2022年考博英语-东华大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解32

2022年考博英语-东华大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturing into the unknown for reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic. Columbus went west to look for better trade routes to the Orient and to promote the greater glory of Spain. Lewis and Clark journeyed into the American wilderness to find out what the U.S. had acquired when it purchased Louisiana, and the Apollo astronauts rocketed to the moon in a dramatic show of technological muscle during the cold war.Although their missions blended commercial and political-military imperatives, the explorers involved all accomplished some significant science by going where no scientists had gone before. Today Mars looms as humanitys next great terra incognita. And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planets reddish surface. Could it be that science, which has long played a minor role in exploration, is at last destined to take a leading role? The question naturally invites a couple of others: Are there experiments that only human could do on Mars? Could those experiments provide insights profound enough to justify the expense of sending people across interplanetary space?With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been. The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions the bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite (陨石) from Mars. A more conclusive answer about life on Mars, past or present, would give researchers invaluable data about the range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that leads to life. If it could be established that life arose independently on Mars and Earth, the finding would provide the first concrete clues in one of the deepest mysteries in all of science: the prevalence of life in the universe.1. According to the passage, the chief purpose of explores in going to unknown place in the past was_.2. At present, a probable inducement for countries to initiate large-scale space ventures is_.3. What is the main goal of sending human missions to Mars?4. By saying “With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been”, the author means that_.5. The passage tells us that proof of life on Mars would _.问题1选项A.to display their countrys military mightB.to accomplish some significant scienceC.to find new areas for colonizationD.to pursue commercial and state interests问题2选项A.international cooperationB.nationalistic reasonsC.scientific researchD.long-term profits问题3选项A.tTo find out if life ever existed there.B.tTo see if humans could survive there.C.tTo prove the feasibility of large-scale space ventures.D.tTo show the leading role of science in space exploration.问题4选项A.with Mars the risks involved are much greater than any previous space ventures.B.in the case of Mars, the rewards of scientific exploration can be very highC.in the case of Mars, much more research funds are needed than ever beforeD.with Mars, scientists argue, the fundamental interests of science are at issue问题5选项A.make clear the complex chemistry in the development of lifeB.confirm the suggestion that bacterial fossils traveled to Earth on a meteoriteC.reveal the kind of conditions under which life originatesD.provide an explanation why life is common in the universe【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.【试题解析】：事实细节题。根据explorers go to unknown定位到全文首句。首句中提到，几个世纪以来，出于或多或少的经济原因及国家主义原因，探险家冒着生命危险深入到未知领域。本题是询问主要目的，所以reasons的定语从句中的内容即为答案“for reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic”，由此可知答案为D。2.【试题解析】: 判断推理题。题目的意思是说促使各个国家大规模的太空探险的主要诱因是什么，定位到第2段，“it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planets reddish surface.”可得知去太空探险是为了留下人类的痕迹也就是为了科学的探索，因此，答案为C。3.【试题解析】:判断推理题。根据main goal这一个关键词定位到第23段第43句。定位到原文，可得知在以往探险中一直扮演次要角色的科学这一次终于注定是主角了吗？?说明在以往探险中，一直被认为不重要的就是科学，由此可知那么这次最重要的就是科学，因此答案为D。4.【试题解析】: 事实细节题。根据引用的这句话可以定位到原文的“A more conclusive answer about life on Mars, past or present, would give researchers invaluable data about the range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that leads to life.”可得知，这次的探险可以获得了很多前所未有的珍贵资料，因此，答案为BA。5.【试题解析】：事实细节题。题目询问文章告诉我们火星上有生命的证据表明了什么，可定位到原文的最后一段“A more conclusive answer about life on Mars,， past or present,， would give researchers invaluable data about the range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that leads to life.” (（就火星上过去或现在的生命问题提供一个更具结论性的答案，将会给研究者提供宝贵的资料，使他们了解在何种条件下，一个行星体能够产生复杂的化学反应，导致生命的出现）)，因此，答案为C。2. 单选题I _ with thanks the help of my colleagues in the preparation of this new column.问题1选项A.expressB.confessC.verifyD.acknowledge【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A项express“表达”；B项confess“承认、坦白”；C项verify“核实、查证”；D项acknowledge“承认、答谢、报偿”；句意：我感谢同事们在准备这个新专栏时给予我的帮助。acknowledge with thanks the help of“答谢的帮助”；因此该题D项正确。3. 单选题Output from the power stations _steeply as restrictions on the movement of coal took effect.问题1选项A.fell behindB.fell backC.fell throughD.fell away【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“fell behind”，意为“落后，拖欠”；B选项“fell back”，意为“撤退，回落”；C选项“fell through”，意为“落空，失败”，D选项“fell away”，意为“消失，背离，抛弃”。句意：由于对煤炭运输的限制生效，发电站的发电量急剧下降。因此，D选项符合题意。4. 单选题Although Asian countries are generally more _ in social customs than Western countries, there have been several notable examples of women leaders in both China and India.问题1选项A.conservativeB.confidentialC.comprehensiveD.consistent【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项conservative“守旧的、传统的、拘谨的”；B项confidential“机密的、秘密的”；C项comprehensive“广泛的”；D项consistent“一致的、调和的”；句意：与西方国家相比，尽管亚洲国家在社会习俗上普遍较为保守，但在印度和中国却出现过几位著名的妇女领导人。因此该题A项正确。5. 单选题The _ that she suggested for discussion were based on the most recent medical research.问题1选项A.contributionsB.occupationsC.expostulationsD.amendments【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“contribution”，意为“贡献，捐款”；B选项“occupation”,意为“占有权，职业”；C选项“expostulation”意为“劝导，忠告”；D选项“amendment”，意为“改善，修正建议”。句意：她建议讨论的修正案是基于最新的医学研究。因此，D选项符合题意。6. 单选题A historic change is taking place in higher education. Professors are being held responsible as never before for how well they serve students. It has become as common in colleges and universities for students to grade professors as for professors to grade students. In fact student ratings (评价) have become the most widely used and in many cases the only important information on teaching effectiveness. In comparing three studies of the same 600 middle and high schools in more than thirty states it was found that the number of schools using student ratings to evaluate (评估) teachers had climbed from 29 percent to 68 percent to 86 percent. No other method of evaluation got that degree of usage and other studies have found similar results.One reason that student evaluations of teachers have become so popular is that they are easy to carry out and to score. But they are also easy to abuse. If they are expected to throw meaningful light on teachers performance the ratings must be used in a way that shows at least some of what weve learnt about them from research and from experience.Research and experience have shown us, for example, that student ratings should never be the only basis for evaluating teaching effectiveness. There is much more to teaching than what is evaluated on student rating forms. When ratings are used, we know that students should not be expected to judge whether the materials used in a course are up to date or how well the teacher knows the subject matter of the course.These judgments require professional background and are best left to the professors colleagues. On the other hand, students should be asked to estimate what they have learned in a course, and to report on such things as a professors ability to communicate at the students level, professional behavior in the classroom, relationship with students, and ability to arouse interest in the subject.1. The central idea of the passage is that_.2. Which statement is TRUE?3. In student ratings are the following questions can be asked EXCEPT: _.4. The sentence in the thirdsecond paragraph “But they also are also easy to abuse” means_.问题1选项A.student ratings are the only source of information on teaching effectivenessB.ratings have become the most widely used source of information on teaching effectivenessC.beside student ratings, there are other methods to evaluate teachersD.student ratings are very popular and should be properly used问题2选项A.Student evaluations of teachers are popular because they are extremely accurate.B.In student ratings, students should not be asked questions that require professional background.C.Student ratings can be used under any circumstances.D.All colleges are inclined to use student ratings to evaluate teachers.问题3选项A.Can the teacher make himself easily understood?B.How does the teacher deal with students?C.Is what is taught new?D.Are students interested in what is taught?问题4选项A.teachers are easy to be misunderstoodB.teachers are easy to be wrongedC.student ratings can easily be put to wrong useD.student ratings can easily be made use of to attack teachers【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:C【解析】1.【试题解析】：主旨大意题。通读全文，可得知本文主要讲述的是学生评估在对教师进行测评中的广泛应用及如何正确地使用这种测评方式，因此选项D最能概括文章大意。选项A和选项B，根据原文可以定位到第一段的第四三句“In fact student ratings (评价) have become the most widely used and in many cases the only important information on teaching effectiveness.”选项本身说法正确，但过于片面，不足以概括全文。根据原文“No other method of evaluation got that degree of usage and other studies have found similar results.”可得知选项C说法错误。2.【试题解析】事实细节题。选项B可以定位到原文的第四三段的首句“These judgments require professional background and are best left to the professors colleagues. ”可得知这些专业性的背景问题最好留给同事们回答而不是学生，即符合B选项。3.【试题解析】判断推理题。由文章末第三段第三句中的“students should not be expected to judge whether the materials used in a course are up to date”可知，不能问学生“老师教授的东西是否新颖”这样的问题。因此，答案为C。4.【试题解析】判断推理题。根据题干引用的这句话可以定位到原文中的第二三段，“If they are expected to throw meaningful light on teachers performance the ratings must be used in a way that shows at least some of what weve learnt about them from research and from experience. ”可得知，如果他们被期望为教师的表现提供有意义的说明，那么评级的使用必须至少表明我们从研究和经验中所了解到的一些情况。而不是说随意评级。可推断出评级很容易会被误用。因此答案为选项C。7. 单选题After deliberating for seven hours, the jury reached a majority_ of 10 to 3 in favor of the defendant.问题1选项A.declarationB.conclusionC.opinionD.verdict【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“declaration”，意为“公告；宣告；申报（单）”；B选项“conclusion”，意为“结论；结局；推论”；C选项“opinion”，意为“意见；想法；（群体的）观点，信仰”；D选项“verdict”，意为“（陪审团的）裁定，裁决，裁断”。句意：经过7个小时的商议，陪审团以10比3的多数_裁定_被告胜诉。本句表示“由陪审员经过商议后得出的结论，所以应该是裁定、裁决”。因此D选项符合题意。8. 单选题By moving the radar beam around slowly in circles, we can _ the surroundings.问题1选项A.exploreB.exposeC.exploitD.expand【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A项explore“探索、探险”；B项expose“暴露”；C项exploit“利用”；D项expand“扩展”；句意：通过缓慢地绕圈移动雷达波束，我们可以探索周围的环境。因此该题A项正确。9. 单选题Taking advantage of his popularity in the opinion polls, the Prime Minister has decided to call a_ election for next month.问题1选项A.convincingB.magneticC.snapD.clean-cut【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项“convincing”，意为“令人信服的；有说服力的”；B选项“magnetic”，意为“地磁的；有磁性的；有吸引力的”；C选项“snap”，意为“突然的”，snap election是个短语，意为“提前选举；临时选举”；D选项“clean-cut”，意为“（尤指男人）外表整洁的，优雅高尚的；轮廓分明的”。句意：首相利用他在民意调查中的声望，决定在下个月_提前_举行选举。本句表示“首相想趁着自己在民意调查中富有声望，于是提前进行选举，来获取优势地位”。因此C选项符合题意。10. 单选题When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.That the seas are being over fished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Todays vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.1. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that _.2. We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worms paper that _.3. By saying these figures are conservative (line 1, in paragraph 3), Dr. Worm means that _.4. Dr. Myers and other researcher hold that _.5. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries _.问题1选项A.large animal were vulnerable to the changing environmentB.small species survived as large animals disappearedC.large sea animals may face the same threat todayD.slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones问题2选项A.the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%B.there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years agoC.the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amountD.the number of large predator dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old问题3选项A.fishing technology has improved rapidlyB.then catch-sizes are actually smaller than recordedC.the marine biomass has suffered a greater lossD.the date collected so far are out of date问题4选项A.people should look for a baseline that cant work for a longer timeB.fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomassC.the ocean biomass should restore its original levelD.people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situation问题5选项A.management efficiencyB.biomass levelC.catch-size limitsD.technological application【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.【试题解析】细节推断题。题干意思是“大型史前动物的灭绝暗示什么？”。第一段最后一句Now something similar could be happening in the oceans（现在类似的事情可能正在海洋中发生），由此推断，文中提到史前动物的灭绝是暗示海洋生物也会面临同样的问题。A项“大型动物很容易受到环境的影响”，B项“小物种幸存下来而大物种消失了”和D项“生长缓慢的鱼比生长迅速的鱼更长寿”都不是大型动物灭绝暗示的现象，所以该题C项正确。2.【试题解析】细节推断题。题干意思是“我们从Dr. Myers and Dr. Worms的论文中可以推测出什么？”。根据本题关键词“Dr. Myers and Dr. Worms paper”定位到本文第二段最后一句According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then（根据他们在自然杂志上发表的最新论文，在新渔场开始捕捞的15年内，大型捕食动物（杀死并吃掉其他动物的动物）的生物量平均减少了80%。在一些长期捕鱼的地区，从那时起，它又减少了一半），由此推断，文中提到大型捕食动物平均减少80%，所以可以推测出在一些老的渔场，已经减少了90%。B项“这里的渔场数量只有15年前的一半”说法错误，文中没有渔场数量15年之间的对比；C项“新渔场的渔获量只有原来的20%”说法错误，是指平均下降80%，没有说就只有20%，该说法过于绝对；D项“新渔场的大型捕食者的数量比旧渔场下降得更快”说法错误，根据第二段最后一句可知，应该是旧渔场下降得更快。所以该题A项正确。3.【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“通过说这些数字是保守的（第三段第一行），Worm博士的意思是？”。根据本题直接定位到本文第三段第四句That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes（这意味着更高比例的海洋生物正在被捕捞，所以现在和过去之间的真正差异可能比捕捞规模变化所记录的更糟糕），由此可知因为科技的进步给捕鱼带来的巨大的方便，但是这些数字是保守估计是因为海洋生物遭受了更大的破坏。A项“捕鱼技术进步很快”是给捕鱼带来了方便，但不符合本题题意；B项“捕鱼量实际上比记录的要小”该说法没有原文依据，原文只提到海洋生物遭受了更大的破坏；D项“到目前为止收集到的日期已经过时了”与本题无关。所以该题C项正确。4.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“迈尔斯博士和其他研究人员认为？”。根据本题关键词“Dr. Myers”定位到本文最后一段第一句Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account（迈尔斯和沃姆博士认为，他们的工作给出了一个正确的基线，未来的管理工作必须加以考虑），由此可知应该要调整捕鱼的基线来改变当前的状态。A项“人们应该寻找一个长期不起作用的基准”说法错误，是要寻找一个有效的基线；B项“渔业应将产量保持在生物量的50%以下”，该说法错误，根据倒数第二句可知应当是保持在50%，而不是50%之下；C项“海洋生物量应该恢复到原来的水平”说法不全面，是要恢复到原始水平的50%。所以该题D项正确。5.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“作者似乎主要关注大多数渔业的什么？”。A项“管理效率”；B项“生物量水平”；C项“捕获的大小限制”；D项“技术应用”。整篇文章都是围绕海洋生物的量展开的，而且文章中反复出现了“biomass”，所以可知，作者大多关注海洋生物总量的变化。所以该题B项正确。11. 翻译题吸引大量观众的体育运动，为人们观赏青春的活力、速度和力量提供了一个窗口。它所展示的技能水平强烈地吸引着人们。男性之所以比女性更直接地认同这种运动，是因为他们的童年经历和比赛所展示的阳刚之气。到20世纪70年代初，体育爱好者们对比赛不断增长的兴趣在电视联播中得到了进一步加强，并把职业运动转变成了利润丰厚的商业活动。结果，一些全新的俱乐部联合会雨后春笋般地涌现出来，与现有的体育组织展开竞争，并以诱人的工资来吸引运动员加盟。随着体育变得更像传统的商业活动，越来越多的运动员寻找他们的经纪人，代表他们参加工资谈判。现在，职业体育运动已经进入一个新时代。Directions: In this part you are required to turn the following paragraph into English. Please write it on the ANSWER SHEET.【答案】【参考译文】Sports that attract large audiences provide a window on the vigor, speed and power of youth. People are strongly attracted to the skill levels it shows. Men identify with the sport more directly than women because of their childhood experiences and the masculinity of the game.By the early 1970s, fans growing interest in the game was reinforced by television networks and turned professional sports into a lucrative business. As a result, entirely new club federations sprung up to compete with established sports organizations and lure away players with attractive salaries. As sports become more like a traditional business, more and more athletes seek out their agents to represent them in salary negotiations. Now, professional sports have entered a new era.12. 单选题Hamlet _ his fathers death on his uncle.问题1选项A.reservedB.revertedC.revengedD.revealed【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A项reverse“颠倒、撤销、反转”；B项revert“回复、重提”；C项revenge“报复、复仇”；D项reveal“显示、透露、揭露”；句意：哈姆雷特向叔叔报了杀父之仇。revenge on“向报复”；因此该题C项正确。13. 单选题Shopping habits in the United States have changed greatly in the last quarter of the 20th century.（1） in the 1900s most American towns and cities had a Main Str