2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷19

2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 翻译题“培根-Of Study (论读书)”Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateers and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some book are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; pets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.【答案】选自培根论读书，王佐良先生译读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也， 最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者， 少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读， 读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强，不 常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。读史使人明智，读 诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。2. 单选题The heat in summer is no less（ ） here in this mountain region.问题1选项A.concentratedB.extensiveC.intenseD.intensive【答案】C【解析】形容词辨析。句意: 夏天这个山区一样炎热。Concentrated集中的; extensive广阔的, 广泛的; intense强烈的,多用于形容表达感情或感受的强度; intensive加强的,常用于短时间内为达到某个目的而高强度地做某事。故选C。3. 单选题Like a ticking time bomb, the failing dollar has grabbed the attention of Japan and West Germany, forcing them to consider adopting economic policies the United States advocates. The U.S. government wants the dollar to fall because as the dollar declines in value against the yen and Deutsch mark, U.S. goods become cheaper. U.S. companies then sell more at home and abroad, and U.S. trade deficit declines. Cries for trade protection abate, and the global free-trade system is preserved.Then, the cheaper dollar makes it cheaper for many foreign investors to snap up U.S. stocks. That prompts heavy buying from abroadespecially from Japan. Also, if the trade picture is improving, that means U.S. companies eventually will be more competitive. Consequently, many investors are buying shares of export-oriented U.S. companies in anticipation of better profits in the next year or so. But that is a rather fashionable notion right now; if corporate earnings are disappointing in the next few quarters, the buying spree might disappear. And finally, if a falling dollar leads to a rise in interest rates, the stock market rally could stop.Improving U.S. competitiveness means a decline in anothers competitiveness.Japan and West Germany are verging on recession. Their export-oriented economies are facing major problems. Japan is worried about the damage the strong yen will do to Japanese trade. West Germany is also worried. Share prices in Frankfurt plummeted this past week. Bonn is thought to be considering a cut in interest rates to boost its economy.Could the falling dollar get out of hand? If the dollar falls too far, investors might lose confidence in U.S. investmentsespecially the government bond market. The money to finance the federal budget and trade deficits could migrate elsewhere; inflation could flare up, too, since Japanese and German manufacturers will eventually pass along price hikesand U.S. companies might follow suit to increase their profit margins. The U.S. Federal Reserve then might need step in and stabilize the dollar by raising interest rates. And higher interest rates could cause the U.S. economy to slow down and end the Wall Street Rally.Worried about these side effects，Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcher has said the dollar has fallen far enough. What is the equilibrium level? Probably near where it is or slightly lower. It all depends on when the U.S. trade deficit turns around or if investors defect .from U.S. Treasury Bonds. “It requires a good deal of political patience on the part of the U.S. Congress,” says Dr. Cline, “And there must be an expectation of patience on the part of private investors. The chances are relatively good that we will avoid an Investor break or panic.”1.What is the main idea of this text?2.What does the word “rally” (Para. 2) mean?3.Why are Japan and West Germany worried about the falling dollar?4.If dollar-falling got out of hand, and the U.S. Federal Reserve might step in, what would happen?5.It can be inferred from the text, that the devaluation of the U.S. dollar（ ） .问题1选项A.The impression of the falling U.S. dollar.B.The results of the devaluation of U.S. dollar.C.The side effects of devaluation of U.S. dollar.D.The effects of idling U.S. dollar on world economy.问题2选项A.Prosperity.B.Decline.C.Richness.D.Improvement.问题3选项A.Because the falling dollar may cause inflation in their countries.B.Because it may force them to devaluate their currency.C.Because it may do damage to their trade.D.Because it may make Japanese company less competitive.问题4选项A.The prosperity of the U.S. economy would disappear.B.The U.S. economy might face serious problems.C.Investors might lose confidence in U.S. investments.D.Runaway inflation could not be stopped in the U.S.问题5选项A.is not responded by countermeasures of Japan and West Germany.B.will not be suspended until the U.S. trade turns aroundC.brings about obvious changes to American economyD.has destroyed the economy of Japan and West Germany【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。全篇文章都讲的美元下跌的后果。2.词义题。定位至第二段, “rally”所在句意为:最后，如果美元贬值导致利率上升，股市的反弹/繁荣可能会停止。故选A。3.细节题。第三段，“日本和西德正濒于经济衰退的边缘。其出 口导向的经济正在面临严重问题。日本担心由于日元坚挺而给其贸易带来损害， 西德也在发愁。上个星期，法兰克福股市价格暴跌。据说，波恩已在考虑降低 利率以振兴其经济。因此C项(这可能会损害他们的贸易)正确。4.推断题。文章指出:较高利率会导致美国经济减慢，华尔街的繁荣将结束。5.推断题。A:日本与西德没有采取应对措施，与文章不符。B:美国贸易出现逆转才会得以解决。与文章不符。D:已经破坏了日本和西德的经济。是文章指出的事实,不符合题意。故选择C。4. 单选题He told anyone who would listen how his brilliant daughter had been accepted by the most （ ）universities in the city.问题1选项A.preciousB.prescriptiveC.prestigiousD.presumptuous【答案】C【解析】形容词辨析。句意: 他告诉所有愿意听他聪明的女儿己经被最有名的大学录取。Precious珍贵的。prescriptive规定的， 规范的；指定的。prestigious有名望的；享有声望的presumptuous专横的；放肆的；冒昧的。5. 翻译题Joint ventures, in a number of cases, dont work out because the “people” relationships become unglued and/or the business cant be made profitable. With this in mind,international joint ventures should be structured to anticipate the worst contingencies. If this is done even though the contingencies dont occur, you can feel that your companys interests have been protected. Here, I would add an additional observation, namely, that a joint venture that did not work out may be profitable for the partners when broken up if the right decisions were made on the purchase of real estate or the acquisition of the right equipment. These assets may well be worth more when sold than when they were purchased by the joint venture when formed. This has been particularly true in Japan. If the breakup is profitable, then youll want to make sure that you get your share of these profits.【答案】在不少情况下，合资企业之所以不成功，不是因为人际关系不和，就是 因为企业不盈利，或是两者兼而有之。出于这一考虑，国际合资企业应该建立预测突发 事件机制。即便是没有出现突发性事件，这一机制也能发挥保护企业利益的作用。在此， 我想给出另一个观察报告，即：如果能够收购面临破产的合作企业的不动产或完好的设 备，不盈利的合资企业有望扭亏为盈。收购的资产再次被抛售时，其价值将远远高于收 购时的成本。这一做法在日本很受欢迎。如果破产是为了盈利，那么破产者也会从这一 过程中获利。6. 单选题His expenditure on holidays and luxuries is rather high in （ ）to his income.问题1选项A.comparisonB.proportionC.associationD.calculation【答案】B【解析】短语辨析。句意: 与收入相比，他在假期旅行和奢侈品上的开销太高了。comparison 比较，常用于by/in comparison with 与.相比较；in proportion to 与.成比例；与相比； association 联系，合伙，常用于in association with 与.联系；与合伙； calculation 计算。因此B项正确。7. 单选题If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work force skills, American firms have a problem. Human management is not traditionally seen as a central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered as individual responsibility. Labor is simply another force of production to be hired/rented at the lowest possible cost, which is a must as one buys raw material or equipment.The lack of importance attached to human resource management can be seen in the corporate pecking order. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer. By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human resource management is central-usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firms hierarchy.While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work force, in fact, they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional or managerial employees. And the limited investments that made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in German (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in German than it is in United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at the speed with which new equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retaining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half cant effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.1.Which of the following applies to the human resource management of American companies?2.What is the position of the executive of human-resource management in American firms?3.The money most American firms put in work force training mainly goeson （ ）.4.Why is there a slow pace of technological change in American firms?5.What is the main idea of the passage?问题1选项A.They hire people with the least possible money regardless of their skills.B.They see skills gain as their employees own business.C.They refer to hire self-trained workers.D.They only hire skilled workers because of keen employment competition.问题2选项A.He is one of the most important executives of the firm.B.His position is likely to disappear when new technologies have been introduced.C.He has no saying in making important decisions of the firm.D.He is directly under the chief financial executive.问题3选项A.technological and managerial staffB.workers who will run new equipmentC.workers who lack of basic background skillsD.top executive问题4选项A.New equipment is more expensive in America.B.American firms dont pay enough attention to on-the -job training their workers.C.The decision making process in American firms makes them less responsive to technological changes.D.The professional staffs of American firms are less paid and so less creative.问题5选项A.American firm human resource management strategies affect their competitive capacity.B.Human resource management is a key factor in a firms survival.C.The cost of work training in America is higher than that in Japan and Germany.D.American firms are different from Japanese and German firms in human resource management.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.细节题。第一段指出: Skill acquisition is considered as individual responsibility. Labor is simply another force of production to be hired/rented at the lowest possible cost, which is a must as one buys raw material or equipment (技能获得被视为个人责任。劳动力只是另一种以最低成本雇佣/租赁的生产力量，跟购买原材料或设备一样是必需品)。因此B项(他们认为技能的获 得是员工自己的事)正确。2.细节题。根据题干关键词executive of human-resource management定位至第二段: The post of head of human resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (人力资源管理主管的职位通常是一个专门的工作，处于公司等级制度的边缘。处于该职位的高管从未就重大战略决策参与讨论，也没有机会晋升为首席执行官), 因此选C项(他对公司的重大决策没有发言权)。3.细节题。第三段指出: The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional or managerial employees, 故选A项(技术和管理人员)。4.细节题。题干问的是为什么美国公司的技术变革步伐缓慢？据此定位至第四段: The result is a slower space of technological change, 此句前面就是原因,故选择C项(美国公司的决策过程使他们跟不上技术变化)。5.主旨大意题。本文主要是讲美国公司的人力资源管理策略影响他们的竞争能力。A项(美国公司的人力资源管理策略影响其竞争能力)正确。8. 单选题The tenant left nothing behind except some（ ） of paper, cloth, etc.问题1选项A.sheetsB.scrapsC.pagesD.slices【答案】B【解析】量词辨析。句意: 除了废纸和废布，租客什么也没有留下。Sheet 张, 块, 通常用于形容一 张纸或者一块玻璃、金属或木头等; scraps废弃的; page 页; slice (食物的)薄片。故选B。9. 单选题For most allergies, the best treatment is（ ） of the bothersome substances from the sensitive persons environment.问题1选项A.dissipationB.deviationC.eliminationD.pacification【答案】C【解析】名词辨析。句意: 对于大多数过敏者，最好的治疗就是消除过敏源一一些敏感人群环境的东西。dissipation浪费；消散；物损 耗。deviation偏差；误差；背离。elimination消除；淘汰。pacification和解; 平定；讲和。10. 单选题Womens minds work differently from mens. At least, that is what most men are convinced of. Psychologists view the subject either as a matter or frustration or a joke. Now the biologists have moved into this minefield, and some of them have found that there are real differences between the brains of men and women. But being different, they point out hurriedly, is not the same as being better or worse.There is, however, a definite structural variation between the male and female brain. The difference is in a part of the brain that is used in the most complex intellectual processes-the link between the two halves of the brain.The two halves are linked by a trunkline of between 200 and 300 million nerves, the corpus callosum. Scientists have found quite recently that the corpus callosum in women is always larger and probably richer in nerve fibres than it is in men. This is the first time that a structural difference has been found between the brains of women and men and it must have some significance. The question is What?*, and, if this difference exists, are there others? Research shows that present-day women think differently and behave differently from men. Are some of these differences biological and inborn, a result of evolution? We tend to think that is the influence of society that produces these differences. But could we be wrong?Research showed that these two halves of the brain had different functions, and that the corpus callosum enabled them to work together. For most people, the left half is used for word handing, analytical and logical activities; the right half works on pictures, patterns and forms. We need both halves working together. And the better the connections, the more harmoniously the two halves work. And, according to research findings, women have the betterconnections.But it isnt all that easy to explain the actual differences between skills of men and women on this basis. In schools throughout the world girls tend to be better than boys at language subjects and boys better at maths and physics. If these differences correspond with the differences in the hemispheric trunkline, there is an unalterable distinction between the sexes.We shant know for a while, partly because we dont know of any precise relationship between abilities in school subject and the functioning of the two halves of the brain, and we cannot understand how the two halves interact via the corpus callosum. But this striking difference must have some effect and, because the difference is in the parts of the brain involved in intellect, we should be looking for differences in intellectual processing.1.Which of the following statements is CORRECT?2.According to the passage it is commonly believed that brain differences are caused by factors（ ）.3.These differences in paragraph 5 refer to those in（ ） .4.At the end of the passage the author proposes more work on（ ） .5.What is the main purpose of the passage?问题1选项A.Biologists are conducting research where psychologists have given up.B.Brain differences point to superiority of one sex over the other.C.Results of scientific research fail to support popular belief.D.The structural difference in the brain between the sexes has long been known.问题2选项A.biologicalB.psychologicalC.physicalD.social问题3选项A.skills of men and womenB.school subjects C.the brain structure of men and womenD.activities carried out by the brain问题4选项A.the brain structure as a wholeB.the functioning of part of the brainC.the distinction between the sexesD.the effects of the corpus callosum问题5选项A.To outline the research findings on the brain structure.B.To explain the link between sex and brain structure.C.To discuss the various factors that cause brain differences.D.To suggest new areas in brain research.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.细节题。A: 心理学家已经放弃，而生物学家正在展开研究工作。第一段指出: Psychologists view the subject either as a matter of frustration or a joke (心理学家把这个问题看成是挫折或笑话),原文表达的意思跟A项不一样。B: 大脑区别显示出一个性别优于另外一个性别。第一段说: But being different, they point out hurriedly, is not the same as being better or worse (他们指出尽管有区别，但并不能说明谁优谁劣), 与B项不一致。D: 两性大脑结构的区别早已为人所知。第三段: This is the first time that a structural difference has been found between the brains of women and men.(这是第一次发现男性和女性大脑的结构差异), 因此D项排除。所以本题选C。2.细节题。第三段指出: We tend to think that is the influence of society that produces these differences (我们倾向于认为正是社会的影响造成了这些差异), 故选D。3.细节题。第五段说: But it isnt all that easy to explain the actual differences between skills of men and women on this basis (但在此基础上，要解释男女技能的实际差异并不是那么容易)。由此可见, “这些区别”指的是两性技能。4.推断题。最后一段：We shant know for a while, partly because we dont know of any precise relationship between abilities in school subject and the functioning of the two halves of the brain, and we cannot understand how the two halves interact via the corpus callosum (我们暂时还不知道，部分原因是我们不知道学校受试者的能力和大脑两半的功能之间有什么精确的关系，我们也不知道两半是如何通过胼胝体相互作用的。)。后面: we should be looking for differences in intellectual processing. 间接地提出对于corpus callos的影响应多作研究工作。5.主旨大意题。A项(概述关于大脑结构的研究结果)比较能概括文章目的。11. 单选题In winter drivers have trouble stopping their cars from（ ） on icy roads.问题1选项A.skatingB.skiddingC.slidingD.slipping【答案】B【解析】动词辨析。句意: 司机冬天在结冰的路面上停车不 是件困难的事情。Skating滑冰(娱乐活动或体育竞技项目); skidding侧滑，打滑; sliding滑动, 多以人为主语，形容某物顺利无阻碍地滑行; slip滑倒。此处指车辆打滑,故选B。12. 单选题We all know that it is very hard to（ ） him to give his plan up.问题1选项A.endeavorB.reduceC.assertD.induce【答案】D【解析】动词辨析。句意: 我们都知道很难让他放弃他的计划。endeavor努力；尽力。reduce减少； 降低；使处于；把.分解；归纳为。assert维护，坚持；断言； 主张；声称。induce诱导；引起；引诱；感应。13. 单选题According to the new tax law, any money earned over that level is taxed at the （ ）of 59 percent.问题1选项A.ratioB.percentageC.proportionD.rate【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。句意: 根据新税法，任何赚得的收入都需要按照百分之五十九的比例收税。at the rate of 按照.的比例。14. 单选题We all want to stand fi