2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解39

2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题There are many who believe that the use of force（ ）political ends can never be justified.问题1选项A.in search ofB.in pursuit ofC.in view ofD.in light of【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项in search of“寻找”；B选项in pursuit of“在追求时”；C选项in view of“鉴于”；D选项in light of“按照”。句意：许多人认为用武力实现政治目的永远不可能是正当的。本句表示对政治目的的追求。因此B选项正确。2. 单选题We are sorry to inform you that the shipment is not（ ）the standard in the contract.问题1选项A.due toB.according toC.prior toD.up to【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项due to“由于，归功于”，B选项according to “根据按照”，C选项prior to“在.之前，先于”，D选项up to“直到，胜任”。句意：我们很抱歉地通知你方所装运的货物不符合合同规定的标准。D选项符合句意。3. 单选题I was shocked to find a front-page story that was more（ ）in its nature than it was informative.问题1选项A.sentimentalB.sensitiveC.sensationalD.sensible【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项sentimental“伤感的，情感的”，B选项sensitive“敏感的，善解人意的”，C选项sensational“轰动的，耸人听闻的”，D选项sensible“明智的，理智的”。句意：当我发现一篇头版报道在本质上比它提供的信息更敏感时，我感到震惊。因此，A选项符合句意。4. 单选题The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal heath choices based upon current medial knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choices. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo drew a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal heath choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.1. The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because（ ）.2.To “live a completely sedentary life-style” (Para. 1) most probably means（ ）.3.Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because（ ）.4.To knowingly allow oneself to pursue unhealthy habits is compared by Fries and Crapo to（ ）.5.According to Fries and Crapo sound health choice should be based on（ ）.问题1选项A.personal heath choices help cure most illnessesB.it helps raise the level of our medical knowledgeC.it is essential to personal freedom in American societyD.wrong decisions could lead to poor health问题2选项A.to “live an inactive life”B.to “live a decent life”C.to “live a life with complete freedom”D.to “live a life of vice”问题3选项A.current medical knowledge is still insufficientB.there are many factors influencing our decisionsC.few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of lifeD.people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friends问题4选项A.improving the quality of ones lifeB.limiting ones personal health choiceC.deliberately ending ones lifeD.breaking the rules of social behavior问题5选项A.personal decisionsB.societys lawsC.statistical evidenceD.friends opinions【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.客观细节题。由题干关键词“personal choice”可以定位到文章第一段第二句An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal heath choices based upon current medial knowledge.（如果个人根据目前的医学知识做出正确的个人健康选择，估计90%的疾病是可以预防的。），也就是说不正确的个人健康选择可能会导致疾病的发生。所以D选项“错误的决定可能会导致健康状况不佳”正确。A选项“个人健康选择有助于治疗大多数疾病”，文章说的是预防大多数疾病，而不是治疗，所以A错误。B选项“有助于提高我们的医学知识水平”，文章说的是只需根据现有的医学知识做出个人健康选择，而这样不会提高医学知识水平，所以B错误。C选项“对美国社会的个人自由至关重要”表述正确，但与题目的问题不相关，所以C错误。2.词义推测题。由题干关键词“sedentary life-style”可以定位到文章第一段第五句If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise.（如果我们愿意，我们可以抽烟、酗酒、拒绝系安全带、想吃什么就吃什么，过一种完全久坐不运动的生活方式。），可以得知这种生活方式是久坐不运动的。所以A选项“过着不活动的生活”符合题意。B选项“过着体面的生活”，C选项“过着完全自由的生活”和D选项“过着罪恶的生活”均不能形容久坐不运动的生活方式，所B，C，D错误。3.客观细节题。由A选项可以定位到文章第一段第二句An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal heath choices based upon current medial knowledge.（如果个人根据目前的医学知识做出正确的个人健康选择，估计90%的疾病是可以预防的。），说明现有的医学知识是足够的，所以A选项“现有的医学知识仍然不足”错误。C选项“很少有人愿意用生命的质量来换取生命的数量”在原文中没有提及，所以C选项不符合题意。由D选项可以定位到第一段最后一句As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.（例如，青少年可能知道吸烟和健康的相关事实，但可能会迫于朋友的压力，相信这是社会公认的事情。），举例说明了朋友的影响是其中一个原因，但不够全面，所以D选项“人们通常会受到朋友行为的影响”不符合题意。由B选项可以定位到第二段第一句A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors（许多因素，包括遗传因素和环境因素，影响健康相关行为的发展），说明个人健康选择是受多方面的因素影响的，所以B选项“有许多因素影响着我们的决定”正确。4.客观细节题。由题干关键词“knowingly allow oneself”可以定位到第二段倒数第二句They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide.（明知某一行为在统计上有缩短寿命的可能，而故意沉溺于这种行为，无异于企图自杀。），意思是明知某种行为不健康还要去做，相当于自杀，所以C选项“故意结束自己的生命”正确。A选项“提高一个人的生活质量”，追求不健康的习惯不能提高生活质量，所以A错误。B选项“限制个人健康选择”，故意沉溺于不健康的行为正是个人选择的体现，而不是限制个人选择，所以B错误。D选项“违反社会行为规则”文中没有提及，所以D错误。5.客观细节题。由题干关键词“Fries and Crapo”可以定位到文章第二段，第二段中最后一句personal heath choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.（个人健康选择应该反映出那些在统计上有可能增加活力和长寿的行为。），说明个人健康选择应该基于统计学上的数据。所以C选项“统计学证据”正确。A选项“个人决定”，个人的选择是有健康的也有不健康的，所以不能依据个人的决定来，A错误。B选项“社会的法律”在文中没有提及，所以B错误。D选项“朋友的意见”，文章介绍了因为朋友的意见做出错误健康选择的例子，所以不能依据朋友的意见，D错误。5. 单选题Technological developments（ ）new skills in many industries，leaving those workers with outdated skills out of work.问题1选项A.necessitateB.associateC.negotiateD.differentiate【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项necessitate“使成为必要，需要”，B选项associate“联想，联系”，C选项negotiate“谈判，商议”，D选项differentiate“区分，使有差别”。句意：技术的发展使许多行业产生了新技能，使那些拥有过时技能的工人失业。因此，A选项符合句意。6. 单选题The athlete has been accused of（ ）his performance with illegal drugs, but he firmly denies the charges.问题1选项A.enhancingB.tenderingC.dilutingD.dispensing【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项enhancing“提高”；B选项tendering“提议”；C选项diluting“稀释”；D选项dispensing“配发”。句意：这位运动员被指控使用违禁药物提高成绩，但他坚决否认这些指控。本句表示提高成绩。因此A选项正确。7. 单选题The machine needs a complete（ ）since it has been in use for over ten years.问题1选项A.amendingB.fittingC.mendingD.renovating【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项amending（amend的现在分词形式）“修改”；B选项fitting“配件，安装”；C选项mending“修补”；D选项renovating“更新，修补”。根据句意可知，这个机器用了十几年，应该是需要修理，所以首先排除选项A和选项B；C选项mending多指修理机器，D选项多指翻新房屋建筑等，所以选项C更恰当。8. 单选题The（ ）point of view presents ideas and facts that both supporters and opponents can agree.问题1选项A.mainB.controversialC.subjectiveD.neutral【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项main“主要的，最大的”，B选项controversial“引起争论的，有争议的”，C选项subjective“主观的，个人的”，D选项neutral“中立的，中性的”，中立的观点代表了支持者和反对者都能认同的观点和事实。因此，A选项符合句意。9. 翻译题剪纸是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期特别流行。形式多样的剪纸手法可以说是很绝妙的，但剪纸艺术之独特、栩栩如生的美的表现还要靠每一个艺术家的艺术造诣。【答案】【参考译文】Paper-cutting is one of the most popular traditional folk art forms in China. Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years and was particularly popular during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The diverse forms of paper-cutting techniques can be described as wonderful, but the unique, lifelike beauty of the art of paper-cutting depends on the artistic attainment of each artist.10. 单选题To study the distribution of disease within an area, it is useful to plot the cases on the map.问题1选项A.markB.allocateC.eraseD.pose【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项mark“标记”；B选项allocate“分配”；C选项erase“擦除”；D选项pose“摆姿势”。句意：为了研究某一地区内疾病的分布情况，在地图上标出病例是有用的。划线部分plot是标绘的意思。因此A选项正确。11. 单选题These goods are（ ）for export, though a few of them may be sold on the home market.问题1选项A.essentiallyB.completelyC.necessarilyD.remarkably【答案】A【解析】考查副词词义辨析。A选项essentially“基本地”；B选项completely“完全地”；C选项necessarily“必要地”；D选项remarkably“显著地”。句意：这些货物主要用于出口，但也有一些可能在国内市场销售。本句表示货物基本上用于出口，部分在国内销售。因此A选项正确。12. 单选题In the light of the current situation, I have to review my plans.问题1选项A.Throwing light onB.In line withC.In accordance withD.In terms of【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项Throwing light on“阐明”；B选项In line with“符合”；C选项In accordance with“依照”；D选项In terms of“在方面”。句意：鉴于目前的形势，我得重新考虑我的计划。划线部分In the light of是根据、按照的意思。因此C选项正确。13. 单选题Our civilization cannot be thought of as（ ）in a short period of time.问题1选项A.to have been createdB.to be createdC.having been createdD.being created【答案】C【解析】考查被动语态。as在这里是介词，后面应接名词性质的词，排除A、B，create的动作是过去发生的，应该用过去时态，排除D。句意：不应把我们的文明看作是短期内创造出来的。因此C选项正确。14. 单选题We cannot imagine what a tough job it is to read music from a photocopy of a handwritten（ ）in old German.问题1选项A.submissionB.manuscriptC.substanceD.manipulation【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项submission“屈服，提交”，B选项manuscript“手稿，手抄本”，C选项substance“物质，要旨”，D选项manipulation“操纵，篡改”，句意：我们无法想象从古德语手抄本上阅读音乐是一项多么困难的工作。因此，B选项符合句意。15. 单选题People will be looking in to see how good we are now and whether our success has just been a（ ）in the pan.问题1选项A.flareB.glitterC.sparkD.flash【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项flare“闪耀”；B选项glitter“灿烂”；C选项spark“火花”；D选项flash“闪光”。句意：人们会来看看我们现在有多好，我们的成功是否只是昙花一现。flash in the pan，固定搭配，“昙花一现”。因此D选项正确。16. 翻译题1. 科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严肃解释的表达方式。（3）2. 按照Sveiby的观点来看，既然知识是个无形的关键资产，将知识从一个员工传递给另一个员工，或者从外部资源传递给员工的能力就是企业的一个重要能力。（4）3. 就像因事故而堵在晚间高峰路上发怒的司机一样，如果网页打开很慢或者不能很快进入网页时，上网的人就会坐立不安。（4）4. 正是这个信息系统影响着人们医疗保健的范围和质量，它使社会服务更加公正，它提高了个人的舒适度，为安全和自由行动采取更多的措施。（4）【答案】1. The method of scientific research is nothing more than a necessary expression of the activity of the human mind, that is, an expression that contemplates and gives a precise and serious explanation of all phenomena.2. From Sveibys point of view, since knowledge is a key intangible asset, the ability to transfer knowledge from one employee to another, or from external resources to employees, is an important capability of an enterprise.3. Like a driver stuck in an accident and fuming on the evening rush hour road, people who surf the Internet can get fidgety if the page opens slowly or they cant get to it quickly enough.4. It is this information system that influences the scope and quality of peoples health care, it makes social services more just, it increases the comfort of individuals and takes more measures for safety and free movement.17. 单选题He wrote an article criticizing the Greek poet and won（ ）and a scholarship.问题1选项A.faithB.statusC.fameD.courage【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项faith“信念”；B选项status“地位”；C选项fame“名声”；D选项courage“勇气”。句意：他写了一篇批评希腊诗人的文章，从而赢得了名声和奖学金。本句表示获得了名气，因此C选项正确。18. 单选题People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those who living in（ ）populated areas.问题1选项A.abundantlyB.intenselyC.denselyD.intensively【答案】C【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项abundantly“丰富地，大量地”；B选项intensely“强烈地”；C选项densely“浓密地，密集地”；D选项intensively“集中地，广泛地”。根据句中的关键词“than”可知，前后形成对比。句意：住在小城镇的人似乎比住在人口稠密地区的人更友好。人口稠密用“densely populated”，所以选项C正确。19. 单选题Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance were determined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers using nonscientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the development of Western technology, it has been nonverbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details, and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them.The creative shaping process of a technologists mind can be seen in nearly every artifact that exists. For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbal thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should be the valves played? Should it have a long or short piston? Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, by limitations of available space, and not least by a sense of form. Some decisions, such as wall thickness and pin diameter, may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary.Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curricula. Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock in trade of the artist, not the scientist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed to entail “hard thinking”, nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive process and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric (等距) views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools.If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem solving, are not provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations, they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.1. According to the author, what is the use of nonscientific thinking?2.It can be inferred that the engineering curricula（ ）.3.By saying “paradoxical” in the third paragraph, the author points out that（ ）.4.Which of the following is probably in accordance with the authors idea?问题1选项A.Critical thinking may be derived from nonscientific thinking.B.Many features and qualities of an object can be imagined.C.Many objects are created with clear verbal descriptions.D.People from different trades may benefit from nonscientific thinking.问题2选项A.are strong despite the absence of nonscientific modes of thinkingB.should not emphasize nonverbal thinking in all coursesC.are thought to include verbal or mathematical courseD.can be strengthened when they include courses in design问题3选项A.engineering students do not understand the history of American engineeringB.engineering students should know more than architectural studentsC.engineering students should perceive and design better than architectural students doD.engineering students neglect the importance of drawings问题4选项A.Mathematical thinking is essential to any design course.B.Nonverbal thinking has its advantages over other perceptive processes.C.Engineering design demands scientific thought.D.Artists play a primitive role in engineering work.【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B【解析】1.推理判断题。由题干关键词“nonscientific thinking”可以定位到文章第一段第一句but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance were determined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers using nonscientific modes of thought.（但它们的形式和功能、尺寸和外观是由技术人员、工匠、设计师、发明家和工程师用非科学的思维模式决定的。），说明各个行业的人都可以用到非科学的思维模式。因此D选项“不同行业的人可能从非科学思维中受益”正确。A选项“批判性思维可能来源于非科学思维”，文中没有提及批判性思维，所以A错误。B选项“一个物体的许多特征和品质是可以想象的”不是说的非科学性思维的用处，所以B错误。C选项“许多对象都是用清晰的语言描述创建的”，由原文Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions（技术专家思考的对象的许多特征和品质不能简化为明确的语言描述），说明不能用清晰的语言描述创建，所以C错误。2.推理判断题。由题干关键词“engineering curricula”可以定位到文章第三段第一句Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curricula.（因此，设计课程应该是工程课程的一个基本元素。），说明设计课程对于工程学课程来说很重要。因此D选项“如果工程学课程包括设计课的话，课程会得到加强”正确。A选项“尽管缺乏非科学的思维模式，但仍然很强大”，由原文Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock in trade of the artist, not the scientist.（非语言思维是工程设计的核心机制，它涉及到感知，是艺术家而非科学家的惯用手段。）可知工程学课程包含了非科学思维，所以A错误。B选项“不应在所有课程中强调非语言思维”，C选项“被认为包括语言或数学课程”在文中没有提及，所以B，C错误。3.语义推测题。由题干关键词“paradoxical”可以定位到文章第三段第四句But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools.（但自相矛盾的是，当美国工程历史记录的工作人员希望让人画出机器的图纸和工业过程的等距视图，用于其对美国工程的历史记录时，具备必要能力的大学生却不是工科生，而是就读于建筑学院的学生。），说明要求非语言思维的工程专业学生本应该有更好的感知和设计能力，但他们却不如建筑学院的学生，这是自相矛盾的。因此C选项“工程专业的学生应该比建筑专业的学生更好地感知和设计”正确。A选项“工程专业的学生不了解美国工程的历史”，B选项“工程专业的学生应该比建筑专业的学生懂得更多”，D选项“工程专业的学生忽视了图纸的重要性”都不是作者想指出的内容，所以A，B，D错误。4.观点态度题。A选项“数学思维对任何设计课程都是必不可少的”，由原文they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.（当设计被认为主要是一个数学问题时，它们反映了产生的混乱。），说明数学思维对于设计来说不是必不可少的，所以A错误。C选项“工程设计需要科学的思想”，由原文可知作者强调的是非科学思维，所以C错误。D选项“艺术家在工程工作中扮演着原始的角色”在文中没有提及所以D错误。B选项“非语言思维比其他知觉过程有优势”，由原文可知在很多方面都需要用到非语言思维，说明作者认为非语言思维是有优势的，所以B选项最能代表作者的观点。20. 单选题After newspaper reports claimed the company was dumping toxic waste illegally. It came under（ ）from the authorities.问题1选项A.insultB.solitudeC.nuisanceD.scrutiny【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项insult“侮辱”；B选项solitude“孤独”；C选项nuisance“损害”；D选项scrutiny“详细审查”。句意：在报纸报道这家公司非法倾倒有毒废料之后，它受到了当局的审查。本句表示公司受到审查。因此D选项正确。