2022年考博英语-吉林大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷85（附答案带详解）

2022年考博英语-吉林大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题When you are in excellent health, death is（ ） unimaginable.问题1选项A.nothing butB.after allC.above allD.all but【答案】D【解析】考查短语搭配。nothing but “只不过，只有”；after all “毕竟”；above all “总之”；all but “几乎”。句意：当你身体健康的时候，死亡几乎是不可想象的。2. 单选题Many young people take （ ）radios to the beach with them.问题1选项A.liableB.portableC.purchasableD.cherishable【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。liable “有责任的，有义务的”；portable “手提的，便携式的”；purchasable “可买的，可买到的”；cherishable “值得珍惜的”。句意：很多年轻人带着便携式收音机去沙滩。选项B符合题意。3. 单选题Most of the leading food shops have promised to（ ） prices until after the new year.问题1选项A.keep offB.keep downC.keep outD.keep back【答案】B【解析】考查动词词组辨析。keep off “让开，不接近”；keep down “控制，缩减”；keep out “阻止进入”；keep back “留下；隐瞒；阻止”。句意：大部分大食品商店都承诺在新年之前保持低价。选项B符合题意。4. 单选题（ ） troublesome the problem is, he faces it with patience.问题1选项A.HoweverB.No matterC.DespiteD.Although【答案】A【解析】考查连词的用法。However引导让步状语从句，与no matter how+形容词这个结构表示一样的意思，所以A选项符合题意。5. 单选题They（ ） his claim of innocence with eye-witness testimony问题1选项A.objectedB.opposedC.contradictedD.refuted【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。object “反对（一般与介词to搭配使用）”；oppose “反对；对抗，抗争”；contradict “反驳；否定；与 矛盾”；refute “驳斥”。句意：他们用目击者的证词来驳斥他声称自己无辜。选项D符合题意。6. 单选题The poor old woman cant（ ） her hot water bottle.问题1选项A.do withoutB.do withC.do upD.do away with【答案】A【解析】考查动词词组辨析。do without“用不着”；do with“处理；do up 整理”；do away with “废除”。句意：那个贫穷的老妇人不能没有她的热水瓶。选项A符合题意。7. 单选题The agency is more（ ） with making arty ads than understanding its clients.问题1选项A.worriedB.caredC.attentiveD.concerned【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析、动词词义辨析。worried “担心的”，一般与介词about搭配；cared 是动词care的过去分词，be cared about “被关心”；attentive “留意的，注意的”；concerned “有关的，关心的”。句意：相比了解自己的客户，该广告代理更关心艺术气息的广告。选项D符合题意。8. 单选题Mary was taken in on more than one occasion, for she would （ ）any story.问题1选项A.swallowB.speculateC.gropeD.distort【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。swallow “忍受，吞没”；speculate “推测，投机，思索”；grope “摸索，探索”；distort “扭曲，使失真”。句意：玛丽不止一次被骗，因为她容易轻信任何故事。选项A符合题意。9. 单选题As you all know, the United States is a country on wheels. Nearly eight million new cars are made each year, four households out of five own at least one car, and more than a quarter have two each. Yet youll be surprised to learn that some of the car-owners even suffer from malnutrition.In 1968, a nation-wide survey of malnutrition was made for the first time. It found that 10 million people are suffering in health through inadequate feeding; the causes of their plight were varied. Unemployment over a long period should be considered as the main factor. And unemployment, strange to say, nine times out of ten results from automation, both in industrial and agricultural areas. For example, in the rural South when a cotton plantation suddenly cuts its force from 100 people to three, the problem to help the displaced arises. So is the case with industrial automation. In fact, probably 2 million jobs are made unnecessary each year in the whole country as a result of the automation process, thus making unemployment a chief social concern. According to government statistics, the number of people unemployed was over 5 percent for the period from 1958 to 1963. In July 1981, it rose to 7.8 percent. As a matter of fact, it has long been known that even during the most prosperous periods there have been people without enough to eat. So I think thats why President Kennedy said in his inauguration speech in 1961, if the government did not help the poor, it could nor save the rich.In 1966, the Social Security Administration calculated that a family of four needed an income of $3,355 a year to be above the line of poverty. And in 1977, the average poverty line of the country was slightly more than $6,200 annual income for a non-farm family of four. According to the Social Security Act, families of that size below poverty line are eligible to receive benefits from the special welfare program. The average weekly payment of benefits now is equivalent to 36 percent of the workers normal wage. And the number of people who receive government benefits is increasing. In 1973, social insurance payments by governments, mainly to old age pensioners and people who had lost their jobs or were off work through illness, amounted to $86,000 million. Those not fully qualified for insurance payments received $29,000 million in public aid.But problems still exist. Many people are not reached by the anti-poverty program, because local authorities and agencies do not want to play their part or do not gave the resources to do so. Some poor people will not accept help for various reasons. Of course, there are some more important factors which lie in the stricture of the society, but I dont consider it necessary to dig into them here. Yet we will perhaps agree that social welfare programs have solved to some extent the problems of feeding, clothing and housing those below the poverty line. On the whole, it perhaps might be said that American people are living a better life than people in most other countries.1.The United States is called a country on wheels because （ ）.2.According to a 1968 survey, ten million Americans found themselves in a difficult health situation chiefly due to（ ）3.The author uses “the displaced”(Line 5, Para. 2) to refer to those who are （ ）.4.The word “eligible” (Line 4, Para. 3) is synonymous with “（ ）5.Americans are living a better life than those in most of other countries because, to some degree （ ）.问题1选项A.about one-fourth Americans own two carsB.a bit over one out of four households are the owners of two carsC.nearly 8 million new cars drive in the country every yearD.80% Americans have at least one car问题2选项A.inadequate feedingB.malnutritionC.unemploymentD.automation问题3选项A.unemployedB.disabledC.sickD.poor问题4选项A.necessaryB.urgentC.neededD.worthy问题5选项A.many Americans receive benefits from the special welfare programB.some poor people can receive help for some reason or otherC.there is the anti-poverty program in the U. S.D.social welfare programs have some measure to settle the problems of those below the poverty line.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.文章第一段第二句Nearly eight million new cars are made each year, four households out of five own at least one car, and more than a quarter have two each解释了为什么美国被称为 “车轮上的国家”，80%的家庭拥有至少一辆车，超过25%的家庭拥有两辆车。选项B符合题意。2.文章第二段第三句Unemployment over a long period should be considered as the main factor提到造成营养不调的主要原因是失业。选项C符合题意。3.文章第二段提出长期失业是造成一些人营养不良的原因，比如在南方农村当一个棉花种植园突然将自己的雇佣工人从100人降到3人，那么就意味着有97人失业（“For example, in the rural South when a cotton plantation suddenly cuts its force from 100 people to three, the problem to help the displaced arises”）由此可以推断 the displaced 在这里有“失业人员”的意思。选项A符合题意。4.文章第三段提及了美国的平均贫困线，然后提到只有年收入在贫困线以下才有资格领取政府的福利补助：according to the Social Security Act, families of that size below poverty line are eligible to receive benefits from the special welfare program, 由此推测 eligible 的意思是“有资格的”。选项D符合题意。5.文章最后一段提到美国的福利政策在一定程度上解决了贫困线以下那些人的衣食住的问题，这相比多数其他国家的人要过得好。选项D符合题意。10. 单选题Many years ago, a lot of factories were（ ） from big cities to the mountainous areas in case of war.问题1选项A.transferredB.transformedC.transmittedD.transported【答案】A【解析】考查形似动词词义辨析。transfer “转移；调任”；transform “改变，使 变形；转换”；transmit “传输；传播”；transport “运输；运送”。句意：很多年前，如果有战争，大量的工厂就会从大城市被转移到山区。选项A符合题意。11. 单选题The roof（ ） under the weight of the snow.问题1选项A.fellB.submergedC.collapsedD.descended【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。fall “跌下，掉落”；submerge “淹没，沉浸”；collapse “倒塌”；descend “下降，下去”。句意：在大雪的压迫下，房顶坍塌了。选项C符合题意。12. 单选题Bird migration is one of the most interesting yet least understood natural phenomena. Every fall birds from northern latitudes fly in groups to the warmer southern latitudes and then return north in the spring. Scientists agree on the main reasons for migration:to follow the food supply and to avoid harsh climate conditions. For example, insects disappear during the cold months, prompting insect-dependent birds to fly south to warm areas where insects breed. No similar consensus has emerged, however,about how birds are able to navigate. Despite many recent experiments, bird experts still do not know how birds arrive at the same destination every year and then find their way back home in the spring.Some have suggested that birds find their way by following landmarks, such as rivers and mountain ranges. Experiments have confirmed that some species do follow such topographic features. But that method cannot explain how some birds travel at night. Other studies show that some nocturnal birds navigate by the stars. But that explanation cannot explain daytime migration or travel when the skies are cloudy.The most popular explanation currently is that birds are guided by Earths magnetic poles. The mechanism by which that works has not yet been proved. One theory points to the fact that some birds brains contain magnetite, a naturally occurring magnetic compound consisting of iron oxide. Magnetitehas been found in many animals, including birds. With magnets embedded in their brains, birds would be able to sense the magnetic fields of the North and South Poles.A recent experiment with homing pigeons provided some evidence that magnetite does play a crucial role in migration. Homing pigeons are known to have the ability to return to their homes after being taken hundreds of miles away. Researchers found that they could train homing pigeons to recognize changes in a magnetic field. When a surrounding magnetic field was normal, the birds would gather at one end of a cage. But when the fields polarity was altered, they hopped to the other end,suggesting that they were detecting and responding to changes in the magnetic field.Another theory has been offered to explain this sensitivity to magnetic poles, a theory that draws upon quantum mechanics, which is the study of how particles move inside an atom. It relies on the fact that electrons come in pairs that orbit the nucleus of an atom. The two electrons spin in opposite directions, creating two magnets that neutralize each other. But when molecules split and react with other molecules to form compounds, the electron pairs may no longer spin in opposite directions.Instead, they may repel each other, as when two north ends of magnets are pressed together. The electrons struggle to change direction in order to achieve a stable state in which the two electrons again neutralize each other, giving off no magnetic field.The theory is that these disturbed electron pairs are created in birds when they are exposed to changes in light. The birds can sense the efforts of the electrons in trying to reach a condition of stability because of the slight changes in the pull of the North and South Poles. In this way, the birds can detect the direction of the poles while they are in flight.In one experiment to confirm this effect,a group of European robins were tricked by artificial light to believe that it was time for spring migration. The birds became eager to fly north. The changes in light triggered the electron-pair movement described above,exposing the robins to the magnetic field accompanying the electron pairs. The birds became disoriented and flew in all directions. The simulated magnetic fields were much too weak to be detected by the birds natural magnetite, suggesting to the experimenters that the electron pairs, not the magnetite, were responsible for the birds confused flying.The current view, therefore, is that light plays an important role in guiding bird migration. This may be why birds turn their heads from side to side before flying off. Their eyes are collecting the surrounding light, which in turn allows them to process and analyze the existing magnetic fields and to keep themselves pointed in the right direction.1.According to Paragraph 1, insects influence bird migration in which of the following ways?2.According to Paragraph 3, birds can detect the magnetic fields of the North and South Poles because（ ） .3.The author discusses homing pigeons in Paragraph 4 in order to（ ） .4.According to the passage, all of the following are theories about how birds navigate except:5.According to the passage,the author mentions all of the following about electrons except:问题1选项A.Insects generate a magnetic field that birds can detect.B.Insects provide a food supply that exists only in warm climates.C.Birds follow the paths taken by flying insects.D.Birds know when to migrate by a sudden increase in insect population.问题2选项A.they sense the motion of electron pairsB.they can locate the poles by following landmarksC.they ingest metal particles that are attracted by the polesD.they have magnetite in their brains问题3选项A.provide an example of how humans can train birdsB.describe an experiment showing the importance of magnetiteC.show that homing pigeons return home by following landmarksD.report homing pigeons,behavior inside a cage问题4选项A.They follow landmarks like rivers and mountains.B.They are guided by their position relative to the stars.C.They feel vibrations in nerve endings in their brains.D.They respond to changes in light.问题5选项A.Changes in light cause electron pairs to change the direction of their spin.B.Magnetite contains electrons that repel each other.C.Electrons that spin in opposite directions neutralize each other.D.The nucleus of an atom is orbited by electron pairs.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.文章第一段第三句提到鸟类迁徙的主要原因是为了获取食物和躲避不利的气候，并举了昆虫的例子来说明食物对鸟类的迁徙有重大作用。选项B符合题意。2.文章第三段最后一句提到鸟类的大脑里有磁体，所以它们可以感应南极跟北极的磁极磁场。选项D符合题意。3.文章第四段第一句提到了关于信鸽的实验，主要说明了磁性在迁徙过程中起到了重要的作用。选项B符合题意。4.文章第二段第一句some have suggested that birds find their way by following landmarks, such as rivers and mountain ranges，排除选项A；第二段第四句other studies show that some nocturnal birds navigate by stars, 排除选项B；第六段第一句the theory is that these disturbed electron pairs are created in birds when they are exposed to changes in light, 排除D选项。选项C符合题意。5.文章第五段第二句electrons come in pairs that orbit the nucleus of an atom，排除选项D；第五段第三句The two electrons spin in opposite directions, creating two magnets that neutralize each other，排除选项C；第六段第一句the theory is that these disturbed electron pairs are created in birds when they are exposed to changes in light，排除选项A。选项B符合题意。13. 单选题The widespread adoption of the Internet and the Web makes it possible to administer questionnaire surveys electronically, potentially achieving much greater cost-effectiveness and permitting the integration of data from many resources. At the same time, there are significant technical challenges that must be met, especially in the areas of logistics and sampling. Recognizing the need for innovation in this and related areas, the NSF Methodology, Measurement, and Statistics Program, in collaboration with a consortium of federal statistical agencies represented by the Interagency Council of Statistical Policy and the Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology, has held a special competition on survey research methods. Included among the topic areas in the competition announcement is secure and easy-to-use methods of collecting survey data via the Web.Todays leading social scientific surveys are very expensive interview studies of national samples. For example, the GSS administers a 90-minute face-to-face interview to 1500 American adults at a cost of about $ 500 per interview. However, the respondents are not a true random sample because cost considerations with respect to the interviewers travel require that respondents be recruited in a limited number of geographic clusters, and there is no list of residents from which a random sample could be drawn. The small number of geographic areas surveyed limits scientists ability to link GSS data to other geographically based data such as the U.S. census. Because of the high cost and the many research communities that seek time in the GSS, it is impossible to include more than a handful of question on any particular topic. This prevents the GSS from employing much of the best methodology of measurement scale construction, which requires inclusion of a large number of items. Surveys like the GSS will be needed in future decades to chart the changing social, economic, and political conditions of the American public. But many types of social science will advance more rapidly through surveys administered over the web.Web-based surveys can reach very large numbers of respondents at low cost. They will be geographically dispersed so that their data can be, linked to the census, to local economic information, and to data from other web-based surveys. It might not be possible to hold the interviewees interest for the full 90-minute questionnaire of the GSS, but shorter duration surveys administered to very large number of respondents can in aggregate include, far more items, thereby permitting much finer measurement of scientifically interesting variables. The high cost of major national surveys generally has restricted the topic studied to those that especially require highly representative samples such as family structure and economic status in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and voting behavior in the American National Election Study, data from both of which are now freely available over the web. A vast array of other scientific research areas, therefore, have languished from many years without the large-scale survey data that would permit knowledge to progress.1.Administering surveys via the Web would result in（ ）.2.The second paragraph is mainly about（ ）.3.What makes traditional surveys unscientific according to the second paragraph?4.The author firmly believes that Web-based surveys will（ ）.5.It is implied in the last sentence that（ ）.问题1选项A.the reduction of cost involved in data collectionB.secure and easy-to-use methods of collecting dataC.more convincing conclusions on the mater surveyedD.all of above问题2选项A.the differences between the Web-based and traditional surveysB.the advantages or the Web-based surveysC.the weakness of the traditional surveysD.the cost involved in conducting traditional surveys问题3选项A.The sampling is not made strictly randomly.B.The interview has to be conducted face-to-face.C.Improper questions are often included in a survey.D.Selection of respondents is often a matter of personal decision.问题4选项A.enhance the economic status of a nationB.promote the progress of social sciencesC.change social, economic and political conditions of the publicD.hold the interviewees interest longer than traditional surveys问题5选项A.many scientific areas stop making breakthroughs for lack of effective data collectionB.scientific, research still makes progress without large-scale survey data collectionC.the progress of knowledge depends on achievements made by all areas of science togetherD.scientific, research has made little progress before the widespread adoption of the internet【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.文章第一段涉及到了A、B、C三个选项，achieving much greater cost-effectiveness 对应选项A，permitting the integration of data from many resources，将许多资源整合到一起，从而使得这些资源的可信度更高，对应选项C，secure and easy-to-use methods of collecting survey data via the Web对应选项B。因此，这三个选项都应该包含在内，选项D符合题意。2.文章第二段主要是以GSS为例子来说明了传统的调查方式的局限性。如，由于昂贵的采访费用，这类调查只能在某些特定的地方进行，并且它所调查的对象也不是随机选取的。所以选项C符