2022年考博英语-江西师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第80期

2022年考博英语-江西师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题The manager thought _ the problem for three days before he finally made the decision.问题1选项A.onB.inC.overD.down【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. on 在上 B. in 在里C. over 关于，翻转 D. down 向下【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】由for three days（三天）可知，这个经理是“仔细考虑”，think over为固定搭配，表示“仔细考虑”。因此，该题选择C项正确。【干扰项排除】B、D选项和think不构成搭配；A选项think on（考虑，思量）程度不够深，排除。【句意】在最后做出决定之前，经理对这个问题仔细考虑了三天。2. 单选题When seen in this light, the language these reporters use is more complex than it _.问题1选项A.needsB.needs toC.needs to beD.needs to be so【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. needs 需要 B. needs to 需要C. needs to be 需要 D. needs to be so 需要这样【考查点】比较级than的用法。【解题思路】在than的比较状语从句中，与主句相同部分可以省略，而不同部分需要写出；在这个句子中主句是the language is more complex（语言更加复杂），与从句共同的部分是more complex，所以从句需要把主谓写出来，即it needs to be。因此，该题选择C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B选项不符合语法；D选项不需要加副词so。【句意】从这个角度看，这些记者使用的语言比需要的更加复杂。3. 单选题It is an inescapable fact that to most people _ when failing powers of mind or body make it impossible for them to manage their daily lives without some sort of help.问题1选项A.whose time comesB.for whom time comesC.it comes timeD.there comes a time【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. whose time comes 的时候到了 B. for whom time comes 对于某人来说时候到了C. it comes time 时候到了 D. there comes a time 有这么一个时候【考查点】固定句式。【解题思路】由空格后面的when可知，there comes a time when为常用的固定句式，表示“时候到了，有这么一个时候”。因此，该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】Fact后面是that引导的同位语从句，不能用whose或者whom来充当从句中的主语，A、B选项不符合从句语法；C选项没有这个用法，排除。【句意】对大多数人来说，有这么一个时候，当心智或身体力量的衰退使他们在没有某种帮助的情况下无法管理他们的日常生活，这是一个不可避免的事实。4. 单选题In the United States, the first day nursery was opened in 1854. Nurseries were established in various areas during the (16) half of the 19th century; most of (17) were charitable. Both in Europe and in the U.S. the day-nursery movement received great (18) during the First World War, when (19) of manpower caused the industrial employment of unprecedented (前所未有的) numbers of women. In some European countries nurseries were established (20) in munitions (军火) plants, under direct government sponsorship. (21) the number of nurseries in the U.S. also rose (22), this rise was accomplished without government aid of any kind. During the years following the First Word War (23), Federal, State, and local government gradually began to exercise a measure of control (24) the day nurseries, chiefly by (25) them and by inspecting and regulating the conditions within the nurseries.The (26) of the Second World War was quickly followed by an increase in the number of day nurseries in almost all countries, as women were (27) called upon to replace men in the factories. On this (28) the U.S. government immediately came to the support of the nursery schools, (29) $6,000,000 in July, 1942, for a nursery-school program for the children of working mothers. Many States and local communities (30) this Federal aid. By the end of the war, in August, 1945, more than 100,000 children were being cared (31) in day-care centers receiving Federal (32). Soon afterward, the Federal government (33) cut down its expenditures for this purpose and later (34) them, causing a sharp drop in the number of nursery schools in operation. However, the expectation that most employed mothers would leave their (35) at the end of the war only partly fulfilled.问题1选项A.latterB.laterC.otherD.first问题2选项A.thoseB.themC.whoseD.whom问题3选项A.impetusB.inputC.imitationD.initiative问题4选项A.sourcesB.abundanceC.shortageD.reduction问题5选项A.hardlyB.entirelyC.onlyD.even问题6选项A.BecauseB.AsC.SinceD.Although问题7选项A.unanimouslyB.sharplyC.predominantlyD.militantly问题8选项A.thereforeB.consequentlyC.howeverD.moreover问题9选项A.overB.inC.atD.about问题10选项A.formulatingB.labelingC.patentingD.licensing问题11选项A.outsetB.outbreakC.breakthroughD.breakdown问题12选项A.againB.thusC.repeatedlyD.yet问题13选项A.circumstanceB.occasionC.allocatingD.transferring问题14选项A.regulatingB.summoningC.allocatingD.transferring问题15选项A.expandedB.facilitatedC.supplementedD.compensated问题16选项A.byB.afterC.ofD.for问题17选项A.pensionsB.subsidiesC.revenuesD.budgets问题18选项A.prevalentlyB.furiouslyC.statisticallyD.drastically问题19选项A.abolishedB.diminishedC.jeopardizedD.precluded问题20选项A.nurseriesB.homesC.jobsD.children【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D第6题:D第7题:B第8题:C第9题:A第10题:A第11题:B第12题:A第13题:B第14题:C第15题:C第16题:D第17题:B第18题:D第19题:A第20题:C【解析】16.【选项释义】A. latter 后者的 B. later 更迟的，更后的C. other 其他的 D. first 第一个的【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】上文说“美国第一家日托所建于1854年”，也就是19世纪中期，下文提到“日托所在各地普遍建立是在19世纪的_”，可以推知，是在“19世纪后期”；表示“后半期”，half只能与latter搭配。A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C选项不能与half搭配；D选项不符合上下文语义衔接。【句意】19世纪后半叶，各地都建立了托儿所。17.【选项释义】A. those 这些 B. them 他们（宾格）C. whose 谁的（主格） D. whom 谁的（宾格）【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】most of后面要用人称代词，指代上文提到的Nurseries（托儿所），所以B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项是指示代词；C、D选项是关系代词。【句意】大多数都是慈善性质的。18.【选项释义】A. impetus 动力，促进 B. input 输入C. imitation 模仿，仿造 D. initiative 主动权，首创精神【考查点】语义逻辑。【解题思路】根据该句意思“在欧洲和美国，日托所的运动在第一次世界大战期间获得了巨大的_”，结合上文提到“各地都建立了托儿所”，可推测空格处为“促进”，A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合语义逻辑。【句意】第一次世界大战对建立日托所的运动是个促进。19.【选项释义】A. sources 来源 B. abundance 充裕，丰富C. shortage 短缺 D. reduction减少，下降【考查点】语义逻辑。【解题思路】由cause可知，后面部分的内容是空格部分的结果，根据后面的句意“空前数量的妇女就业”可知，当时的manpower（劳动力）是处于“短缺”的状态，C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合句子语义逻辑。【句意】第一次世界大战对建立日托所的运动是个促进，当时劳动力短缺使得大量妇女就业。20.【选项释义】A. hardly 几乎不 B. entirely 完全地，彻底地C. only 只有 D. even 甚至【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】这一句说到“在军火工厂里建立了托儿所”，而上一句是说“第一次世界大战对建立日托所的运动是个促进”，可知前后是递进关系，所以D项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项不符合句间逻辑。【句意】在一些欧洲国家的政府直接倡导下，甚至在军火工厂里也建了日托所。21.【选项释义】A. Because 因为 B. As 作为，因为C. Since 自从，因为 D. Although 尽管【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】前半部分说“美国的托儿所数量也增加了”，后半部分说“这种增长是在没有任何政府援助的情况下实现的”，从前后语义逻辑可知，这是一个让步状语从句，D项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项不符合句间逻辑。【句意】虽然美国的托儿所数量也大幅增加，但这一增长是在没有任何政府援助的情况下实现的。22.【选项释义】A. unanimously 全体一致地 B. sharply 急剧地C. predominantly 主要地 D. militantly 好战地【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】空格处填入副词修饰rose，rose表示“增长”，只有sharply能够修饰rose，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项修饰rose与语义逻辑不符。【句意】虽然美国的托儿所数量也大幅增加，但这一增长是在没有任何政府援助的情况下实现的。23.【选项释义】A. therefore 因此 B. consequently 结果，所以C. however 然而 D. moreover 而且【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】这一句提到“开始实施某种控制措施”，与前面的托儿所数量增长语气上有所转折，所以C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合句间逻辑。【句意】然而，在第一次世界大战之后的几年里，联邦、州和地方政府逐渐开始实施某种程度的控制。24.【选项释义】A. over 翻转，关于 B. in 在里面C. at 在 D. about 关于【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】the day nurseries（日托所）是control的对象，而control通常与over搭配，表示“对的控制”，故A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合搭配。【句意】然而，在第一次世界大战之后的几年里，联邦、州和地方政府逐渐开始对日托所实施控制措施。25.【选项释义】A. formulating 系统地阐述，规范 B. labeling 贴标签于，把称为C. patenting 取得专利权 D. licensing 许可，批准【考查点】语义逻辑。【解题思路】空格处与后面的inspecting and regulating（检查和管理）为并列成分，所以空格处的语义与inspect和regulate接近，选项中只有A项符合。【扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合语义逻辑。【句意】然而在第一次世界大战之后的几年中，联邦政府和地方政府开始采取措施，主要通过规范化来管理控制托儿所。26.【选项释义】A. outset 开始，开端 B. outbreak（暴力、疾病等坏事的）爆发，突然发生C. breakthrough 重大进展，突破 D. breakdown 故障，崩溃【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】由后面的the Second World War（第二次世界大战），以及后面an increase in the number of day nurseries（日托所数量的增加），联系上一段提到一战促使日托所数量增加，可推测，空格处表示“战争爆发”，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不符合上下文联系。【句意】第二次世界大战爆发后，几乎所有国家的日间托儿所数量都迅速增加。27.【选项释义】A. again 又，再一次 B. thus 所以C. repeatedly 反复地，再三地 D. yet 还是【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】由women可知，此处与上一段第一次世界大战的情况相呼应，所以女性是“又一次”进入工厂，所以A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、D选项不符合上下文联系；C选项侧指“反反复复的重复某件事情”，不符合上下文语义。【句意】随着第二次世界大战爆发，几乎各国托儿所的数量都增加很快，妇女又一次被号召在工厂中代替男人。28.【选项释义】A. circumstance 经济状况，环境 B. occasion 时机，场合C. allocating 分配 D. transferring 转移【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】空格处是接在介词on后面，四个选项中只有occasion可以与介词on搭配，on this occasion表示“值此之际，这一次”，因此，该题选择B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项一般与under连用；C、D选项不符合搭配。【句意】这一次，美国政府立即出面支持保育员学校。29.【选项释义】A. regulating（用规则条例）约束，控制调节，控制（速度、压力、温度等） B. summoning 召唤，召集C. allocating 分配，拨出 D. transferring 转移【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】空格处后面跟的是$6,000,000，这表示“款额”，要用allocate搭配，表示“拨款”，故C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合搭配。【句意】这次，美国政府立即支持保育员学校，于1942年7月拨款600万美元。30.【选项释义】A. expanded 扩张 B. facilitated 促进，使便利C. supplemented 增补，补充 D. compensated 补偿，赔偿【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】上文提到“美国政府拨款600万美元给保育员学校”，这里说“各州和地方团体对联邦援助进行_”，可推测，州和地方团体与美国政府一样，在资金上支持保育员学校，所以这里空格处表示“补充”符合语义。因此，该题选择C项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项表示领土或业务上的扩张；B、D选项不符合句子语义。【句意】许多州和地方团体对联邦政府资助进行补充。31.【选项释义】A. by 通过 B. after 在之后C. of 的 D. for 对于，因为【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】由空格前的care可知，care for为常用搭配，表示“照顾”。因此，该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B选项不符合搭配；C选项常用于take care of（照顾），排除。【句意】到1945年8月战争结束时，超过10万名儿童在日托中心接受照顾。32.【选项释义】A. pensions 退休金，抚恤金 B. subsidies 补助金C. revenues 财政收入，税收收入 D. budgets 财政预算【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】前一句提到联邦政府对日托所给予了资金支持，所以空格处应该表示“联邦政府的资助金”，B项符合。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不符合语义。【句意】到1945年8月战争结束时，超过10万名儿童在接受联邦津贴的日托中心里受到照顾。33.【选项释义】A. prevalently 流行地，普遍地 B. furiously 狂暴地C. statistically 统计地 D. drastically 彻底地，激烈地【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】前一句还在说“联邦政府拨款600万美元，并且超过10万名儿童在接受联邦津贴的日托中心里受到照顾”，这一句却用到了soon afterward（不久之后），随后讲到“联邦政府削减了这项支出”，可以推测，这次削减是大幅度的；D项符合这一描述，故选择D项。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项不符合语义。【句意】不久之后，联邦政府大幅度地削减这项支出。34.【选项释义】A. abolished 彻底废除，摧毁 B. diminished 减少，缩小C. jeopardized 危害，使受危困 D. precluded 排除，妨碍【考查点】语义逻辑。【解题思路】空格这一部分与前半部分相呼应，前半部分提到“联邦政府大幅度地削减对日托所的支出”，后面自然是“彻底废除”，A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合语义。【句意】联邦政府大幅度地削减这项支出，并在后来将其废止。35.【选项释义】A. nurseries 托儿所 B. homes 家C. jobs 工作 D. children 孩子【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】由mother前面的定语employed（被雇佣的）可知，后面的leave跟的应该是job，表示“离开工作”。因此，C项符合句意。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合语义。【句意】然而，让大多数被雇佣的母亲离开她们的工作，这一愿望在战后只是部分地得到实现。5. 单选题It is well known that knowledge is the _ condition for expansion of mind.问题1选项A.incompatibleB.incredibleC.indefiniteD.indispensable【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. incompatible 不兼容的，互斥的 B. incredible 不能相信的，难以置信的C. indefinite 期限不定的，不明确的 D. indispensable 不可或缺的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】由expansion of mind（开阔思路）可知，knowledge is the _ condition应该表示“知识是必不可少的条件”，因此，该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项都不符合句意。【句意】众所周知，知识是开阔思路不可或缺的条件。6. 单选题During the initial stages of instructed L2 acquisition students learn a couple thousand, mainly high frequency words. Functional language proficiency, however, requires mastery of a considerably larger number of words. It is therefore necessary at the intermediate and advanced stages of language acquisition to learn a large vocabulary in a short period of time. There is not enough time to copy the natural (largely incidental) L1 word acquisition process. Incidental acquisition of the words is only possible up to a point, because, on account of their low frequency, they do not occur often enough in the L2 learning material.Acquisition of new words from authentic L2 reading texts by means of strategies such as contextual deduction is also not a solution for a number of reasons. There appears to be no alternative to intentional learning of a great many new words in a relatively short period of time. The words to be learned may be presented in isolation or in context. Presentation in bilingual word lists seems an attractive shortcut because it takes less time than contextual presentation and yields excellent short term results. Long term retention, however, is often disappointing so contextual presentation seems advisable.Any suggestions on how to implement this in pedagogic contexts should be based on a systematic analysis of the two most important aspects of the L2 word learning problem, that is to say, selecting the relevant vocabulary (which and how many words) and creating optimal conditions for the acquisition process. This article sets out to describe a computer assisted word acquisition programme (CAVOCA) which tries to do precisely this: the programme operationalizes current theoretical thinking about word acquisition, and its contents are based on a systematic inventory of the vocabulary relevant for the target group. To establish its efficiency, the programme was contrasted in a number of experimental settings with a paired associated method of learning new words. The experimental results suggest that an approach combining the two methods is most advisable.36. From what the author said in Paragraph 1, we can infer that _.37. One of the most effective ways to master a larger number of vocabulary for a comparatively long lime may fall on _.38. What does the word “pedagogic” in Paragraph 3 mean?39. According to the third paragraph, the CAVOCA programme aims to _.40. The best title of this passage should be _.问题1选项A.L2 students should make full use of incidental acquisition of the words to enlarge their vocabularyB.advanced students should master at least a couple thousand high frequency wordsC.advanced students should acquire a larger number of words so as to improve their functional language competenceD.it is impossible for L2 students to master a larger number of words in a short time问题2选项A.presentation in bilingual word listsB.contextual presentationC.presentation in isolationD.attractive presentation问题3选项A.of teachingB.practicalC.followingD.difficult问题4选项A.select the relevant vocabularyB.create optimal conditionsC.bring current theoretical thinking about word acquisition to a better useD.find out the best approach to enlarge L2 students vocabulary问题5选项A.Computer Assisted Second Language Vocabulary AcquisitionB.An Abstract of Computer Assisted Second Language Vocabulary AcquisitionC.A Systematic Approach to Improve Vocabulary AcquisitionD.An Abstract of Systematic Approach to Improve Vocabulary Acquisition【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】36.【选项释义】36. From what the author said in Paragraph 1, we can infer that _. 36. 从作者在第一段所说的，我们可以推断_。A. L2 students should make full use of incidental acquisition of the words to enlarge their vocabulary A. 第二语言学生应充分利用词汇的偶然习得来扩大词汇量B. advanced students should master at least a couple thousand high frequency words B. 高级学生应该掌握至少两千个高频词汇C. advanced students should acquire a larger number of words so as to improve their functional language competence C. 高级学生应掌握大量的词汇，以提高其功能语言能力D. it is impossible for L2 students to master a larger number of words in a short time D. 第二语言的学生不可能在短时间内掌握大量的单词【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】定位至文章第一段，从第二句“功能语言熟练需要掌握大量的单词”，以及第三句“因此，在语言习得的中高级阶段，有必要在短时间内学习大量的词汇”，可知，中高级学生在语言习得阶段，必须掌握大量的词汇，而功能语言也需要掌握大量单词；综合理解可推断，中高级学生应该掌握大量的词汇来提高功能语言能力。因此，该题选择C项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项定位第一段最后一句“偶然习得这些单词只有在一定程度上是可能的，因为它们出现的频率很低”，可推断A项“第二语言学生应充分利用词汇的偶然习得来扩大词汇量”是错误的，反向干扰；B选项在文中只是提到“学习大量词汇”，“高级学生应该掌握至少两千个高频词汇”中的具体数字无法从文中推断，无中生有；D选项“第二语言的学生不可能在短时间内掌握大量的单词”中的impossible使用太绝对，而且也与原文相反，反向干扰。37.【选项释义】37. One of the most effective ways to master a larger number of vocabulary for a comparatively long lime may fall on _. 37. 在较长时间内掌握大量词汇最有效的方法之一可能是_。A. presentation in bilingual word lists A. 使用双语单词表B. contextual presentation B. 情境呈现C. presentation in isolation C. 孤立地呈现D. attractive presentation D. 吸引人的表达方式【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】第二段主要描述的是学习词汇的各种方法及其可行性，根据第二段最后一句“情境呈现似乎是可取的（contextual presentation seems advisable）”，综合理解可知，contextual presentation（情境呈现）在掌握大量词汇上是可行的。因此，该题选择B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项定位至第二段最后两句“用双语单词列表展示似乎是一个很有吸引力的捷径，因为它比情境呈现花费的时间更少，而且能产生优秀的短期效果。然而，长期留存率往往令人失望”，从最后一句的however转折可知，“使用双语单词表”不是一个有效的办法，该项反向干扰；C选项“孤立地呈现”虽然在第二段有提到，但是并没有讲述它是否是一个有效的办法，该项曲解原文；D选项“吸引人的表达方式”没有提及，无中生有。38.【选项释义】38. What does the word “pedagogic” in Paragraph 3 mean? 38. 第三段中的“pedagogic”是什么意思？A. of teaching A. 教学的B. practical B. 实际的C. following C. 接着的D. difficult D. 困难的【考查点】词义推测题。【解题思路】根据关键词pedagogic定位至第三段第一句“任何关于如何在pedagogic情境中（in pedagogic contexts）实施这一方法的建议，都应以第二语言词汇学习问题的两个极其重要的方面进行系统性地分析为基础”，其中pedagogic是修饰contexts（情境）；这一句是对上一段的衔接，上一段是讨论了各种单词习得的方法，最后得出“情境呈现（contextual presentation）似乎是可取的”，而与情境呈现相关的是教学，所以推测pedagogic指“教学的”的意思。故该题选择A项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“实际的”、C选项“接着的”和D选项“困难的”属于曲解原文。39.【选项释义】39. According to the third paragraph, the CAVOCA programme aims to _. 39. 根据第三段，CAVOCA计划的目标是_。A. select the relevant vocabulary A. 选择适中的词汇量B. create optimal conditions B. 创造最佳条件C. bring current theoretical thinking about word acquisition to a better use C. 使当前关于词汇习得的理论思维得到更好的应用D. find out the best approach to enlarge L2 students vocabulary D. 找出扩大第二语言学生词汇量的最佳方法【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】首先定位至文章第三段，第二句对CAVOCA有描述“本文主要介绍一种努力实现这一想法的计算机辅助单词学习软件（CAVOCA），其操作原理就是单词学习的现行理论，内容就是一个系统的目录，涵盖了那些学习对象需要的词汇”，其中“这一想法”指的是第一句提到的“确定较为适中的词汇量（哪些以及有多少单词）并制定学习过程中的最优条件”，综合理解可知，CAVOCA的目的就是实现“选择适中的词汇量”和“创造最佳条件”这两种方法，而这两种属于单词习得的现行理论。综上所述，可以推断出CAVOCA计划的目标是使当前这两种词汇习得理论思维得以应用。故该题选择C项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“选择适中的词汇量”和B选项“创造最佳条件”都不全面，以偏概全；D选项“找出扩大第二语言学生词汇量的最佳方法”表述不正确，CAVOCA计划是使词汇习得的两种理论办法成为可行，而不是“找出办法”，该项曲解原文。40.【选项释义】40. The best title of this passage should be _. 40. 这篇文章最好的标题应该是_。A. Computer Assisted Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition A. 计算机辅助第二语言词汇习得B. An Abstract of Computer Assisted Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition B. 计算机辅助第二语言词汇习得研究摘要C. A Systematic Approach to Improve Vocabulary Acquisition C. 提高词汇习得的系统方法D. An Abstract of Systematic Approach to Improve Vocabulary Acquisition D. 提高词汇习得的系统方法摘要【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】首先，定位首段和末段的核心句，首段第三句“在语言习得的中高级阶段，有必要在短时间内学习大量的词汇”，以及末段最后一句“实验结果表明，两种方法相结合的方法是最合适的”，可知该篇文章讲述的是提高词汇习得的方法；另外第二段对学习词汇的有效办法进行了详细的描述，所以文章的主旨就是“提高词汇习得的方法”。根据第三段第二句“本文（This article sets out to）描述了一个计算机辅助词汇习得程序”，可知，这篇文章是在介绍另外一篇文章，所以推断这是一篇文章的摘要。综合理解可知，D选项“提高词汇习得的系统方法摘要”最适合文章标题。【干扰项排除】A选项“计算机辅助第二语言词汇习得”和B选项“计算机辅助第二语言词汇习得研究摘要”概括不全面，以偏概全；C选项“提高词汇习得的系统方法”对文章体裁表述不正确，曲解原文。7. 单选题Sleep restores the body and the mind and helps prevent disease by strengthening the immune system. However, many adults do not get the recommended eight hours of sleep each night. The average adult today gets only 6.4 hours of sleep, nearly an hour and a half less than what the average person received a century ago. Only in recent years have health professionals begun to realize the prevalence and severity of sleep deprivation in the working population. A significant number of people work at night, work long shifts, or suffer from insomnia(失眠) or jet lag. Others are deprived of sleep because they work too hard, stay out too late, or try to do too many things in a day. Adults who regularly sleep six hours or less might think they accomplish more by staying up late, but they pay for it the next day when they feel sleepy or irritable or are unable to concentrate, remember things, or be very effective at their work.Studies show that the brain is adversely affected by sleep deprivation because certain patterns of electrical and chemical activity that occur during sleep are interrupted and the brain cannot function normally. In one study, thirteen healthy adult subjects who usually had normal sleep patterns were kept awake and carefully monitored in a hospital sleep laboratory during a period of 35 hours. During the experiment, the subjects were asked to perform several cognitive tasks, such as arithmetic and word problems, while undergoing magnetic resonance(共振) scans of their brain activity. The scans recorded each subjects brain activity from a rested state through various stages of sleep deprivation over the 35-hour period. The scans produced images showing increased activity in some regions of the brain and decreased activity in others. The researchers found that the temporal lobe of the brain, the region involved in language processing, was activated during verbal tasks in rested subjects but not in sleep-deprived subjects. When subjects were fully rested, their magnetic resonance scans showed that the temporal lobe was very active. However, after several hours without sleep, there was no activity within this region. The effects of the inactivity included slurred