and the mind-set goes with the little I, which Im talking to stand for individualized,” Rosen says. “Everything is defined and individualized to me. My music choices are defined to me. What I watch on TV any instant is defined to me. “He says the iGeneration includes todays teens and middle-schoolers, but its too soon to tell about elementary-school ages and younger.Rosen says the iGeneration believes anything is possible. “If they can think of it, somebody probably has or will invent it,” he says. “They expect innovation.”They have high expectations that whatever they want or can use “will be able to be tailored to their own needs and wishes and desires.”Rosen says portability is key. They are inseparable from their wireless devices, which allow them to text as well as talk, so they can be constantly connected-even in class, where cell phones are supposedly banned.Many researchers are trying to determine whether technology somehow causes the brains of young people to be wired differently. “They should be distracted and should perform more poorly than they do,” Rosen says. “But findings show teens survive distractions much better than we would predict by their age and their brain development.”Because these kids are more immersed and at younger ages, Rosen says, the educational system has to change significantly.“The growth curve on the use of technology with children is exponential, and we run the risk of being out of step with this generation as far as how they learn and how they think,” Rosen says.“We have to give them options because they want their world individualized.”1. Compared with their Millennial elders, the iGeneration kids _.2. Why did Larry Rosen name the new generation as iGeneration?3. Which of the following is true about the iGeneration according to Rosen?4. Rosens findings suggest that technology _.5. According to the passage, education has to _.问题1选项A.communicate with others by high-tech methods continuallyB.prefer to live a virtual life than a real oneC.are equipped with more modern digital techniquesD.know more on technology than their elders问题2选项A.Because this generation is featured by the use of personal high tech devices.B.Because this generation stresses on an individualized style of life.C.Because it is the author himself who has discovered the new generation.D.Because its a mind-set generation instead of an age -set one.问题3选项A.This generation is crazy about inventing and creating new things.B.Everything must be adapted to the peculiar need of the generation.C.This generation catches up with the development of technology.D.High-tech such as wireless devices goes with the generation.问题4选项A.has an obvious effect on the function of iGenerations brain developmentB.has greatly affected the iGenerations behaviors and academic performanceC.has no significantly negative effect on iGenerations mental and intellectual developmentD.has caused distraction problems on iGeneration which affect their daily performance问题5选项A.adapt its system to the need of the new generationB.use more technologies to cater for the iGenerationC.risk its system to certain extent for the iGenerationD.be conducted online for iGenerations individualized need【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.【选项释义】1. Compared with their Millennial elders, the iGeneration kids _. 1. 与他们千禧一代的长辈相比，自我的一代的孩子_。A. communicate with others by high-tech methods continually A. 用高科技手段与他人持续沟通B. prefer to live a virtual life than a real one B. 比起真实的生活，更喜欢虚拟的生活C. are equipped with more modern digital techniques C. 配备了更现代的数字技术D. know more on technology than their elders D. 比他们的长辈更懂科技【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第二段的内容“他们的数字设备使这个新群体与众不同，甚至与精通技术的千禧一代的长辈们也不一样。他们想要以一种连他们的哥哥姐姐都不太了解的方式与别人保持联系。这