初中英语基础知识专题复习(二)-词类.doc

初中英语基础知识专题复习（二）词类概 论英语的词分为两大类：实词（notional word）与虚词(form word)。实词都有实际意义，共有六类：名词（noun,缩写式为n.）,如book, water.代词（pronoun, 缩写式为pron.）, 如I, you.形容词（adjective, 缩写式为a.或adj.）, 如clear, happy.数词（numeral, 缩写式为num.）, 如four, sixty.动词（verb, 缩写式为v.）, 如come, take.副词（adverb, 缩写式为ad. 或adv.）, 如here, today.虚词没有实际意义，共有四类：冠词（article, 缩写式为art.）, 如a, the.介词（preposition, 缩写式为prep.）, 如of, to.连词（conjunction, 缩写式为conj.）, 如and, or.感叹词（interjection, 缩写式为int.）,如oh, alas.第一章 名词（noun,缩写式为n.）一、名词的定义 名词：表示人、事物、地方、现象、及其他抽象概念名称的词。二、名词的分类1、名词根据其意义可分为：专有名词和普通名词。（1）专有名词：指人名、地名、称呼、月份、星期、节日等特有名称的词。如：Tom, Europe, Mr.Smith. May, Tuesday, Christmas等。（2）普通名词：不属于特定的人名、地名、事物、概念等名称的词。普通名词又可分为以下四类：个体名词：表示单个可数的人或者事物的名词。如：teacher, book, lawyer, country, tiger(老虎)。集体名词：表示一群人或者是一些事物的总称的词。如：family, police, team(队，组)，class, cattle(畜牲).物质名词：表示无法分开的、不可数的名词，通常为个体的物质的词。如：water, air, sand, meat, corn(谷物)，snow.抽象名词：表示一些抽象概念、品质、状态、情感等方面的词。如：happiness, success, waste(废料、垃圾)，knowledge, education.2、名词根据其可数性可分为：可数名词和不可数名词。（1）可数名词：表示可以计数的人或者事物的名词。可数名词有单、复数之分。一般来说，个体名词和集体名词都是可数名词。（2）不可数名词：表示无法分清个体的名词。不可数名词一般没有单、复数之分。一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词都是不可数名词。三、名词的句法功能名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、同位语、呼语等。1、作主语 The students are having a class meeting. The farmer is my father.2、作宾语（1）作及物动词的宾语Have you finished the exercise?We love our motherland.（2）作介词的宾语He walked around the garden.My grandparents live in the countryside.3、作表语Her mother is a teacher.He became a handsome boy.4、作宾语补足语They elected Mr. Gao leader of the group.Everybody called him Uncle Liu.5、作定语He is standing at the school gate.Is it a color TV?6、作状语This new course will last half a year.Wait a moment, please.7、作同位语Mr. Wang, my first Chinese teacher, who was fifty years old, passed away last week.They have lost their only daughter, a clever and honest girl.8、作呼语Ladies and gentlemen, may I have your attention, please!Boys and girls, dont make so much noise in the reading room. 第二章 代词（pronoun, 缩写式为pron.）代词可以分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、不定代词等。人称代词物主代词反身代词主格宾格形容词性名词性单 数I我me我my我的mine我的myself我自己you你you你your你的yours你的yourself你自己he他him他his他的his他的himself他自己she她her她her她的hers她的herself她自己it它it它its它的its它的itself它自己复 数we我们us我们our我们的ours我们的ourselves我们自己you你们you你们your你们的yours你们的yourselves你们自己they他们them他们their他们的theirs他们的themselves他们自己她们她们她们的她们的她们自己它们它们它们的它们的它们自己一、人称代词及其用法人称代词有人称、数、和格的变化。就人称而言，分第一、第二、第三人称；就数的变化而言，每个人称又分为单数和复数（其中第二人称单复数同形，第三人称单数有阳性、阴性和中性之分）；就格的变化而言，每个人称又分为主格与宾格。1、人称代词主格的用法(1)、作主语I am a student.She is my good friend.(2)、作表语Its he who did it.Its she who wants it.2、人称代词宾格的用法(1) 作及物动词和介词的宾语 The dog bit him. Aunt Li took care of us.(2)、作表语-Who is knocking at the door? -Its me.If I were her, I would take the advice.3、人称代词的特殊用法(1)在并列的主语中，I 总是放在最后。 Xiao Yu and I are in chare of the work. (2)It可以用来指代时间、距离、季节、天气等，在句中作主语。 Its five oclock now.Its a fine day today.(3)It还可以用来作形式主语或形式宾语。Its easy for a child to learn to swim. (it作形式主语)Jim finds it difficult to learn Chinese. (it作形式宾语)二、物主代词及其用法物主代词是表示所有关系的代词，它分为：形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。 1、形容词性的物主代词的用法形容词性物主代词只能作定语，修饰名词，相当于形容词。My mother is a nurse in a hospital.2、名词性物主代词的用法名词性物主代词可以作主语、表语和宾语，相当于名词。 This is my umbrella. Yours is missing.(作主语，相当于Your umbrella).The best composition is hers.(作表语，相当于her composition).I cant find my ruler. I have to use hers.(作宾语,相当于her ruler).三、反身代词及其用法1、作宾语，表示动作的对象是动作执行者本身。She taught herself English.He is so selfish that he never thinks of anyone but himself.2、作同位语，表示“亲自”的意思，起加强名词或代词语气的作用。可以放在名词或代词之后，也可以放在句末。 You yourself said so. (放在代词之后) I will go to check all the details myself. (放在句末)四、指示代词及其用法指示代词主要有this(这个)，that(那个)，these(这些)，those(那些)，such(如此的，如此的事物)，same(同样的,同样的事物)等.1、指示代词this, that, these, those在句中的用法相当于名词和形容词，可以作主语、表语、宾语、和定语。This is a plane. (作主语)Oh, its not that. (作表语)We have been good friends all these years. (作定语)Do you like that? (作宾语)2、this和that有时作状语用，表示程度，相当于副词so，意思是“这么”和“那么”。I dont want that much. (我不想要那么多)The book is about this thick.（这本书这么厚）3、指示代词such的用法Such既可以作代词，又可以作形容词，在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语。 Such was Einstein. (这就是爱因斯坦) （作主语） Take from the drawer such as you need. (从抽屉里拿你需要的东西) （作宾语） His illness was not such as to cause anxiety. (他的病没必要引起如此的紧张) （作表语）Such jewels must be very expensive. (作定语)五、疑问代词及其用法疑问代词有who, whom, whose, what和which。其中，who, whom及whose用于指人，who是主格,whom是宾格,whose是所有格;what和which既可以指人,又可以指物。疑问代词用在句首引导出特殊疑问句，与此同时又在所引导的句子中充当一定的成分。六、关系代词及其用法关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which等，用来引导定语从句。它们在定语从句中可以作主语、宾语、定语、表语；另一方面它们又代表主句中被定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。e.g. This is the key that you want.七、不定代词及其用法1、不定代词是指不指明代替任何特定的名词或形容词的代词。分为三类：（1）普通不定代词：Some, any, no; somebody, anybody, nobody; someone, anyone, no one; something, anything, nothing; one, none.（2）个体不定代词：all, every, each, other, another, either, neither, both; everybody, everyone, everything.（3）数量不定代词：many, much, few, a few, little, a little, a lot of, lots of, a great deal, a great many.2、不定代词多数都能作主语、宾语、表语或定语，但代词none和含有some, any, no, every的合成代词，只能作主语、宾语和表语，every, no只能作定语。3、注意事项：（1）形容词修饰由some, any, no与one, body, thing构成的合成代词时，形容词要放在它们的后面。e.g. Is there anything new in the newspaper?（2）some和由some构成的合成代词一般用于肯定句，any和由any构成的合成代词一般用于否定句、疑问句、或条件句。There is someone looking for you outside.Did anybody telephoned last night?If you want anything, call me. (条件句)（3）、every只有形容词性质，表示“每一个”，只能作定语；each具有名词和形容词的性质，意思也是“每一个”，在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语等，既可以指人，也可以指物，但与every不同，在把一些东西一一加以考虑时，多用each.Every classroom is clean and tidy.（作定语）Each of us has answered a question.（作主语）Each morning they got up early.（作定语）They each put forward a suggestion.（作同位语）（4）either表示“两者中的任何一个都”，neither表示“两者都不”，都具有名词和形容词性质，在句中作主语、宾语、定语。两者都表示单数概念，所以作主语或主语的定语时，后面的谓语动词用单数。Either you or he is right.（作主语的定语）Neither you nor he is right.（作主语的定语）（5）both表示“两个都”，all表示“两个以上都”，都具有名词和形容词的性质，在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语等。Both are expensive.（作主语）Both books are out of print.（作定语）All of us are fond of sports.（作主语）第三章 形容词（adjective, 缩写式为a.或adj.）一、形容词的定义用来修饰名词，或说明人或事物的性质和特征的词叫做形容词。二、形容词的分类1、形容词按词义可分为：（1）性质形容词：表示事物所具有的性质或特征，有比较级和最高级的变化。如：rich（富有的）,poor（贫穷的）,cold（冷的）,good（好的）（2）关系形容词：关系形容词表示一事物与另一事物的相互关系，或事物的用途、时间、空间、数量、抽象概念等。关系形容词没有比较级和最高级的变化。如：wooden（木制的）,Chinese（中国的）,daily（每日的）,metallic（金属的）,westward（朝西的）。2、形容词如果按照其词形构成来讲，可分为：（1）单个形容词：red, round, small, white, big, fast, good, hard, long等。单个形容词有的带前缀或后缀,如：beautiful, discontented diskntentid( 不满意), discouragingdiskridi( 令人气馁的), impossibleimpsbl(不可能的), unhappy, unusual, invisible invizbl (看不见的,无形的)等。（2）复合形容词：形容词+形容词：red-hot(热得发红的), dark-blue(深蓝的), bitter-blue(半苦半甜的有苦有乐的).形容词+v-ing:tired-looking(样子疲劳的), good-looking(相貌好看的), hard-working(勤劳的).形容词+v-ed:absent-minded(心不在焉的), well-known(众所周知的), well-meant(出自好意的). 名词+形容词：life-long(终身的), world-famous(世界著名的), grass-green(草绿的), ice-cold(冰冷的).名词+v-ing:peace-loving(爱好和平的), mouth-watering(令人垂涎的), English-speaking(说英语的).名词+v-ed:man-made(人造的), water-covered(被水覆盖的), hand-made(手工制作的).数词+名词+v-ed:one-eyed(独眼的), three-legged(三条腿的), four-storeyed(四层的).数词+名词+形容词：eight-year-old(八岁大的), seven-metre-long(七米长的), eight-hundred-word-long(八百字长的).三、形容词的句法功能1、作定语，修饰名词或代词Can you lift the heavy box? (修饰名词)There is nothing new in todays newspaper. (修饰代词)注意：下列形容词不能作定语，只能作表语。asleep(睡着的), awake(醒了的), ashamed(羞耻的，惭愧的), ill(病的), contentkntent( 满足的,满意的,意义的), worth(有价值，值得的), able(能), absent(缺席的), afraid(害怕的), alone(孤独的), alike(相像的), alive(活着的，活泼的)等。2、作表语The news is (very) important. 主语 系动词 表语Dont feel sad. Everything will be all right. 半系动词 表语 主语 系动词 表语注意：下列形容词不能作表语，只能作定语。weekly(每周的), monthly(每月的), daily(每日的), live liv（活的,生动的,精力充沛的,直播的）等。3、作主语补足语The window was painted yellow. 主语 谓语 主语补足语All the prisoners were set free last week. 主语 谓语 主语补足语 （时间）状语4、作宾语补足语 He beat her black and blue.(他把她打得青一块紫一块)主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语What has made you so sad？ 主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语5、作状语形容词放在句首或句中，常常表示原因、时间等; 放在句尾或句中，表伴随、结果等。Tired and hot, we have to stop to have a rest.( 形容词放在句首,表示原因,作状语。)The old man fell down, dead.( 形容词放在句尾, 表示结果，作状语。)6、名词化的形容词可以作主语、宾语或表语“the+形容词”，“the+v-ed”结构相当于名词，指全部具有该种特征的人或物，可以作主语、宾语或表语。这种结构作主语，表示一类人或物的时候，其后的谓语动词或系动词用复数形式。The rich are not always happy.(有钱人并不见得都快乐) 主语 系动词 表语The wounded are being well looked after in the hospital.(伤者在这家医院受到了很好的照顾)这种结构作主语，表示抽象概念时，其后的谓语动词用单数形式。The beautiful is not always the good.(美的东西不见得都是好东西)四、形容词在句中的位置1、形容词如果修饰名词作定语，一般放在名词前。Yesterday we visited a beautiful village.2、形容词修饰不定代词，如: something, anything, everything, nothing, anybody, everybody等时，要放在它们的后面。Have you got anything important to tell me?Have you met anybody else at the gate?3、enough(足够的)作形容词修饰名词时，可以放在名词前，也可以放在名词后面。Have you got enough money (money enough) to buy a new flat? 五、形容词的比较级和最高级1、形容词比较级和最高级的构成（1）规则变化：构成方法 级别原级比较级最高级单音节词尾加-er,estlonglongerlongest单音节词以e结尾，只加-r,-stwidewiderwidest以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写这个辅音字母，再加-er,estbigbiggerBiggesthothotterHottestthinthinnerthinnest以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词，把y改为i,再加-er,-estheavyheavierheaviestearlyearlierearliest以er,ow结尾的词和个别其它双音节词在词尾加-er,-est,以le结尾的双音节词，加-r,-stclevercleverercleverestnarrownarrowernarrowestsimplesimplerSimplestquietquieterQuietestpolitepoliterPolitestcommoncommonercommonest其它双音节词和多音节词都在单词前加more和most.carefulmore carefulmost carefuldifficultmore difficultmost difficult个别单音节词也在前面加more和most.pleasemore pleasedmost pleasedtiredmore tiredmost tiredfitmore fitmost fitgladmore gladmost glad（2）不规则变化：原级比较级最高级good（好）well(好，健康的)betterbestbad（坏，差）ill（不健康的，病的）worseworstmany（许多，修饰可数名词）much（许多，修饰不可数名词）moremostlittle（少）lesslestfar（远）fartherfarthestfurther（进一步）furthest（现在少用）oldolderoldestelder（表同辈间的长幼关系）eldestlate（晚，迟的）later（更迟，后来）latest（最迟、最近的）latter（后者的）last（最后的）（3）形容词前还可以加less和least表示“较不”和“最不”的意思。如：difficultless difficultleast difficult importantless importantleast important2、形容词比较等级及其用法形容词比较等级分为三个级：原级、比较级、最高级。（1）as+形容词原级+as，和一样的。表二者在性质和程度上相同。This classroom is as large as that one.My sister is not as tall as I.（2）形容词比较级+than,表示两个人或物中“一个比另一个更”。This ruler is longer than that one.This problem is more difficult than that one.（3）形容词最高级的用法形容词最高级用于三个或三个以上的人或事物的比较。其常用句式为：主语+系动词+the+形容词最高级+。e.gHe is the tallest in our class.She is the best student in her class.Drills: 1、用人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词或疑问代词填空：John Brown said that _ was hungry.I read the novel. _ is very interesting. They must do _ duty, as we must do _. Excuse me, Mr.Brown, is this _ umbrella? The teacher wants you to return that book of _that he lent you. Ill try to do it by _ .The dog got up and stretched(伸懒腰) _ .He enjoyed _ at the party.I want to speak to the Present _ and to nobody.What I want to say is _ :reading is very important in language learning.The climate of Hong Kong is more changeable than _ of Beijing.2、选择正确答案填空：(1)._ school is not so big as _.A.Their, we B.Their, us C. Their, ours D. Theirs,ours(2).The teacher explained it again and again so as to make _understood. A.herself B.yourself C.ourselves D.myself(3).When I opened my eyes, I found _ in the darkness. A.herself B.myself C.himself D.me(4)._ do you think is the best student in your class? A.Who B.Whose C.Whom D.That(5)._ is the population of the city? A.What B.How C.How many D.How much(6).I prefer the climate in Kunming to _ in Wuhan.A.one B.those C.the one D.that(7).Mr.Zhang gave a textbook to each pupil except_ who had already taken one. A.the ones B.ones C.some D.the others(8).The doctor told him to take the medicine three times_ day.A.a B.an C.one D.ones(9).I dont think _ is possible to master a foreign language without much memory work. A.this B.that C.its D.it(10).Does _ matter if he cant finish the assignment on time? A.this B.that C.he D.it(11).I have three sisters. _ is a doctor,_ is a teacher,_ is a nurse. A.One, another, the other B.One, another, otherC.One, another, the third D.One, one, another(12)._ has been done to prevent the water in the lake from being polluted. A.Little B.Few C.Other D.Many第四章 数词 （numeral, 缩写式为num.） 一、数词的定义数词：表示数目多少或顺序先后的词。其中，表示数目多少的数词叫做基数词，表示顺序先后的数词叫做序数词。二、基数词及其用法（一）、基数词要注意的事项：1、两位数在十位和个位之间加连字符“-”。如：34 thirtyfour 89 eightynine2、三位数在百位和十位（或个位）之间加and.如：127 one hundred and twentyone 506 five hundred and six3、（1）hundred, thousand, million修饰名词作定语、表示几百，几千，几百万时，hundred, thousand, million一律没有复数形式（即不能在其后加-s）。如：two hundred students five thousand items（2）但hundred, thousand, million用于“+of+复数名词”结构时，hundred, thousand, million分别加s，表示“数以计的”。如：hundreds of students 数以百计的学生 thousands of books 数以千计的书 millions of people 数以百万计的人（二）、基数词的用法基数词兼有名词和形容词的性质，可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语、同位语和表语。e.g.Some people think that thirteen is an unlucky number . （作主语）Gave me five, please. （作直接宾语）The little girl is five. （作表语） I have been to Beijing three times. （作定语）How to tell the difference between you two? （作同位语）三、序数词的构成及其用法（一）、序数词的构成序数词一般以与之相对的基数词词尾加-th构成，但也有特别的变化形式： 1、第一至第十九，一般在基数词词尾加-th构成序数词，但以下几个序数词例外： first（第一）, second（第二）, third（第三）, fifth（第五）, eighth（第八）, ninth（第九）, twelfth（第十二）2、整十以-ty结尾的基数词，把y改成i，再加eth构成相应的序数词。twentieth（第二十）, seventieth（第七十）, ninetieth（第九十）3、第二十一至第九十九之间的序数词，十位数用基数词，个位数用序数词，十位与个位之间用连字符“-”。twentyfirst (21st), eightyfifth (85th)4、多位数序数词的后位数为19时，前面的位数用基数词，后位数用序数词。中间出现零时，用and连接。three hundred and eighth (308th)four thousand three hundred (and) twentyfirst (4321st) 5、序数词的缩写形式是由阿拉伯数字+序数词最后两个字母组成。1st 2nd 3rd 8th 50th 93rd 361st 6、名词在前，数字在后，该数字要用基数词。Lesson 9, Bus No. 102（二）、序数词的用法序数词在句中一般可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语和状语等。前面一般要加定冠词the。e.g.The tenth of September is Teachers Day. (作主语)Id like the fifth. （作宾语） He was the first to arrive. （作表语） She won the first place in the game. （作定语） Do you know the boy, the second in the front row? （作同位语） I came first in the game. （作状语）四、分数词的构成1、分数词是以基数词和序数词合二为一构成的一种数词，分子用基数词表示，分母用序数词表示（分子大于1时，分母用序数词的复数形式）： onefifth twoninths two and threefourths onea hundredth2、另外还有下面一些表示法： a(one)half a(one)-quarter threequarters two and a quarter3、比较复杂的分数词，分子分母都用基数词，先说分子，后说分母，中间使用介词over连接。 thirteen over twentyseven twentythree over eightyseven五、小数的用法小数点前的基数词与前面所讲的基数词读法相同，小数点读作point，小数点后的数字要一一读出。零读作naught/nought(英)或zero(美)。1.27 读作 one point two seven0.702 读作 naught(zero) point seven nought(zero) two第五章 动词（verb, 缩写式为v.）第一节 动词的分类根据词义和在句中的作用，动词可以分为实意动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。一、实意动词实意动词有完整的词义，表示一定的动作或状态，可以单独作谓语。实意动词可以分为及物动词与不及物动词。（一）、及物动词1、及物动词（vt.）一定要接宾语，否则句子意义不完整。e.g.(1) He reads English every day. 主语 （及物动词）谓语 宾语 （时间）状语(2) Have you studied Chinese? 助动词 主语 （及物动词）谓语 宾语2、及物动词有被动语态。e.g. The passport should be shown at the entrance(出入口). (及物动词)被动语态（二）、不及物动词1、不及物动词（vi.）所表示的动作意义已经完整，其后不需要接宾语。e.g.(1) The sun rises in the east. 主语 （不及物动词）谓语 （介词短语）地点状语(2)He came here last week. 主语 （不及物动词）谓语 （地点）状语 （时间）状语2、有些不及物动词（live, die, dream, sleep, smile等）可带唯一的宾语 同源宾语（作宾语的名词和前面作谓语的动词同源，意义一致）。e.g. We are living a happy life now. 主语 （不及物动词）谓语 （谓语动词的）同源宾语 状语 3、不及物动词没有被动语态。二、连系动词1、连系动词：本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语，组成：“主+系+表”结构。2、连系动词的分类（1）最常用的连系动词是be (am/is/are/ was/were/ have been/had been)(是)。e.g. He is a student. 主语 连系动词 （名词）表语 You are very good. 主语 连系动词 （形容词）表语（2）半系动词：appear（显得）, smell, taste, sound, feel, seem, prove（证明是、结果是）, remain(保持、仍然是)等。e.g. Your suggestion sounds interesting. 主语 （半）系动词 （形容词）表语She remains calm in face of the danger. 主语 （半）系动词 （形容词）表语 （介词短语）时间状语（3）表“变化，变成”一类的半系动词：become, come, grow, get, run, turn, go等。e.g.His face turned red with anger. 主语 （半）系动词 （形容词）表语 伴随状语In spring, all the world becomes green. 时间状语 主语 （半）系动词 （形容词）表语（4）、常用的半系动词与表语结构：go bad（变质） come true（实现，变成现实）keep silent（保持沉默） keep quiet（保持安静）stand first（名列第一） stand still（站着不动）go/run mad（发疯） go hungry（挨饿）fall asleep（入睡） fall ill（生病）三、助动词1、助动词的定义助动词本身无意义，不能单独作谓语，其作用是辅助实意动词或连系动词的某种形式一起构成谓语，表达否定、疑问、以及动词的时态、语态、语气、人称和数等特征。常用的助动词有：do/does/did, be (am/is/are/ was/were/ have been/had been), have/has, shall/should, will/would等。2、助动词的用法1)、助动词be的用法（1）、帮助构成进行时态：be+现在分词e.g. She is writing a letter.（帮助构成现在进行时） 助动词 实意动词You will be seeing him at nine tomorrow evening. 助动词 助动词 实意动词 （帮助构成将来进行时）（2）、用来构成被动语态：be+过去分词e.g. The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949. 助动词 实意动词（帮助构成被动语态）2）、助动词have/has/had的用法（1）用来构成完成时态：have/has/had+过去分词e.g. I have learned English for five years. 助动词 （动词）过去分词 （帮助构成现在完成时） We had finished our work before you arrived. 助动词 （动词）过去分词 （帮助构成过去完成时）（2）用来构成完成进行时态：have/has/had + been + 现在分词。e.g. He has been working in the school for ten years. 助动词 助动词 现在分词 （帮助构成现在完成时）Jim had been working in the factory for three 助动词 助动词 现在分词years before you arrived. （帮助构成过去完成时）3）、助动词do/does/did的用法（1）用来构成疑问或否定句。e.g. Did you get up early this morning? 助动词 （帮助构成疑问句） I dont like swimming. 助动词 （帮助构成否定句）（2）用来加强语气。e.g. Do come early tomorrow morning. 助动词 （帮助加强语气）He did come yesterday。（他昨天的确来了）（帮助加强语气）（3）用来代替某些动词，以避免重复。e.g. You dont want to lag behind. Neither do I. 你不愿落后，我也不愿落后。 （代替动词lag）She speaks much better than she did last year. 她现在讲得比去年好多了。 （代替动词speak）（4）用于部分倒装句。e.g. Only then did I realize the importance of English study.只有到了那个时候，我才意识到英语学习的重要性。（用于句子半倒装）Seldom does he come to see us. 他很少来看我们。（用于句子半倒装）4）、助动词shall/should, will/would的用法（1）表示一般将来时用shall和will（shall用于第一人称，will用于第二、三人称；美式英语中，无论第几人称，一律用will）.e.g. They will have an examination next month.（帮助构成一般将来时）（2）、表示过去将来时用should和would。e.g. He said he would be in his office by six. 他说他6点将在办公室。 （帮助构成过去将来时）四、情态动词（modal verb）1、情态动词的定义情态动词意义不完整，不能单独作谓语，必须和实意动词或连系动词的原形，一起构成谓语，表示说话人对某种动作或状态的看法。2、情态动词的分类（1）常见的情态动词有：can, could, may, might, must, need, shall, should, will, would, dare, ought to