2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第110期

2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The health-care economy is replete with unusual and even unique economic relationships. One of the least understood involves the peculiar roles of producer or provider and purchaser or consumer in the typical doctor-patient relationship. In most sectors of the economy, it is the seller who attempts to attract a potential buyer with various inducements of price, quality, and utility, and it is the buyer who makes the decision. Where circumstances permit the buyer no choice because there is effectively only one seller and the product is relatively essential, government usually asserts monopoly and places the industry under price and other regulations. Neither of these conditions prevails in most of the health-care industry.In the health-care industry, the doctor-patient relationship is the mirror image of the ordinary relationship between producer and consumer. Once an individual has chosen to see a physician一and even then there may be no real choiceit is the physician who usually makes all significant purchasing decisions: whether the patient should return “next Wednesday,” whether X-rays are needed, whether drugs should be prescribed, etc. It is a rare and sophisticated patient who will challenge such professional decisions or raise in advance questions about price, especially when the ailment is regarded as serious.This is particularly significant in relation to hospital care. The physician must certify the need for hospitalization, determine what procedures will be performed, and announce when the patient may be discharged. The patient may be consulted about some of these decisions, but in the main it is the doctors judgments that are final. Little wonder then that in the eyes of the hospital it is the physician who is the real “consumer”. As a consequence, the medical staff represents the power center* in hospital policy and decision-making, not the administration.Although usually there are in this situation four identifiable participantsthe physician, the hospital, the patient, and the payer (generally an insurance carrier or government)the physician makes the essential decisions for all of them. The hospital becomes an extension of the physician; the payer generally meets most of the bona fide bills generated by the physician/hospital; and for the most part the patient plays a passive role. In routine or minor illnesses, or just plain worries, the patients options are, of course, much greater with respect to use and price. In illnesses that are of some significance, however, such choices tend to evaporate, and it is for these illnesses that the bulk of the health-care dollar is spent. We estimate that about 75-80 percent of health-care expenditures are determined by physicians, not patients. For this reason, economy measures directed at patients or the general public is relatively ineffective.1.The authors primary purpose is to （ ）.2. It can be inferred that doctors are able to determine hospital policies because（ ） .3.According to the author, when a doctor tells a patient to return next Wednesday, the doctor is in effect （ ） .4.The author is most probably leading up to（ ）.5.The tone of the passage can best be described as（ ） .问题1选项A.urge hospitals to reclaim their decision-making authorityB.criticize doctors for exercising too much control over patientsC.analyze some important economic factors in health careD.speculate about the relationship between a patients ability to pay and the treatment received问题2选项A.it is doctors who generate income for the hospitalB.most of a patients bills are paid by his health insuranceC.a doctor is ultimately responsible for a patients healthD.hospital administrators lack the expertise to question medical decisions问题3选项A.advising the patient to seek a second opinionB.instructing the patient to buy more medical servicesC.taking advantage of the patients concern for his healthD.warning the patient that .a hospital stay might be necessary问题4选项A.a proposal to control medical costsB.a discussion of a new medical treatmentC.an analysis of the causes of inflation in the United StatesD.a study of lawsuits against doctors for malpractice问题5选项A.cautiousB.defiantC.inquisitiveD.analytical【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.A项意为“为了敦促医院收回他们的决策权力”；B项意为 “批判医生太多控制病人”；C项意为“为了分析在健康医疗中的一些重要的经济因素”；D项意为“猜测病人支付的能力和接受的治疗之间的关系”。文章从第一段开始引入经济关系中的“提供者”与“消费者”之间的关系，然后引出医疗健康中的医患关系，到后面讲述医生在医院的经济中拥有绝对的权利；所以文章是分析 了 economic relationship即医患关系中的经济因素，选项C符合题意。2.由第二段中it is the physician who usually makes all significant purchasing decisions: whether the patient should return “next Wednesdav， whether X-rays are needed, whether drugs should be prescribed, etc.通常是由医生来决定病人什么时候来复诊、是否需要照X光以及需要哪种药，而病人是无法也不会去质疑医生的决定的；再由第三段最后 As a consequence, the medical staff represents the power center in hospital policy and decision-making, not the administration. 因此，在医院的政策和决策中，医务人员代表的是“权力中心”，而不是行政部门。确定A选项正确。3.A选项意为：建议病人寻找第二意见；B选项意为：指导病人买更多的医疗服务；C选项意为：利用病人对自己健康的关心；D选项意为：警告病人住院时很有必要的。文章从一开始在分析医患关系，提到医生和病人之间的关系就是经济中 的生产者与消费者之间的关系的一个缩影，医生在医患关系中占主导地位，而医生对于 医院的经济起到重要的作用，因此作者更倾向医生这么做是为了让病人花费更多的钱来 达到自己的经济利益，故应选B项更符合作者的看法；此处C项是一个干扰项，不可 否认医生也是为了病人的健康考虑所以会安排复诊，但是作者在本文中更多的是揭露医 患之间的经济关系，故应选B。4.题目的意思是：根据作者的说法，当医生告诉病人“下周三再来”时，医生实际是说 A项意为“控制医疗成本的一项提议”；B项意为“对一种 新的医学治疗的一次讨论” C项意为“对美国通货膨胀原因的分析”；D项意为“针对医生的玩忽职守诉讼的研究”。文章主要是以医患关系中医生作为主导这一论点开展的，在文章的最后也提到We estimate that about 75-80 percent of health-care expenditures are determined by physicians, not patients. For this reason, economy measures directed at patients or the general public is relatively ineffective.70-80%的医疗开支都是由医务人员决定的，而不是病人。正因为这个原因，针对病人或者大众的经济措施是相对无效的。所以A选项“控制医疗成本的一项提议”正确。5.A选项 “谨慎的”；B选项“蔑视的；C选项“好奇的”；D选项“分 析的”。作者一开始阐述了经济关系中的两大主体-生产者和消费者， 然后进一步提到了医患关系是这一经济关系的缩影，从而揭露出医生在医疗经济中占有绝对的主导地位，最后再给予建议，因此这篇文章主要是针对社会现象的本质的分析性文章， D选项正确。2. 单选题Much of the research on hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD has focused on the neurotransmitter serotonin, a chemical that when released from a prescription serotonin-secreting neuron causes the transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse to an adjacent post-synaptic, or target neuron. There are two major reasons for this emphasis. First, it was discovered early on that many of the major hallucinogens have a molecular structure similar to that of serotonin. In addition, animal studies of brain neurochemistry following administration of hallucinogens invariably reported changes in serotonin levels.Early investigators correctly reasoned that the structural similarity to the serotonin molecule might imply that LSDs effects are brought about by an action on the neurotransmission of serotonin in the brain. Unfortunately, the level of technical expertise in the field of brain research was such that this hypothesis had to be tested on peripheral tissue (tissue outside the brain). Two different groups of scientists reported that LSD powerfully blockaded serotonins action. Their conclusions were quickly challenged, however. We now know that the action of a drug at one side in the body does not necessarily correspond to the drug action at another side, especially when one site is in the brain and the other is not.By the 1960s, technical advances permitted the direct testing of the hypothesis that LSD and related hallucinogens act by directly suppressing the activity of serotonin-secreting neurons themselves-the so-called prescription hypothesis. Researchers reasoned that if the hallucinogenic drugs act by suppressing the activity of serotonin-secreting neurons, then drugs administered after these neurons had been destroyed should have no effect on behavior, because the system would already be maximally suppressed.Contrary to their expectations, neuron destruction enhanced the effect of LSD and related hallucinogens on behavior. Thus, hallucinogenic drugs apparently do not act directly on serotonin-secreting neurons.However, these and other available date do support an alternative hypothesis, that LSD and related drugs act directly at receptor sites on serotonin target neurons (the post-synaptic hypothesis). The fact that LSD elicits serotonin syndrome-that is causes the same kinds of behaviors as does the admission of serotonin-in animals whose brains are depleted of serotonin indicates that LSD acts directly on serotonin receptors, rather than indirectly through the release of stores of serotonin. The enhanced effect of LSD reported after serotonin depletion could be due to a proliferation of serotonin receptor sites on serotonin target neurons. This phenomenon often follows neuron destruction or neurotransmitter depletion; the increase in the number of receptor sites appears to be a compensatory response to decreased input. Significantly, this hypothesis is supported by date from a numbers of different laboratories.1.According to the passage, which of the following is one of the primary factors that led researchers studying hallucinogenic drugs to focus on serotonin?2.It can be inferred that researchers abandoned the prescription hypothesis because（ ）.3.Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?4.The research described in the passage is primarily concerned with answering which of the following questions?5.Which of the following best defines serotonin syndrome （underlined, as the term is used in the passage?6.Which of the following best describes the organization of the argument that the author of the passage presents in the last two paragraphs?7.The authors attitude toward early researchers reasoning concerning the implication of similarities in the structures of serotonin and LSD molecules can best be described as one of（ ）问题1选项A.The suppression of the activit3r of serotonin secreting neurons by the administration of hallucinogensB.The observed similarities in the chemical structures of serotonin and hallucinogensC.The effects the administration of hallucinogens has on serotonin production in the human brainD.Serotonin-induced changes in the effects of hallucinogens on behavior问题2选项A.a new and more attractive hypothesis was suggestedB.no research was reported that supported the hypothesisC.research results provided evidence to counter the hypothesisD.the hypothesis was supported only by studies of animals and not by studies of human beings问题3选项A.Research has suggested that the neurotransmitter serotonin is responsible for the effects of hallucinogenic drugs on the brain and on behavior.B.Researchers have spent an inadequate amount of time developing theories concerning the way in which the effects of hallucinogenic drugs occur.C.Research results strongly suggest that hallucinogenic drugs create their effects by acting on the serotonin receptor sites located on target neurons in the brain.D.Researchers have recently made valuable discoveries concerning the effects of depleting the amount of serotonin in the brain.问题4选项A.How can researchers control the effects that LSD has on behavior?B.How are animals reactions to LSD different from those of human being?C.What triggers the effects that LSD has on human behavior?D.What technical advances would permit researchers to predict more accurately the effects of LSD on behavior?问题5选项A.The series of behaviors, usually associated with the administration of serotonin, that also occurs when LSD is administered to animals whose brains are depleted of serotoninB.The series of behaviors, usually associated with the administration of LSD, that also occurs when the amount of serotonin in the brain is reduced.C.The maximal suppression of neuron activity that results from the destruction of serotonin-secreting neuronsD.The release of stores of serotonin from serotonin-secreting neurons in the brain问题6选项A.Two approaches to testing a hypothesis are described, and the greater merits of one approach are indicated.B.The assumptions underlying two hypotheses are outlined, and evidence for and against each hypothesis is discussed.C.A phenomenon is described, and hypotheses concerning its occurrence are considered and rejectedD.The reasoning behind a hypothesis is summarized, evidence supporting the hypothesis is presented, and research that counters the supporting evidence is described.问题7选项A.complete agreementB.reluctant supportC.subtle condescensionD.irreverent dismissa【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:C第5题:A第6题:D第7题:B【解析】1.由题干中的单词factor找到文章第一段：There are two major reasons for this emphasis. First, it was discovered early on that many of the major hallucinogens have a molecular structure similar to that of serotonin. In addition, animal studies of brain neurochemistry following administration of hallucinogens invariably reported changes in serotonin levels. 这种强调有两个主要原因。首先，人们很早就发现，许多主要致幻剂的分子结构与血清素相似。此外，对服用迷幻药后的脑神经化学的动物研究总是报告血清素水平的变化。确定B选项5 -羟色胺和致幻剂化学结构的相似性正确。2.文章第二段中Unfortunately和challenged为关键词，具有转折的意味。第二段中 this hypothesis had to be tested on peripheral tissue这一假设必须在周围组织上进行验证,由此可知答案为C选项 研究结果为反驳这一假设提供了证据正确。3.该题为主旨概括题。文章第一句开篇点题，讲的是科学家对迷幻药的研究，并将研究目标集中于神经递质血清素，并得出了迷幻药对目标神经元的影响作用。所以C选项研究结果强烈表明，致幻药物通过作用于位于大脑目标神经元上的血清素受体来产生效果。正确。4.由上题可知，文章主要是描述迷幻药对人的神经元的影响作用。并且回答了是怎么对人的神经产生影响的。选项A选项研究人员如何控制LSD对行为的影响?文章没有提及。文章是对动物的实验，但并没有对比人与动物的区别，所以选项B动物对LSD的反应与人类有何不同?排除。选项D什么技术进步能让研究人员更准确地预测LSD对行为的影响?文章没有提到。所以排除法，选C。5.该词出现在最后一段，That is后 是对该词的解释。that is causes the same kinds of behaviors as does the admission of serotonin-in animals whose brains are depleted of serotonin indicates that LSD acts directly on serotonin receptors, rather than indirectly through the release of stores of serotonin. 这与大脑血清素缺乏的动物吸收血清素的行为相同，表明LSD直接作用于血清素受体，而不是通过释放血清素来间接作用。所以确定A选项这一系列的行为，通常与给药血清素有关，当给大脑中血清素不足的动物注射LSD时也会发生正确。6.最后两段，作者提出相反的假设，以证据证明假设。所以D选项总结假设背后的推理，提出支持假设的证据，描述反驳支持证据的研究。正确。7.题干提问作者的态度。A选项完全同意；B选项不支持；C选项不予考虑的；D选项无关紧要的。文中第二段作者对早期的以Unfortunately和challenged语气进行了否定，接着在下文中论述，从而得出真正的结果。所以B选项符合题意。3. 单选题In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent of the Black population of the United States left the South, where the preponderance of the Black population had bee8n located, and migrated to northern states, with the largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1916 and 1918. It has been frequently assumed, but not proved, that the majority of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent factors: the collapse of the cotton industry following the boll weevil infestation, which began in 1898, and increased demand in the North for labor following the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrants subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to rural background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills.But the question of who actually left the South has never been rigorously investigated. Although numerous investigations document an exodus from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration, no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600,000 Black workers, or ten percent of the Black work force, reported themselves to be engaged in “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits,” the federal census category encompassing the entire industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be enticed to move, but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South.About thirty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slavery blacksmiths, masons, carpenters which had had a monopoly of certain trades, but they were gradually being pushed out by competition, mechanization, and obsolescence. The remaining sixty-five percent, more recently urbanized, worked in newly developed industries tobacco, lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads. Wages in the South, however, were low, and Black workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the Black press, that they could earn more even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. After the boll weevil infestation, urban Black workers faced competition from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial fobs. Thus, a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed, and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic problems in the North to their rural background comes into question.1.The author indicates explicitly that which of the following records has been a source of information in her investigation?2.In the passage, the author anticipates which of the following as a possible objection to her argument?3.According to the passage, which of the following is true of wages in southern cities in 1910?4.The author cites each of the following as possible influences in a Black workers decision to migrate north in the Great Migration EXCEPT（ ） .5.It can be inferred from the passage that the “easy conclusion” mentioned in line 16 of the last paragraph is based on which of the following assumptions?6.The primary purpose of the passage is to （ ）.7.According to information in the passage, which of the following is a correct sequence of groups of workers, from highest paid to lowest paid, in the period between 1910 and 1930?8.The material in the passage would be most relevant to a long discussion of which of the following topics?问题1选项A.United States Immigration Service reports from 1914 to 1930.B.Payrolls of southern manufacturing firms between 1910 and 1930.C.The volume of cotton exports between 1898 and 1910.D.The federal census of 1910.问题2选项A.It is uncertain how many people actually migrated during the Great Migration.B.The eventual economic status of the Great Migration migrants has not been adequately traced.C.It is not likely that people with stead jobs would have reason to move to another area of the country.D.It is not true that the term “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits” actually encompasses the entire industrial sector.问题3选项A.They were being pushed lower as a result of increased competition.B.They had begun to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workers.C.They had increased for skilled workers but decreased for unskilled workers.D.They had increased in large southern cities but decreased in small southern cities.问题4选项A.wage levels in northern citiesB.labor recruitersC.competition from rural workersD.voting rights in northern states问题5选项A.People who migrate from rural areas to large cities usually do so for economic reasons.B.Most people who leave rural areas to take jobs in cities return to rural areas as soon as it is financially possible for them to do so.C.People with rural backgrounds are less likely to succeed economically in cities than those with urban backgrounds.D.Most people who were once skilled workers are not willing to work as unskilled workers.问题6选项A.Support an alternative to an accepted methodologyB.Present evidence that resolves a contradictionC.Introduce a recently discovered source of informationD.Challenge a widely accepted explanation问题7选项A.Artisans in the North; artisans in the South; unskilled workers in the