环境科学与工程专业英语.doc

一、单词/词组（考试时要求：中译英/英译中）环境科学：environmental science环境工程：environmental engineering 定量环境科学：quantitative environmental science定性环境科学：qualitative environmental science衰减再生：decay and recycling 新陈代谢率：metabolic rates外来物质：foreign matter研究和发展：Research and Development一次大气污染物：primary air pollutant二次大气污染物：secondary air pollutant氧含量：Oxygen content点源：point sources沥青残留物：asphaltic residue酸雨：acid rain设备维护：facilities maintenance废物最小化：waste minimization正常浓度：normal concentration胡乱收集：magpie collection需氧量：oxygen demand/the amount of oxygen required闭合回路：closed-loop微生物：microbe/microorganisms揭示大的差别;expose the considerable gaps空气质量监测：air-quality monitoring氧化剂：oxidizer石油精炼:petroleum refining活性炭：activatedcarbon质量控制：quality control海轮：ocean liner挥发性化学物质：volatile chemicals沙漠化：desertification火山喷发：volcanic eruption 间歇源：intermittent sources衡量浓度：trace concentrations氯化物和硫化物：chlorides and sulphates风化：wind erosion不完全燃烧：incomplete combustion化石燃料：fossil fuels液滴：liquid dropletsSO3:sulfur trioxidefor managerial and administrative reasons行政管理上的原因stacks of generating stations许多发电站Roman empire罗马皇帝Cloaca maxima 古罗马的大排泄沟Wate phosphorous 亚磷的（三价磷）phosphorous acid亚磷酸 phosphoric磷的（五价）carbonates，bicarbonates碳酸盐，碳酸氢盐carbohydrates碳水化合物，主要含氢和碳TOC(total organic carbon)总有机碳COD(chemical oxygen demand)化学需氧量BOD(biological oxygen demand)生化需氧量Biodegradable organic可生物降解的有机物BOD5 BOD的测试标准化rborne diseases 水传染的疾病epilimnion 表层水hypolimnion深水层thermocline热变形层become depleted of oxygen 缺氧二、重点句子翻译UNIT21.Environmentisthephysicalandbiotichabitatwhichsurroundsus；thatwhichwecansee，hear，touch，smell，andtaste.环境是围绕在我们周围物质生命的栖息地，在那里我们可以看到，听到，触到，闻到和品尝到。 2.System,accordingto Webster dictionary isdefinedas“asetorarrangementofthingssorelatedorconnectedastoformaunitororganicwhole；as，asolarsystem，irrigationsystem，supplysystem，theworldoruniverse”系统，依据韦伯斯特的字典，被定义为“一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物;比如，太阳系统，灌溉系统，供水系统，世界或宇宙”。3.Pollutioncanbedefinedasanundesirablechangeinthephysical，chemical，orbiologicalcharacteristicsoftheair，water，orlandthatcanharmfullyaffectthehealth，survival，oractivitiesofhumansorotherlivingorganisms.污染可以被定义为有害影响健康，生存，活动的人或其它生物体的空气，水，或土地的物理，化学或生物特性的不应该有的变化，。4.Sourcereduction:Anyactionthatreducestheamountofwasteexitingaprocess.资源减量化：减少在于一个过程中的大量废物的任何行为。Wasteminimization: Thereductiontotheextentfeasible,ofwastethatisgeneratedorsubsequentlytreated,stored,ordisposedof.废物最少化：产生的废物最大程度减少，然后处理，存储，或者处置。5.Recycling: Theuseorreuseofawasteasasubstituteforacommercialproductorasafeedstocktoanindustrialprocess.回收：作为一个商业产品的代替品，或作为一个工业过程的原料的利用或再利用。6.Pollutionprevention:Pollutionmaybegeneratedduringmanufacturing,orwhencertainproductsareusedcommerciallyorbyconsumers.污染的防止：污染可能在生产过程之中产生，或者在当一个产品被用作商业用途或被消费者使用的时候产生。7.WasteReduction/WasteMinimizationTechniques废物回收/废物最少化技术(包括以下几点)productchanges产品改变processchanges过程改变equipmentmodifications设备改造operatingpractices操作训练recyclingandreuse回收和再利用8.Whatisairpollution?Airpollutionisnormallydefinedasairthat containsoneormorechemicalsinhighenoughconcentrationto harmhumans,otheranimals,vegetationormaterials.什么是空气污染？空气污染通常是指那种包含一种或多种化学物质富集到高浓度并足以伤害人类、其他动物、植物或材料的空气。9.Therearetwomajortypesofairpollution.主要有两种类型的空气污染。10.Aprimaryairpollutionisachemicaladdeddirectlytotheairthatoccurs inaharmfulconcentration.初级空气污染是指有害的浓度直接进入到空气中的化学物质。11.Asecondaryairpollutionisaharmfulchemicalformedintheatmospherethroughachemicalreactionamongaircomponents.次生空气污染是指在大气中由气体成分之间发生化学反应的有害化学物质。12.Organicmatter.Proteinsandcarbohydratesconstitute90percentoftheorganicmatterindomesticsewage. 在生活污水中蛋白质和碳水化合物构成百分之90的有机质。）三、课后的NOTES部分（UNIT1、2、3、8、12、13）Unit1 1) Care and impartiality in gathering and recording date, as well as independent verification, are the cornerstones of science.在数据收集与记录过程中仔细认真、无偏见和独立核实是科学的基石。2) When the collection and organization of date reveal certain regularities, it may be possible to formulate a generalization or hypothesis 当对数据收集和整理披露了某些规律时，可能归纳出概况或假设。3）the two types of logic are qualitative and quantitative logic. 两类逻辑学分别为定性和定量逻辑学。4）theories,and in particular,mathematical theories,often enable us to bridge the gap between experimentally controlled observations and observations made in the field. 理论，尤其是数学理论，通常使我们可以弥补（缩小）实验过程观察的结果与该领域理论推导的结果间的差距。5）environmental engineering is manifest by sound engineering thought and practice in the solution of problems of environmental sanitation,notably in the provision of safe,palatable,and ample public water supplies. 环境工程是在解决环境卫生问题过程中，具有代表性的，提供安全、可口与充足的公共供水过程，用正确的工程思想与合理的实施显现出来。1) APS materials,inc,generated two hazardous wastes,1-1-1 trichloroethane and methanol from cold solvent degreasing operations associated with their plasma spray deposition process.美国物理协会材料公司在其等离子体喷雾沉淀工艺的冷溶剂脱脂操作过程中会产生出两种危害性废物，即1,1,1-三氯乙烷和甲醇。2) AT&T美国最大的电话电信公司3) CFC=chlorofluoro carbon 含氯氟烃4) Sloppy housekeeping practices such as leaking tanks， valves，or pumps may cause process chemicals to spill requiring cleanup and disposal.随意马虎的内部管理习惯，例如储罐、阀门或泵的泄漏，都会导致工艺过程中化学品的溅漏而需要采取净化和处理措施。Unit81） the geographic location of some heavily populated cities，such as Los Angeles and Mexico city，makes them particularly susceptible tofrequent air stagnation and pollution buildup.一些人口非常稠密的城市的地理位置，例如洛杉矶和墨西哥城的地理位置，使得它们经常特别易受空气流动停滞和污积物增加的影响。2） by themselves，measured concentrations tell us nothing about the danger caused by pollutants，because threshold levels，synergy，and biological magnification are also determining factors测量的浓度自身并未告诉我们有关污染物造成的危害的信息，因为临界浓度，协同作用和生长放大效应都是决定因素。1） most boating associations now urge their members never even to take anything disposable and plastic to sea and encourage ocean liners to follow suit. 目前大多数船协会敦促他们的会员再也不要把废弃的物质和塑料扔到海里，并鼓励航海轮船也这样做。四、课文填空：UNIT13的第一部分（1、Pollution of streams and rivers）PoHution of Streams and Rivers When sewage is discharged into a freshwater stream，the stream becomes pollution。This does not mean that the oxygen content drop instantaneously。But the potential for oxygen depletion exists wherever there is sewage。The measure of this potential is the BOD, which rises as soon as the sewage goes in。Now follow the water downstream from Polutionville. There processes are going on, all at the same time. Process1. The bacteria are feasting on the sewage. because of this action，the amount of sewage in the water is decreasing，so the BOD is going down。 Process2. As the bacteria consume the sewage， they also use dissolved oxygen，so that concentration，too，start to decrease。 Process3. some of the lost oxygen is being replenished from the atmosphere and form photosynthesis by the vegetation in the stream。 For the first 50km or so downstream, the natural ability of the river to recover its oxygen（process3）simple cannot keep up with the feasting bacteria（process2），so the dissolved oxygen concentration goes down。The fish begin to die，but it is not the sewage that is killing them。（In fact，the sewage provides food.）Instead，the fish die from lack of oxygen，beginning when the dissolved oxygen concentration falls below about 4mg per liter，depending on the particular species。The fish kills start about 15km downstream from the introduction of the raw sewage。In time ，as the sewage is used up by bacteria，the BOD goes down (process1)，the consumption of oxygen also slows down，and the natural ability of the river to recover（process3）becomes predominant。The river then begins to repurify itself 。About 90km downstream the fish begin to survive again，and at about 140km the oxygen content has increased to its former，unpolluted level。 Of course，if additional sewage is discharged before recovery is complete，as shown in the illustration at 160km，the river becomes pollution again。When sources of pollution are closely spaced，pollution becomes practically continuous。Rivers in such a condition，which unfortunately can be found near densely polluted areas all over the world，support no fish，are high in bacterial content（usually including pathogenic organisms），appear muddily bluegreen from choking algae，and，in extreme cases，stink from putrefaction and fermentation。5