资源描述
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英语语法非谓语动词讲义在解非谓语习题时同学们遇到最大的困难有两个：一是如何判别是谓语动词还是非谓语动词；二是如何选用哪一种非谓语动词及其恰当的形式。例题一、All things _, the planned trip will have to be called off. A. considered B. be considered C. considering D. having considered (1998.6) 句子没有连词，说明所选结构不属于从句，那么就是独立主格做状语，根据动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系为动宾关系，答案应该是A。 例题二、The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son _ to college. A. had been admitted B. admitted C. having been admitted D. having admitted 消息表达的应该是个事件，说明不是被录取的孩子，介词of后不可能接从句，说明of后为动名词的复合结构，答案是C。 例题三._tired of Toms all-talk-no-action attitude, Julia decided to do the job all by herself. A) To get B) To have got C) Getting D) Have got 一般来说，在句子中没有连接词的情况下, 逗号是无力连接两个句子的。据此，首先可以确定 这是一个简单句，非谓语动词短语放在句首作状语。依据非谓语动词短语get tired of与其逻辑主语Julia之间的主动关系，以及谓语动词与非谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生，没有明显的先后顺序，可以断定应用现在分词一般式作原因状语,即“由于厌倦了Tom只说不做的工作态度”，故正确答案为C。例题四 The last bus (go)_, we had to walk home. Weather (permit)_, the spaceship will be launched tomorrow evening. 这两个非谓语动词短语的逻辑主语都不是句子的主语，而是分别有它自己的逻辑主语，即“是 末班车开走了，而不是我们走了”,“是天气允许,而不是飞船允许”，这种现象或结构就是独立主格结构。依据非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动关系,正确答案分别为having gone和permitting。 例题五The work (finish) _, they may go home. The problem (discuss) _ at the meeting- room now, the workers had to wait outdoors. 同样，这两道题的结构也是独立主格结构。依据非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的被动关系以及非谓语动词所表示动作发生的时间性，可以判断正确答案分别为finished(已完成)和being discussed(正在进行)。 例题六 _ that Bob had got promoted, his friends came to congratulate him. A) Heard B) Having heard C) Hear D) To hear 依据非谓语动词hear与其逻辑主语his friends之间的主动关系，以及前后句的逻辑关系，可以断定用现在分词形式来作时间状语，再根据现在分词的动作“听说”发生在主要谓语动词“来”之前，由此判断应该用现在分词的完成式(只用作状语时使用)，意为“听说Bob已得到提升，他的朋友都来向他表示祝贺”，故正确答案为B。 非谓非谓语动词的三种形式名称形式用法不定式to do表目的、将来动名词doing表主动及现在分词done表被动及过去非谓语动词的形式变化非谓语形式构成时态语态复合结构否定式主动被动不定式一般式to doto be donefor sb. to do sth.或of sb. to do sth.在“to”前加not或never（不定式的否定形式）完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing/完成进行式to have been doing/动名词一般式doingbeing donesb.或sbs doing作主语要用sbs doing/完成式having donehaving been done现在分词与动名词变化形式相同在前加not非谓语语法功能的比较做宾语的非谓语动词比较情况常用动词只接不定式做宾语的动词hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resistfeel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to两者都可以意义基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）need, want, require（主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）意义相反stop to do 停止手中所做的事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事意义不同remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生）remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生）go on to do（接着做另外一件事）go on doing（接着做同一件事）try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力）try doing（试试去做，看有何结果）mean to do（打算做，企图做）mean doing （意思是，意味着）cant help （to） do（不能帮忙做）cant help doing（忍不住要做）be considered to have done被认为已经做了considerto be认为是consider doing考虑做某事做宾补的非谓语动词比较分 类常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例 句不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage主谓关系，强调动作将发生或已经完成I asked to be sent to the countryside.I heard him call me several times.have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make现在分词notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel主谓关系，强调动作正在进行，尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.过去分词动宾关系，动作已经完成，多强调状态We found the village greatly changed.做定语的非谓语动词比较分 类区 别例 句不定式与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生I have a lot of papers to type.I have a lot of papers to be typed.I havent decided which hotel to stay at.(介词at不能丢)现在分词与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生the boiling water / the boiled waterthe developing country/the developed countrythe falling leaves/the fallen leaves过去分词与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成或只表示状态注意：the bridge to be built 将建造的桥, the bridge being built 正在建造的桥,the bridge built已经建好的桥非谓语动词高考考点【考点一】不定式作状语不定式作状语时相当于一个状语从句，不定式作状语时往往用来作目的状语、结果状语或原因状语。1不定式用来作目的状语：作目的状语时，不定式的逻辑主语通常也是全句的主语，这里往往译作“为了，想要”。To be a winner，you need to give all you have and try your best.要想成为赢家，你要付出所有并竭尽全力。 2不定式用于so.as to .，such.as to；enough to；too.to；only to等结构中作结果状语。（1）Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle?你能不能行行好，借给我你的自行车？（2）He is such a fool as to think that his strange behaviour can inflect others.他如此愚蠢以至于认为他奇怪的行为会影响他人。（3）He hurried to the booking office only to have been told all the tickets had been sold out.他匆忙去了售票处，结果被告诉所有的票已经卖完了。注意：“onlyto do”表示出乎意料的结果，tell 和主语He 之间存在动宾关系，因而应用不定式的被动结构。而现在分词作结果状语则表示自然而然的结果。 （4）His parents died，leaving him an orphan.他的父母去世了，使他成为孤儿。【经典考题】1. There were many talented actors out there just waiting_.Ato discover Bto be discoveredCdiscovered Dbeing discovered2 Why are the students working so hard these days. _ready for the coming entrance examination.ATo get BGetCGetting DGot3 With Fathers Day around the corner，I have taken some money out of the bank _ presents for my dad.Abuy Bto buyCbuying Dto have bought【考点二】过去分词作状语1过去分词作状语和现在分词作状语一样，修饰主句的谓语动词，意义上相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随状况等。（1）Given the right kind of training，these teenager soccer players may one day grow into international stars. 如果得到正确的训练，这些少年足球选手有朝一日可能成为国际明星。（2）Reminded not to miss the flight at 1520，the manager set out for the airport in a hurry. 得到提醒不要错过1520的航班 ，他匆忙出发过了机场。2某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，且往往用于一些系表结构中。此时这些过去分词既不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态，这样的词有：lost(迷路的)，seated(坐)，hidden(躲)，lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)，dressed in(穿着)，tired of(感到厌倦)等，不管它们作什么成分都不用其ing形式。Lost in the mountains for a week，we were finally saved by the local police.在大山里迷失一个星期，我们最终被当地警察所救。Absorbed in his book，he didnt notice me enter the room.专心读书，他没注意到我进入房间。【经典考题】1. _from the top of the tower，the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.ASeen BSeeingCHaving seen DTo see2 Michaels new house is like a huge palace，_with his old one.Acomparing BcomparesCto compare Dcompared【考点三】现在分词作状语1动词的ing 短语作状语表示在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作，它对谓语动词起修饰和陪衬的作用。动词的ing形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随情况。（1）Being ill，he couldnt go to school.因为生病，他不能去上学。(原因)（2）My car was caught in a traffic jam，thus causing the delay.我的车被交通拥挤堵住，所以延误了。(结果)（3）As the light turned green，I stood for a moment，not moving，and asked myself what I was going to do.(伴随)当交通路灯变绿灯时，我站了一会儿，一动不动，自问要做什么事。2现在分词有：一般式、被动式、完成式和完成被动式四种形式，每一种形式的否定式都是直接在前面加not 构成。一般式(doing)表示主动的一般性的动作或者正在进行的动作；被动式(being done)表示正在进行的被动的动作；完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的主动的动作；完成被动式(having being done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动的动作。（1）Not having received a reply，he decided to write again.没有得到答复，他决定再写信去。（2）The old man，having worked abroad for twenty years，came back to his motherland.(work 与句子的主语The old man之间存在主谓关系，而且work这一动作发生在谓语动作之前) 在国外工作了二十年，这位老人回到了祖国。（3）Having been scolded many times，he determined to study hard to catch up with others. 多次被批评之后，他决定努力学习赶上他人。3（记住）有一些固定结构，如：generally speaking，taking everything into consideration，judging from/by等，无论主语是什么都用这种形式作状语。（1）Taking everything into consideration，the result is better than expected.把一切因素考虑进去，结果比预料的要好。（2）Judging from what he said，he must be an honest man.从他说的话来判断，他一定是一位诚实的人。4现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别：如果是意义上的主谓关系，一般用现在分词形式；如果是意义上的动宾关系，则一般用过去分词。（1）Seen from the top of the hill，the park looks even more beautiful.从山顶上看，这个公园显得更加美丽。(see 与主语the park之间存在动宾关系)（2）Seeing from the top of the hill，we find the park even more beautiful.从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。(see与主语we之间存在主谓关系)【经典考题】1. Dina，_for months to find a job as a waitress，finally took a position at a local advertising agency.Astruggling BstruggledChaving struggled Dto struggle2 _at my classmates faces，I read the same excitement in their eyes.ALooking BLookCTo look DLooked3 _a written permission，he had to write another letter to the president of the university.ANot giving BNot having been givenCHaving not given DHaving not been given【考点四】非谓语动词作定语1现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动和进行。There are two roads before us，one leading to the beach，the other to the park.在我们面前有两条路，一条通向沙滩，另一条通向公园。2过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系，表示该动作的被动或完成。For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit grown on his own farm.早饭他只喝自己农场种植的新鲜水果榨出来的果汁。3动词不定式作定语多表示将来动作。We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday.我们被邀请参加下周五在我们俱乐部举行的聚会。【经典考题】1. Im afraid well have to work extra hours，for there are still some problems_.Aremaining to settle Bremaining to be settledCremained to talk about Dto remain to discuss2 Many buildings in the city need repairing，but the one _ first is the library.Arepaired Bbeing repairedCrepairing Dto be repaired【考点五】非谓语动词作宾补1过去分词作宾语补足语：过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语往往就是其逻辑主语，该动词与宾语之间存在动宾关系。（1）Ill have my house painted tomorrow. 明天我会让人把我的房子粉刷一下。(被动)（2）（When I opened the door，I found the ground covered by fallen leaves.当我打开门时，我发现地面被落叶所覆盖。2现在分词作宾语补足语：现在分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语往往就是其逻辑主语，该动词与宾语之间存在主谓关系。现在分词作宾语补足语强调正在进行的主动动作，即动作过程的一个部分。可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see，watch，hear，observe，feel，find，have，keep等。They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.他们使用电脑使交通畅通无阻。【经典考题】1. Listen！Do you hear someone _ for help?Acalling Bcall Cto call Dcalled2 Alexander tried to get his work _in the medical circles.Ato recognize BrecognizingCrecognize Drecognized3 Its wonderful to hike with Dad and I have felt _with him.Ato protected BprotectedCprotecting Dto be protected【 考点六】have, get后接三种形式作宾补have，get 后接三种形式作宾补时，其中have，get表示“使、让、叫”之意。1have sth. doneget sth. done 使/让某事由别人去做(叫/让某人做某事)Ill have/get my bike repaired tomorrow.我明天得(请人)修一下我的自行车。Mr Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.2. have/get sb. /sth. doing 使某人/物持续做某事注意： have sb. doing 若用于否定句中，其中have 有“容忍”之意。I wont have you speaking to your dad like that. 我不允许你和你父亲那样讲话。 3. have sb. do sth. 叫某人做某事【经典考题】1 I have a lot of readings _before the end of this term.Acompleting Bto completeCcompleted Dbeing completed2 With the world changing fast，we have something new _ with all by ourselves every day.Adeal B
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