2022年考博英语-吉林大学考前模拟强化练习题36（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-吉林大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题The Indian wars greatly（ ） the dangers of frontier life.问题1选项A.accumulatedB.challengedC.multipliedD.enriched【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。accumulate “积聚；堆积”；challenge“挑战”；multiply “繁殖，乘，增加”；enrich “使丰富”。句意：印度战争极大增加了边境生命的危险性。选项C符合题意。2. 单选题（ ） trouble, Im going to forget the whole affair.问题1选项A.Than rather causeB.Rather causingC.Rather than causeD.Rather than caused【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。Rather than do sth.是固定搭配，意为“与其做某事”。句意：与其惹麻烦，我打算忘记整件事情。选项C符合题意。3. 单选题The doctors dont （ ） that the patient will live much longer.问题1选项A.monitorB.manifestC.articulateD.anticipate【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。monitor “监督，监控”；manifest “显示，表明”；articulate “发音”；anticipate “预期，预计”。句意：医生预计患者不会活更长。选项D符合题意。4. 单选题Tight shoes（ ） my feet.问题1选项A.irritateB.smartC.acheD.bruise【答案】D【解析】考查词义辨析。Irritate “激怒；使兴奋”，动词；smart “聪明的”，形容词；ache “疼痛”，名词；bruise “擦伤”，名词或者动词。句意：这双鞋子太紧了，把我的脚给擦伤了。选项D符合题意。5. 单选题It is all very well to blame traffic jams,the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but maimers on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. You might tolerate the odd road hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a “ Be Kind to Other Drivers” campaign;otherwise it may get completely out of hand.Road politeness is not good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool headed and good tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays dont even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the drive who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway;or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to.A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists cant even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of roadsmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the car ownership explosion would demand a lot more give and take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.1.In the authors opinion，（ ）2.The sentence “You might tolerate the odd road hog the rule” ( Para. 1) implies that3.What would most probably happen nowadays when you show politeness to other drivers on road?4.The examples in the third paragraph are used to illustrate（ ） .5.Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car ownership explosion，（ ） .问题1选项A.strict traffic regulations are badly neededB.drivers should apply road politeness properlyC.rude drivers should be punishedD.drivers should avoid traffic jams问题2选项A.our society is unjust towards well-mannered motoristsB.rude drivers can be met only occasionallyC.the well-mannered motorist today cannot tolerate impolite driversD.nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists问题3选项A.They would show politeness to you inversely.B.They would show thankfulness to you.C.They would just drive on as nothing has happened.D.They would make way for you readily.问题4选项A.it is polite for drivers to let children and the old to cross the road firstB.the politeness shown in the wrong moment can lead to dangersC.it is dangerous to allow a car to emerge from a side street to follow trafficD.drivers should recognize others politeness at the right moment问题5选项A.road users should make more sacrificeB.drivers should be ready to yield to each otherC.drivers should have more communication among themselvesD.drivers will suffer a great loss if they pay no respect to others【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.文章第一段提出交通状况与司机的态度之间的关系。第二段指出司机应该礼貌并且对他人的礼貌做出回应，这样才能创造出一个好的行车气氛。第三段作者话锋一转提到错误的礼貌是危险的并且举例说明如何危险。第四段作者号召司机正确考虑公路礼仪问题了。选项B“司机应该适当地使用公路礼仪”，符合题意。2.文章原句You might tolerate the odd road hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadaysthe well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. 你可以忍受那些奇怪自私、粗鲁、不顾及他人的司机，但是现在那些好教养的司机反而是不多见的。选项D “如今没有礼貌的司机占绝大部分”，与作者的描述一致，符合题意。3.文章第二段主要讲关于回应公路礼貌的问题，最后一句many drivers nowadays dont even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it “现在很多司机当他们看到别人的礼貌时无法认出”。选项C “他们会当没这回事直接开车走人”符合题意。4.文章第三段的例子是为了证明错误的行车礼仪是危险的（however, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous）。选项B符合题意。5.文章最后一段倒数第二句话 years ago the experts warned us that the car ownership explosion would demand a lot more give and take from all road users “很多年前专家就告诫我们拥有汽车的人数激增需要汽车使用者的让步”，选项B符合题意。6. 单选题The Supreme Courts decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the court in effect supported the medical principle of “ double effect”，a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effectsa good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseenis permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death”.George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as good doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “Its like surgery, he says. “We dont call those deaths homicides because the doctors didnt intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If youre a physician, you can risk your patients suicide as long as you dont intend their suicide. ”On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modem medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Courts ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospitals, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “A large number of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”，to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”. He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”.1.We learn from the passage that （ ）2.George Annas may agree that （ ）.3.According to the NASs report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is（ ） .4.Whats the possible meaning of “ aggressive”( Line 3, Para. 7) ?5.According to George Annas，which of the following medical behaviors should be punished?问题1选项A.doctors never increase drug dosages to control their patients painB.it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their livesC.the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicideD.patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide问题2选项A.a doctors medication shouldnt be justified by his intentionsB.doctors cannot give patients large dosages of medication on any accountC.high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribedD.doctors should be held guilty if they risk their patients death问题3选项A.prolonged medical proceduresB.inadequate treatment of painC.systematic drug abuseD.insufficient hospital care问题4选项A.Bold.B.Harmful.C.Positive.D.Energetic.问题5选项A.Treating patient impatiently.B.Giving patients more medicine than needed.C.Reducing drug dosages for patients.D.Prolonging the needless suffering of the patients.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.文章第一段和第二段的第一句话提到最高法院关于医生协助自杀的裁决有重要的意义，最高法院支持流传了几个世纪的道德准则，这说明最高法院认为医生没有协助病人自杀的权利，所以选项B符合题意。2.文章在第五段和最后一段提到了George Annas。在第五段中，他认为只要医生开药是出于合理的医疗目的，即使这些药会加速病人的死亡，医生也没有违法。最后一段最后一句他提出如果病人痛苦死去是医生护理不好的表现，从两段可以看出，他支持医生大剂量用药，所以选项C符合题意。3.文章第七段第二句话提及临终护理存在的问题，一个是 the undertreatment of pain (没有对病人的疼痛采取有效的措施)，一个是ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying （强行使用无效的治疗方法来延长病人的生命，使其失去最后的尊严）。选项B符合题意。4.单词出现的句子是：It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care. 句意：对病人疼痛处理不力和_无效的治疗方法来延长病人的生命，使其失去最后的尊严。由这句话中的ineffectual，forced, dishonor这些词推出这样的治疗是没有效果的，是不积极的。选项A符合题意。harmful 与use搭配不符合语意。5.文章最后一段George Annas否定了大量医生无视病人的痛苦，用药延长病人痛苦这些做法。选项D符合题意。7. 单选题I could （ ）the shadowy figure of a man in the distance.问题1选项A.distinguishB.perceiveC.notifyD.discern【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。perceive “察觉，感觉”；notify “通知，公布”；distinguish 与 discern 二者均有“区别，辨别”的意思，前者指辨别者的能力或实际观察到的区别，强调辨别所需要的技巧。后者语义比较笼统，着重准确的观察力，不一定有能分辨出关系密切的各项事物的含义。这个句子的句意是“看清远处那个人的身影”强调的是观察力而不是技巧。所以选项D符合题意。8. 单选题One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all ships （ ）follow traffic rules in busy harbors.问题1选项A.dutifullyB.cautiouslyC.faithfullyD.skillfully【答案】A【解析】考查副词词义辨析。dutifully “尽职尽责地，忠实地”；cautiously “慎重地，谨慎地”；faithfully “忠实地，忠诚地”；skillfully “巧妙地，精巧地”。句意：海岸警卫队的职责之一便是确保繁忙港口的所有船只都遵守交通规则。选项A符合题意。9. 单选题Who won the World Cup 2002 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? （1）an event takes place; newspapers are on the streets（2）the details. Wherever anything happens in the world, reporters are on the spot to（3） the news.Newspapers have one basic（4）, to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to（5） it. Radio, telegraph, television, the Internet and（6）inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication （7）, this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the（8）and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are（9）and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to branch out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers（10）of the latest news, todays newspapers（11）and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers economic choices （12）advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very（13）Newspapers are sold at a price that（14） to cover even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main（15）of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The（16） in selling advertising depends on a newspapers value to advertisers. This（17）in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends（18）on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment（19）in a newspapers pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspapers value to readers as a source of information（20）the community, city, country, slate, nation, and worldand even outer space.问题1选项A.Just whenB.WhileC.Soon afterD.Before问题2选项A.to giveB.givingC.givenD.being given问题3选项A.gatherB.spreadC.carryD.bring问题4选项A.reasonB.causeC.problemD.purpose问题5选项A.makeB.publishC.knowD.write问题6选项A.anotherB.otherC.one anotherD.the other问题7选项A.HoweverB.AndC.ThereforeD.So问题8选项A.valueB.ratioC.rateD.speed问题9选项A.spreadB.passedC.printedD.completed问题10选项A.informB.be informedC.to be informedD.informed问题11选项A.entertainB.encourageC.educateD.edit问题12选项A.onB.throughC.withD.of问题13选项A.formsB.existenceC.contentsD.purpose问题14选项A.triesB.managesC.failsD.succeeds问题15选项A.sourceB.originC.courseD.finance问题16选项A.wayB.meansC.chanceD.success问题17选项A.measuresB.measuredC.is measuredD.was measured问题18选项A.somewhatB.littleC.muchD.something问题19选项A.offeringB.offeredC.which offeredD.to be offered问题20选项A.byB.withC.atD.about【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C第6题:B第7题:A第8题:D第9题:C第10题:D第11题:C第12题:B第13题:B第14题:C第15题:A第16题:D第17题:C第18题:A第19题:B第20题:D【解析】（1）考查副词的用法。空格处所在句子的句意是：当一个事件刚发生的时候，报纸就会在街头进行转播事件的细节。空格处填写的单词或短语是用来形容事件一发生，就被报道了，just 在这里是副词，意思是“刚刚”，符合题意。选项A符合题意。（2）考查不定式的用法。to give 来表目的，意思是来到街上的目的是为了报道事件的细节。选项A符合题意。（3）考查动词词义辨析。gather“收集”，spread“传播”，carry“携带”，bring“带来”。空格处所在的句子的句意：无论世界上哪里有事件，记者都会在现场收集新闻。选项A符合题意。（4）考查名词词义辨析。reason“理由”,cause“原因”， problem“问题”，purpose“目的”。空格处所在的句子的句意是：报纸有一个基本的目的，就是尽快从它的来源处获得新闻，并且将新闻从来源处传播给那些想要了解它的人。选项D符合题意。（5）考查动词词义辨析。 空格处所在的句子的句意是：报纸有一个基本的目的，就是尽快从它的来源处获得新闻，并且将新闻从来源处传播给那些想要了解它的人。选项C符合题意。（6）考查 other 与 another的用法。空格处所在句子的意思是：广播、电视、电报和因特网以及其他发明为报纸带来了竞争。another指泛指三个或以上的其他事物；other 泛指别的人或物，所以other 符合题意。选项B符合题意。（7）考查连词的用法。空格的前后可以看出是一个转折关系，所以选项A符合题意。（8）考查名词词义辨析。空格处后面半句话的意思是提高自身运作的效率，可以判断出前文是提高速度，选项D符合题意。（9）考查动词词义辨析。空格处所在句子的句意是：现在更多的报纸被印刷并被人阅读，选项C符合题意。（10）考查固定搭配。keep sb informed of 保持对知情。选项D符合题意。（11）考查动词词义辨析。entertain“娱乐，取悦”，encourage“鼓励”，educate“教育”，edit“编辑”。空格处所在句子的句意是：现在的报纸在政治或者其它重要并且严肃的问题上教育并且影响着读者。选项C符合题意。（12）考查介词词义辨析。influence through“通过.影响”，influence with“对有影响”，influence on“对影响”，influence of “某种影响”。空格处所在句子的句意是：报纸通过广告影响读者的经济选择。选项B符合题意。（13）考查名词词义辨析。空格处所在句子的句意是：大多数报纸的生存都是依靠广告。选项B符合题意。（14）考查动词词义辨析。空格处所在句子的句意是：报纸出售的价格甚至不够支付生产成本的一小部分。选项C符合题意。（15）考查名词词义辨析。空格处所在句子的句意是：大多数报纸的主要收入来源是商业广告。选项A符合题意。（16）考查名词词义辨析。空格处所在句子的句意是：报纸出售广告能否成功取决于报纸对于广告商的价值。success in “在的成功”。选项D符合题意。（17）考查固定搭配。be measured in terms of “以为标准衡量”。选项C符合题意。（18）考查副词词义辨析。somewhat“多少有点”，little“几乎没有”，much“很大程度”，something “有点，大约”。这句讲的是报纸的流通受哪些因素制约，文章最后一句提到最重要的因素（for the most part），可以知道这里的因素不是最重要的。选项A符合题意。（19）考查非谓语动词。空格处所填的词与前面的service 和 entertainment 是被动关系，选项B符合题意。（20）考查介词词义辨析。information about “关于的信息”。选项D符合题意。10. 单选题When you are in excellent health, death is（ ） unimaginable.问题1选项A.nothing butB.after allC.above allD.all but【答案】D【解析】考查短语搭配。nothing but “只不过，只有”；after all “毕竟”；above all “总之”；all but “几乎”。句意：当你身体健康的时候，死亡几乎是不可想象的。11. 单选题I feel rather at a（ ） talking to her, because she is so clever.问题1选项A.defectB.faultC.disadvantageD.mistake【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。defect“缺点，缺陷”；fault“错误，缺点，毛病”；disadvantage“缺点，不利条件，损失”；mistake “错误，误会，过失”。句意：我感觉跟她谈话不占优势，因为她太聪明了。选项C符合题意。12. 单选题Biological diversity has become widely recognized as a critical conservation issue only in the past two decades. The rapid destruction of the tropical rain forests, which are the ecosystems with the highest known species diversity on Earth, has awakened people to the importance and fragility of biological diversity. The high rate of species extinctions in these environments is jolting, but it is important to recognize the significance of biological diversity in all ecosystems. As the human population continues to expand, it will negatively affect one after another of Earths ecosystems. In terrestrial ecosystems and in fringe marine ecosystems (such as wetlands), the most common problem is habitat destruction. In most situations, the result is irreversible. Now humans are beginning to destroy marine ecosystems through other types of activities, such as disposal and run off of poisonous waste; in less than two centuries, by significantly reducing the variety of species on Earth, they have unraveled cons of evolution and irrevocably redirected its course.Certainly, there have been periods in Earths history when mass extinctions have occurred. The extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by some physical event, either climatic or cosmic. There have also been less dramatic extinctions, as when natural competition between species reached an extreme conclusion. Only 0.1 percent of the species that have lived on Earth have survived to the present, and it was largely chance that determined which species survived and which died out.However, nothing has ever equated the magnitude and speed with which the human species is altering the physical and chemical world and demolishing the environment. In fact, there is wide agreement that it is the rate of change humans are inflicting, even more than the changes themselves, that will lead to biological devastation. Life on Earth has continually been in flux as slow physical and chemical changes have occurred on Earth, but life needs time to adapt-time for migration and genetic adaptation within existing species and time for the proliferation of new genetic material and new species that may be able to survive in new environments.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.The author mentions the reduction of the variety of species on Earth in line 10 to suggest that （ ）.3.The author mentions the extinction of the dinosaurs in the second paragraph to emphasize that（ ）.4.According to the passage, natural evolutionary change is different from changes caused by humans in that changes caused by humans（ ）.5.With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?问题1选项A.The causes of the extinction of the dinosaurB.The variety of species found in tropical rain forests.C.The impact of human activities on Earths ecosystemsD.The time required for species to adapt to new environments.问题2选项A.new habitats can be created for speciesB.humans are often made ill by polluted waterC.some species have been made extinct by human activityD.an understanding of evolution can prevent certain species from disappearing.问题3选项A.the cause of the dinosaurs extinction is unknownB.Earths climate has changed significantl