2022年考博英语-桂林理工大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第166期

2022年考博英语-桂林理工大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 翻译题Directions: Translate the following passage into English and put your answers on Answer Sheet.皮影戏（ShadowPlay）是中国民间广为流传的傀儡戏之一，两千年前的西汉时期诞生在中国陕西，清代在河北盛极一时。皮影戏的人物道具用兽皮或纸板剪成，演员在一块隔亮布后操纵道具进行表演。中国的不少地方戏曲剧种都是从皮影戏中派生而来。如今，中国皮影被世界各国的博物馆收藏，还是中国政府与其他国家领导人相互往来时的馈赠佳品。【答案】As one of the earliest opera forms and a sort of widespread puppet play in China, Shadow puppetry was born in Shaanxi, China, during the Western Han Dynasty 2,000 years ago, and flourished in Hebei during the Qing Dynasty. Its characters and props are made of animal skins or paperboards and the story was performed by illuminating these images with the help of lamplight. While performing, the performers manipulate the characters behind the white curtain. Many local operas in China are derived from shadow play. Nowadays, Chinese shadow puppets are collected in museums around the world, and are often presented as gifts by the Chinese government to leaders of other countries when they interact with each other.2. 单选题International governments, inaction concerning sustainable development is clearly worrying but the proactive (主动出击的)approaches of some leading-edge companies are encouraging. Toyota, Wal-Mart, DuPont, M&S and General Electric have made tackling environmental wastes a key economic driver.DuPont committed itself to a 65% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in the 10 years prior to 2010. By 2007, DuPont was saving $2.2 billion a year through energy efficiency, the same as its total declared profits that year. General Electric aims to reduce the energy intensity of its operations by 50% by 2015. They have invested heavily in projects designed to change the way of using and conserving energy.Companies like Toyota and Wal-Mart are not committing to environmental goals out of the goodness of their hearts. The reason for their actions is a simple yet powerful realization that the environmental and economic footprints fit well together. When M&S launched its “Plan A” sustainability programmer in 2007, it was believed that it would cost over 200 million in the first five years. However, the initiative had generated 105 million by 2011/12.When we prevent physical waste, increase energy efficiency or improve resource productivity, we save money, improve profitability and enhance competitiveness. In fact, there are often huge “quick win” opportunities, thanks to years of neglect.However, there is a considerable gap between leading-edge companies and the rest of the pack. There are far too many companies still delaying creating a lean and green business system, arguing that it will cost money or require sizable capital investments. They remain stuck in the “environment is cost” mentality. Being environmentally friendly does not have to cost money. In fact, going beyond compliance saves cost at the same time that it generates cash, provided that management adopts the new lean and green model.Lean means doing more with less. Nonetheless, in most companies, economic and environmental continuous improvement is viewed as being in conflict with each other. This is one of the biggest opportunities missed across most industries. The size of the opportunity is enormous. The 3% Report recently published by World Wildlife Fund and CDP shows that the economic prize for curbing carbon emissions in the US economy is $780 billion between now and 2020. It suggests that one of the biggest levers for delivering this opportunity is “increased efficiency through management and behavioral change” in other words, lean and green management.Some 50 studies show that companies that commit to such aspirational goals as zero waste, zero harmful emissions, and zero use of non-renewable resources are financially outperforming their competitors. Conversely, it was found that climate disruption is already costing $1.2 trillion annually, cutting global GDP by 1.6%. Unaddressed, this will double by 2030.11. What does the author say about some leading-edge companies?12. What motivates Toyota and Wal-Mart to make commitments to environmental protection?13. Why are so many companies reluctant to create an environment-friendly business system?14. What is said about the lean and green model of business?15. What is the finding of the studies about companies committed to environmental goals?问题1选项A.They operate in accordance with government policies.B.They take initiatives in handling environmental wastes.C.They are key drivers in their nations economic growth.D.They are major contributors to environmental problems.问题2选项A.The goodness of their hearts.B.A strong sense of responsibility.C.The desire to generate profits.D.Pressure from environmentalists.问题3选项A.They are bent on making quick money.B.They do not have the capital for the investment.C.They believe building such a system is too costly.D.They lack the incentive to change business practices.问题4选项A.It helps businesses to save and gain at the same time.B.It is affordable only for a few leading-edge companies.C.It is likely to start a new round of intense competition.D.It will take a long time for all companies to embrace it.问题5选项A.They have greatly enhanced their sense of social responsibility.B.They do much better than their counterparts in terms of revenues.C.They have abandoned all the outdated equipment and technology.D.They make greater contributions to human progress than their rivals.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B【解析】11.事实细节题，第一步，精准定位，定位到第一段最后一句Toyota, Wal-Mart, DuPont, M&S and General Electric have made tackling environmental wastes a key economic driver.（丰田（Toyota）、沃尔玛（Wal-Mart）、杜邦（DuPont）、玛莎百货（M&S）和通用电气（General Electric）都把处理环境垃圾作为一项关键的经济驱动力。），由此可知B选项“他们在处理环境废物方面采取行动”正确。A选项“他们按照政府政策运作”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；C选项“他们是国家经济增长的主要驱动力”，见正确选项，是把垃圾处理作为经济发展的推动因素，不是这些公司是该国经济发展的关键推动力，所以C选项错误，这里属于曲意理解；D选项“他们是环境问题的主要贡献者”，定位到第二段第二句By 2007, DuPont was saving $2.2 billion a year through energy efficiency, the same as its total declared profits that year.（到2007年，杜邦每年通过提高能源效率节省了22亿美元，与当年公布的利润总额相同），从这里可知这些公司对经济的贡献是对其自身来说的不是对其国家来说，这里属于张冠李戴，所以不选。12.事实细节题，第一步，精准定位，定位到第三段第一二句Companies like Toyota and Wal-Mart are not committing to environmental goals out of the goodness of their hearts. The reason for their actions is a simple yet powerful realization that the environmental and economic footprints fit well together.（丰田（Toyota）和沃尔玛（Wal-Mart）等公司并非出于好心而致力于环保目标。他们这样做的原因很简单，但也很有力地认识到，环境足迹和经济足迹是相辅相成的），由此可知C选项“对利益的渴望”正确。A选项“他们出于好心”，见正确选项解析，由这里可以看出A选项错误，属于无中生有；B选项“强烈的责任感”，文中没有提及，属于无中生有；D选项“来自环保主义者的压力”，文中没有提及，属于无中生有。13.推理判断题，第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到第五段第三句They remain stuck in the “environment is cost” mentality.（他们仍然停留在“环境就是成本”的心态中），从这里可以推断C选项正确“他们认为建立这样一个系统太昂贵了”。A选项“他们一心想赚快钱”，定位到第四段最后一句In fact, there are often huge “quick win” opportunities, thanks to years of neglect.这里的quick win是指多年来很多公司对环境有疏忽，就导致那些先采用环保计划的公司更能够快速的获得意想不到的收获，这里不是公司不愿意采取行动的原因，属于出处错误，不选；B选项“他们没有投资的资本”，定位到第六段第一二句话Lean means doing more with less. Nonetheless, in most companies, economic and environmental continuous improvement is viewed as being in conflict with each other. This is one of the biggest opportunities missed across most industries.（精益意味着用更少的钱做更多的事。然而，在大多数公司中，经济和环境的持续改善被认为是相互冲突的。这是大多数行业错失的最大机遇之一。），从这里关键词，most industries可知其实很多公司是承担得起的，只是觉得会减少自己的利益，所以不愿意去做，所以B选项错误，这里属于反向干扰；D选项“他们缺乏改变商业惯例的动机”，文章没有提及，这里属于无中生有，所以不选。14.事实细节题，第一步，精准定位，定位到第五段最后一句话In fact, going beyond compliance saves cost at the same time that it generates cash, provided that management adopts the new lean and green model.（事实上，如果管理层采用新的精益和绿色模式，超越合规可以在节约成本的同时产生现金），从这里可知答案选A选项“它帮助企业省钱，同时获利”。B选项“只有少数领先的公司才负担得起”，定位到第六段第一二句话Lean means doing more with less. Nonetheless, in most companies, economic and environmental continuous improvement is viewed as being in conflict with each other. This is one of the biggest opportunities missed across most industries.（精益意味着用更少的钱做更多的事。然而，在大多数公司中，经济和环境的持续改善被认为是相互冲突的。这是大多数行业错失的最大机遇之一。），从这里关键词，most industries可知其实很多公司是承担得起的，只是觉得会减少自己的利益，所以不愿意去做，所以B选项错误，这里属于反向干扰；C选项“这可能会引发新一轮激烈的竞争”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；D选项“所有公司都需要很长时间才能接受它”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。15.事实细节题，第一步，精准定位，定位到第七段第一句话Some 50 studies show that companies that commit to such aspirational goals as zero waste, zero harmful emissions, and zero use of non-renewable resources are financially outperforming their competitors（大约50项研究表明，那些致力于实现零浪费、零有害排放、零使用不可再生资源等雄心勃勃的目标的公司，在财务上胜过竞争对手），B选项“在收入方面，他们比同行做得更好”是该句的同义替换，所以答案选B。A选项“他们的社会责任感大大增强了”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；C选项“他们已经放弃了所有过时的设备和技术”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；D选项“他们比他们的对手对人类进步做出更大的贡献”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。3. 单选题Less than two months into her breast cancer treatment, Alexandra Jn-Charles was called into a new room at SUNY Downstate Medical Center, where two treating physicians, the chief medical officer and an attorney representing the hospital told her that mistakes had been made.The skin lesions (病变) on her chest, they said, had been caused not by her illness but by the machine that was supposed to cure her. The 32-year-old had received nearly 30 radiotherapy sessions, but at this point it didnt really make sense to count them, because a programming error had caused each installment to deliver at least three times the prescribed amount of radiation.Jn-Charles, who died two and a half years after this meeting in 2005, would eventually come to exemplify theemergence of accidental over-radiation in U.S. hospitals. The worst off have reported skin damage, inexplicable hair loss and ribs (肋骨) buckling beneath their chests debilitating injuries suffered while undergoing screening or treatment for something that would otherwise kill them. A steep price for survival.These tragedies go to the core of an issue as pressing as it is uncomfortable to think about: Have advances in technology, improved treatment methods and more comprehensive screening protocols led to systematic, excessive irradiation of patients?The answer, according to a growing number of health experts, is yes. For example, the CT scan, which has become commonplace in response to rising cancer rates, is itself thought to increase the likelihood that a person develops cancer. The scans deliver several hundred times more radiation than an X-ray even when guidelines and dosages are followed precisely. “What we do as physicians arguably harms people,” James Ehrlich, a clinical associate professor at the University of Colorado and an adviser for Premier Micronutrient Corp., told Newsweek.A jarring example of that came in 2010, when Walt Bogdanich published an extensive review in The New York Times that listed numerous patients whose lives had been destroyed by mistakes in hospital imaging and radiotherapy. Shortly after the article series went to press, the Food and Drug Administration began to ramp up its efforts to limit excessive exposure, eventually launching its Initiative to Reduce Unnecessary Radiation Exposure From Medical Imaging.Along with organizations like the American College of Radiology, the FDA now supports a number of so-called dose registries that allow facilities to compare radiation dose indexes to regional and national values. To date, hundreds of facilities across the U.S. have enrolled.But the FDAs regulatory authority is generally focused on equipment manufacturers, and compliance on the state level is never guaranteed. And even compliant facilities run the risk of over-radiating patients: A 2012 paper by the Institute of Medicine found that medical imaging is one of the leading environmental causes of breast cancer_.1. The skin damage on Jn-Charles chest was caused by_.2. What does the author want to explain by exemplifying Jn-Charles?3. What can be learnt about the CT scan?4. What does the word “ramp up” mean?5. The author thinks FDAs solution to reduce radiation exposure is_.问题1选项A.breast cancerB.advanced technologyC.over-radiationD.treatment methods问题2选项A.There is no need to waste so much money for to treat breast cancer.B.Until now, breast cancer is still an incurable illness around the world.C.There is an increasing number of young people suffering from cancer.D.There are incidents of excessive irradiation of patients in America.问题3选项A.It is a double-edged sword in the term of cancer.B.It has been argued in the medical profession.C.It is much safer to be used to treat breast cancer.D.The radiation dosages can be controlled easily.问题4选项A.Heat up.B.Draw out.C.Intensify.D.Put up.问题5选项A.ineffectiveB.looseC.harmfulD.unnecessary【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第二段第一句话The skin lesions on her chest, they said, had been caused not by her illness but by the machine that was supposed to cure her. The 32-year-old had received nearly 30 radiotherapy session but at this point it didnt really make sense to count them, because a programming error had caused each installment to deliver at least three times the prescribed amount of radiation“他们说：她胸部的皮肤损伤不是因为她的病而是因为应该治好她的机器。这位32岁的患者接受了近30次放疗但在这一点上，没有真正的意义去计算它们，因为一个程序错误导致每个装置提供了至少三倍于规定的辐射量”，第二步，综合理解，由此可知答案选C选项“过度放疗”。A选项“乳腺癌”，见正确选项解析，可知选项错误，属于反向干扰；B选项“先进的科技”，定位到文章第四段第二句话Have advances in technology, improved treatment methods and more comprehensive screening protocols led to systematic, excessive irradiation of patients?“技术的进步、治疗方法的改进和更全面的筛查方案是否导致了对患者的系统性、过度照射？”文章虽然有提到先进技术，但这不是Jn-Charles胸部受伤的原因，这里属于出处错误；D选项“治疗方法”，见正确选项解析，是因为程序错误导致患者接受了三倍的辐射，所以才造成患者出现灼伤，如果按照规定辐射来可能不会出现这种情况，所以不能选D选项，属于曲解文意。2.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第三段第一句话Jn-Charles, who died two and a half years after this meeting in 2005, would eventually come to exemplify the emergence of accidental over-radiation in U.S. hospitals.“在这次会议结束两年半后的2005年，Jn-Charles去世了，他最终成为美国医院意外过度辐射的典型例子”，由此可知答案选D选项“在美国也有病人接受过度照射的案例”。A选项“没有必要浪费这么多钱去治疗乳腺癌”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不能选；B选项“到目前为止，乳腺癌在世界范围内仍是一种不治之症”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不能选；C选项“越来越多的年轻人患癌症”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不能选。3.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第五段第二句For example, the CT scan, which has become commonplace in response to rising cancer rates, is itself thought to increase the likelihood that a person develops cancer.“例如，CT扫描在应对不断上升的癌症发病率时已变得司空见惯，但它本身被认为会增加一个人患癌症的可能性”，第二步综合理解，从这里可知，在检测是否患癌症时，医生一般会用CT，但是CT会让使用者更容易得癌，所以说CT是把有利有弊的双刃剑，正确答案选A选项“对于癌症来说，这是一把双刃剑”。B选项“医学界对此一直争论不休”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，不选；C选项“用于治疗乳腺癌要安全得多”，定位到第五段倒数第二句话The scans deliver several hundred times more radiation than an X-ray even when guidelines and dosages are followed precisely.“这种扫描产生的辐射量是X射线的数百倍即使严格遵循指导方针和剂量”由此可知C选项错误这里属于反向干扰；D选项“辐射剂量很容易控制”，虽然这里有提到剂量，但是没有提到剂量是否容易控制，而且文章病例是因为过度辐射而造成的，所以文章暗含着其实剂量不容易控制，这里属于无中生有。4.词汇推断题。第一步，句中前后信息连接，ramp up前面接的是一个机构后面接的是努力，第二步，上下文语义推测，整段的大意是一个令人吃惊的案例发表之后获得很大的关注，然后某机构出来推动限制使用辐射，避免患者过多暴露在辐射中，由上下文意可知，该机构在收到反馈之后是加大自己的努力，从这里可知答案选C选项“增强，强化”。A选项“加热，升温”，不符合文章意思，属于无中生有；B选项“拟定，导致”；D选项“提供；建造”。5.事实细节题，第一步，精准定位，定位到文章最后一段一二句But the FDAs regulatory authority is generally focused on equipment manufacturers, and compliance on the state level is never guaranteed. And even compliant facilities run the risk of over-radiating patients“但FDA的监管机构一般只关注设备制造商，无法保证州一级的合规。即使是符合规定的医疗机构也有对病人进行过度辐射的风险”，由此可见作者对FDA所采取的措施有效与否是持否定态度的，所以答案选A选项“无效的”。B选项“松散的”，文章并没有提及FDA在实施这些措施的时候是否严格，所以B选项不能选，属于无中生有；C选项“有害的”，文章没有提到有害之处，属于无中生有；D选项“没必要的”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。4. 填空题Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet.Caring for elderly parents catches many unpreparedA Last July, Julie Baldocchis mother had a massive stroke and was paralyzed. Baldocchi suddenly had to become a family caregiver, something that she wasnt prepared for. “I was flying by the seat of my pants,” says Baldocchi, an employment specialist in San Francisco. Both of her parents are 83, and she knew her father couldnt handle her mothers care. The hospital recommended putting her mother in a nursing home. Baldocchi wasnt willing to do that. But moving her back into her parents home created other problems. Baldocchi, 48, is married and lives about a mile away from her parents. She has a full-time job and has back problems that make it difficult for her to lift her mother. “I couldnt do it all,” she says. But I didnt even know how to find help.”B With help from the family Caregiver Alliance, she eventually hired a live-in caregiver. “But even if you plan intellectually and legally, youre never ready for the emotional impact,” Baldocchi says. In the first two months after her mothers stroke, she lost about 30 pounds as stress mounted. More than 42 million Americans provide family caregiving for an adult who needs help with daily activities, according to a 2009 survey by the AARP. An additional 61.6 million provided at least some care during the year. And many are unprepared.C While many parents lack an advance care directive, its the most basic and important step they can take. The directive includes several parts, including: a durable power of attorney, which gives some one legal authority to make financial decisions on anothers behalf; a health care proxy, which is similar to the power of attorney, except it allows someone to make decisions regarding medical treatment; and a living will that outlines instructions for end-of-life care. (For example, parents can say if they want to be kept alive by artificial measures.) “Its invaluable for the kids, because its hard to make those decisions for a parent,” says Jennifer Cona, an elder-law attorney at Genser Dubow Genser & Cona in Melville, N.Y. An advance care directive is the first line of defense if a situation arises, says Kathleen Kelly, executive director of the Family Caregiver Alliance, which supports and educates caregivers. Without an advance directive, the family will have to petition the court to be appointed the parents legal guardian, says AgingC.D Its important for families to talk about long-term care so the adult children know their parents preferences, wishes an goals, says Lynn Feinberg, a caregiving expert at AARP. But its not an easy conversation. Elderly parents are sometimes suspicious of their childrens financial motives, says Susan John, a financial planner at Financial Focus in Wolfeboro, N.H. One client asked John to hold a family meeting because they needed an intermediary to talk about financial issues, she says. And when there are many siblings, the family decisions can become a three-ring circus with much acrimony, says Ann-Margaret Carrozza, an elder-law attorney in Glen Cove, N.Y. Families who need information and help sorting out disagreements can call on elder-law attorneys, financial planners, geriatric care managers and caregiver support groups. In February, AARP said it will offer its members a new caregiving support service through financial services firm Genworth.E Many families are unprepared for quick decisions, especially when they find out that Medicare doesnt pay for long-term care, Feinberg says. The median cost of a year in a private room at a nursing home in 2011 was $77,745, according to Genworth. And only those who have spent most of their assets can qualify for Medicaid to pay for the nursing home.F Assisted living is another option. Residents can have their own apartment to maintain some independence. But the facilities generally provide personal care services, such as meals, housekeeping and assistance with activities. Still, its not cheap: The national median cost in 2011 was $39,135, according to Genworth. Assisted living isnt covered by Medicaid.G If they have a choice, at least 90% of elde