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复合句的概念：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。宾语从句一概念：在句中起到宾语的作用。二宾语从句在句中的位置：（1）作动词的宾语：例：I heard that he joined the army. She did not know what had happened.(2) 作形容词的宾语例：I am afraid that I have made a mistake. (3) 作介词的宾语例：Our success depends on how well we can cooperate with one another.三常见考点分析： （一）连接词：1.引导陈述句用that（在口语或非正式文体中常常省略）。2.引导一般疑问句用if或whether。注意：下列几种情况通常使用whether：（1）在具有选择意义又有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether；例：I dont know whether he will come back or not.（2）在介词之后用whether；例：They are talking about whether he will win the game. Everything depends on whether you agree with us.3.引导特殊疑问句，只需用原来的特殊疑问词。（二）. 语序：尤其要注意，宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序：即主语一定在谓语前面。尤其要注意whether, if以及wh-(what, why)疑问词引导的宾语从句的语序。 例：She wants to know whether I like the film. Do you know why winter is colder than summer?（三）. 时态：1.主句中谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句中主语不受主句位于时态的影响。例：She says that she will leave a message on his desk. She says that sh has never been to Beijing. 2.当主句谓语动词是过去时态时，从句中的时态一般为表示过去的某种时态（如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时）例：He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. He said he was going to take care of the baby. 3.主句谓语动词是过去时态，宾语从句叙述某一客观真理时，宾语从句用一般现在时。 例：She said that her father is twenty-eight years older than her. The teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound.（四）. 否定转移：当宾语从句表示否定的意义时，若主句主语为第一人称且谓语动词是think / believe / suppose / expect等时，应在主句上加以否定。 例：I dont think you are right. I dont believe that he has finished his work.（五）. 注意if或when引导的宾语从句和状语从句的不同。if / when引导宾语从句时，意思分别为“是否”和“何时”，此时它们的时态根据具体情况而定。if和when引导状语从句时，意思分别为“如果”和“当的时候”，此时如果主句是一般将来时，从句部分则用一般现在时。 例：We are not sure if it will snow tomorrow. If it snows, we wont climb the South Hill.状语从句一概念和分类：用来修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。分类：时间状语从句，地点状语从句，原因状语从句,目的状语从句，结果状语从句，条件状语从句，方式状语从句，让步状语从句和比较状语从句。（一）. 时间状语从句 ：引导时间状语从句的词有：when, as, while, after, before, since, as soon as, ever since, till, until, once, whenever, no sooner than, hardlywhen, the moment, every time, each time, next time, directly, immediately, by the time等1When引导的状语从句和While引导的状语从句的区别：When既可以引导一个持续性动作也可以引导一个短暂性动作。While只能引导持续性动作。例：When引导的从句 I was thin when I was a child. The film had been on when we arrived.While引导的从句 My Mom was cooking while I was doing my homework. 2Before引导的时间状语从句（1）before引导的从句位于主句之前，一般翻译成在之前。例：Before they got to the bus stop, the bus had gone.（2）before引导的从句位于主句之后，一般翻译成(之后)才。如果在主句中用将来时，从句要用一般时替代将来时。例：It will be half a year before I come back. He said that it would be half a year before he came back.3Until引导的时间状语从句。（1）延续性动词+until表示直到为止。例：You may stay here until the rain stopsHe waited until his friends came.（2）终止性动词或者延续性动词的否定式+until表示直到才例：He didnt go to bed until he had finished his work.They didnt reach the village until it was dark.（3）not until放在句时，主句要用倒装语序例：Not until he graduated did he succeed in obtaining the compound.（直到毕业他才成功获得这种化合物）4表示一就的句型。As soon as ,once, immediately, the moment，这类从句中经常用一般时态替代将来时态（从句的时态）例：I will tell him as soon as he arrives.Once you study hard, youll pass the exam.The moment he comes, I will let you know.5As的用法主要考点：（1）一边。一边。例：He hurried home, looking behind as he went.Tom sings as he works.（2）强调两个动作紧接着发生、例：As he was going out ,it began to rain.（二）地点状语从句由where ,wherever引导。Where引导定语从句和状语从句的区别：引导定语从句时，从句前应该有一个表示地点的名词作先行词，而状语从句前则没有。例：1. Go back where you came from.（状语从句）2Go back to the village where you came from.（定语从句）（三）原因状语从句引导词：because, since, as, now that(既然)，considering that(考虑到)because表示直接原因，语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题，只能用because。As和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。例：（1）-Why did you do it?-I did it because I wanted to do it. （2）Since I must die I must do it.（3）As he has no car, he cant get there easily.（四）目的状语从句引导词：so that(为了，以便)，so(以便)，in order that(以便，这样就)，in case(以防)目的状语从句的谓语经常含有may, might, can ,could, will, would等情态动词。例：（1）Speak clearly so that they may understand you. （目的状语从句）（2）Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest （结果状语从句）（五）结果状语从句引导词：so(结果)，so that(结果)，sothat（如此以至于）,suchthat（如此以至于）注意sothat与suchthat的区别So+adj/adv+that 从句 such+(a,an)名词+that从句例：（1）The box is so heavy that I cant carry it. （2）She is so beautiful a girl that all of us like her. （3）She is such a good girl that she can help you.（六）条件状语从句两种情况：1. 祈使句+and/or/or else/otherwise引导的结果句。例：Hurry up, or else/otherwise youll be late. Do that at once, or else Ill make you do it.引导词：if ,unless(除非，如果不)，so long as(只要), if only(只要)，provided that或providing(that)(假如)1. 条件状语从句中，如果主句是一般将来时，从句要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。即：一般将来时，if/unless/+一般现在时例：（1）I will go if you go. （2）I wont wait for him unless he rings me tomorrow.2. if +否定句相当于notunless+肯定句例：You cant enter the hall if you have no ticket.You cant enter the hall unless you have a ticket.3. 条件句中的虚拟与倒装，if引导的条件状语从句如果与事实不符，应该用虚拟语气（1）与现在事实相反，主句用将来时，从句用一般过去时，Be动词用复数形式例：If I were you ,I wouldnt do that.（2）与过去事实相反，从句用过去完成时，主句谓语为would have done例：If you had got up earlier, you would have caught the train.（3）与将来事实相反，主句是should do/would do ，从句用一般过去时例：If it rained tomorrow, we should stay at home.（七）让步状语从句引导词：通常有though ,although, even if, even though ,whenever, whatever, however, wherever, whichever等等。1 Though和although：用法基本一样，前者口语化，后者书面化，常用于句首例：（1）Though he is young, he knows a lot.（2）Although I am tired, I must go on working.注意：它们不能和but 连用：我们不能说：Though it was raining hard, but he still went out.应该说：Though it was raining hard, he still went out.或It was raining hard, but he still went out.2No matter who = whoever，同理其他也是一样。（八）比较状语从句比较状语从句通常由asas, 比较级 + than等连词引导。例如：Tom runs faster than John does.This classroom is as big as that one.三定语从句（一）概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句。（二）定语从句的特点：1.先行词：定语从句所修饰的名词或代词2. 关联词：1）引出定语从句，并作从句的一个成分。可作主语、宾语、定语、状语，作宾语可省略。2）关联词包括关系代词和关系副词。关联词位于先行词和定语从句之间。关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose，代指先行词。关系副词：when，where，why，作时间状语。（三）基本结构：先行词+关联词+定语从句（四）关系代词的用法：1. that 和whichthat指人或物，作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略，主语不能。Which指物，不指人，作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略，主语不能。His father works in a factory that/which makes Tvsets.Who was hurt in the accident that/which happened yesterday? The coat (which/that) I put on the desk is black.注意：The room in which I live is very big.(在介词后面不能用that)2.只能用that不能用which引导的定语从句：1) 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句只能用thatThis is the most interesting story (that) I have ever heard.2）先行词被序数词最高级修饰时，定语从句只能用thatThe children like the second lesson that is about “The Football Match”.3）先行词被the only，the very 或the same等修饰时，定语从句只能用that引导。It is the only word (that) I know in the passage.Where is the very book (that) I bought just now? This is the (same) bicycle (that) I lost.4）先行词为everything，something，anything，all，none，much，little，few等不定代词时，定语从句只能用thatHere is something (that) I will tell you.I want everything (that) I want.I am writing to tell you about something very strange that happened to me last week.5)先行词被不定代词修饰时（all，any，no, every, little, much, many），定语从句只能用thatHere is all the money (that) I have.6)先行词是同时含有“人和物”的名词时，定语从句只能用thatI can remember well the persons and some pictures (that) I see in the room.7)定语从句所修饰的词为the one 时，定语从句用that引导Is it the one（that）you want？8）为了避免重复，在疑问词who之后，用that 引导定语从句Who is the girl that won the first place?
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