经典语法讲解(高三).doc

July 27th, Q&A1.These kinds of shoes dont sell well.请问为什么用dont sell,而不用被动语态呢？0分在英语中，当我们强调动作的性质，而不是发出者时，常常用主动表被动。这类词的特征是后面经常只跟一个副词。这些常用动词有：clean, cook, cut, draw, feel, iron, look, sell, read, wash, wear, write 等 2. 主谓一致口诀及规则单单复复最常见， 集体名词常用单。如若强调其成员， 复数谓语记心间。有些名词谓用复， people,police即这般。主语单数后接介， 谓语单数介无关。many a 主语也如此，谓语动词应用单。or,nor,but also,there be近主原则挂嘴边。关系代词定主语， 谓语根据先行词判。不定式短语、动名词、主语从句谓全单。时间、货币与距离， 谓语多单复少见。rest,means,following,意义决定其复单。and连接两名词， 身兼两职一定冠。no,each,every后单各，两种事物一概念。以上情况请记清， 谓语动词全用单。形容词带the表一类，姓氏复数加定冠。-s结尾山脉与群岛， 谓语用复勿用单。代词neither，either，each等用作主语全用单。一 语法一致1. My mother as well as my father _ an engineer.2. At that time, the man together with his wife and children _ sitting there watching TV.3. Nobody but Tom and Mary _(know) the secret.4. At that time, the parents together with their children _ sitting there watching TV.(1) 主语后跟插入语 with, along with, together with, like, as well as, but/except, including, besides, no less than, rather than, as much as, in addition to 等时,谓语的单复数不受插入语影响(2) 由and 连接的两个名词作主语,如果后一个名词有冠词修饰,则谓语动词用复数形式;否则,用谓语用单数形式.1. The poet and the writer _ (have) told me their story.2. The poet and writer _ (have) come. the bread and butter ; the bread and the butter1. Serving the people _ my great happiness.2. When well go out for an outing _ been decided.（3.） 单个动词不定式, 动名词,从句做主语时,谓语用单数形式;由and或者bothand连接的动词不定式,动名词,从句做主语时,谓语用复数形式.1. Taking a dip in a pool and working out at the gym _ (be) my favorite sports at weekends.2. What he says and what he does _(not) agree.（4）由分数,百分数修饰的名词作主语时,谓语的单复数形式由该名词的单复数决定.用法相同的还有: half of, plenty of, most of, part of, a lot of/lots of, some of, none of, the majority of1. Ninety percent of the students _ from China.2. Three fourths of the earths surface _ covered by water.(5) 由kind, type, sort, pair, form, piece, species, quantity作主语时, 谓语的单复数形式由这些词的单复数形式来决定.E.g. 1. This kind of pears _ sweet. 2. These kinds of pears _ sweet3. Large quantities of water _ needed in this area.4. A large quantity of water _ needed in this area.Lets have a try!1. Nobody but Jane _ the secret. A. know b. knows C. have known D. is known2. A library with five thousand books _ to the nation as a gift. a. is offered B. have offered C. are offered D. has offered 3. _ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass. A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are c Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are4. Large quantities of food _ needed for the poor people. A. is b. are C. has D. have5. The majority of doctors _ smoking _ harmful to health. A. believe; is B. believes; is C. believe; are D. believes; are6. Mathematics _ the only course she failed in. A. is B. were C. are D. was7. The author and poet _ (be) feeding a black and white _. A. are; cats B. are; cat C. is; cats D. is; cat 8. E-mail, as well as telephone _ an important part in daily communication. A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play 意义 一致(1)集体名词作主语 看该名词是强调个体还是整体：family, team, group, government, public, class, staff, audience, armyE.g. 1. His family _ going to move. 2. His family _ watching TV. 本身为复数： cattle, people, crowd, policeE.g. Thirty percent of the cattle _ thin but the rest _ fat. (be) (2) the 形容词/动名词, 表示一类人或事,复数概念.(3). 表时间,金钱,距离,数字的名词作主语时,谓语一般都用单数形式.E. g. 1.Ten miles _is_ a long distance.2. Twenty years is not a long time.Lets have a try!1. Zhangs family _ rather big, with twelve people in all. A. is B. are C. being D. was 2. The wounded _ to hospital. A. have been taken B. has been taken C. have taken D. has taken 难点突破E.g. 1. The number of people invited _ fifty, but a number of them _ absent for various reasons. A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were2. Many a boy learns to swim before he can read.3. More than one student has passed the examination.4. Each of the students _has_ a book.5. The students each _have_ a book.6. It is I who _am_ totally wrong.7. On the wall _are_ (be) some paintings by a famous artist.Multiple choice:1. All but one _ here just now.A. is B. was C. has been D. were 2. A library with five thousand books _ to the nation as a gift. A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered 3. Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one exam after another.A. is B. are C. am D. be 4. The number of people invited _ fifty, but a number of them _ absent for different reasons. A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were 顺口溜巧记最难学的英语从句【定语从句】定语从句顺口溜1.定从分类有奥妙, 限与非限看逗号;定前必有先行词，名代两类最适宜；定从先行很紧密，代副两词拉关系；2.关系代词有六个，听我逐一来说破；which表物人用who,人物都有that顾；which用在逗号后，意表前句你要know;who做主语很称职，whom用到宾语里；3.that用法真有趣， 两个地方它不去；逗号后边它不去， 介词之后不考虑；4.That which代表物，区别听我来叙述；先行若是不定代，that就把which 踹；先行词前有两数， 就用that定无误；先行词前最高级， 还用that必无疑；句中若有there be, that应把which替；先行主中做表语， 避免重复从句里；（Just the only very same last, 其后也要用that;）5.指人可用that who, 以下情况多用who;Those people做先行，There be的结构中；先行指人不定代，从中做主who要在；两个定从一起来，不要重复你有才；6.定从之中少定语，whose为你唱一曲；Whose指人又指物，所属关系要记住。7.As/which在句末，若有否定as错；句首只能用as,还有认知猜想词；固定结构用as, the same /such/so/as;So /such that宾不离，so/suchas宾要弃；8.关系代词到这里，主宾表定作用起；关系代词做宾语，省与不省全靠你；9.关系副词when/where/why, 从中做状莫懈怠；时间用when原因why,地点where经常在；关系副词可替换，介词加上关系代；关系代，关系代，that与who要除外；挑选介词要聪明，必看动词和先行；聪明反被聪明误，只因乱用关系副；关系副，关系副，定缺主宾它不住；它不住，它不住，关系代词来玩酷；10.只记上边不可以，特殊情况告诉你；先行用way 做状语, in which/ that /略可以；one of +复做先行，从中谓语复数明，one前若有only/very, 从中谓语定用单 ；定从名从可转换，all that被 what换；定语从句顺口溜分段解析：1.定从分类有奥妙, 限与非限看逗号;定语从句分为两大类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，区分它们有两个标准：1）从内容上看，限制性定语从句与它所修饰的先行词关系紧密，不可去掉，去掉后意思就不完整了；非限制性定语从句只对先行词起补充说明的作用，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。2）从形式上看，限制性定语从句与先行词之间没有逗号隔开，而非限制性定语从句与先行词之间有逗号隔开。请看例句：The girl who is wearing a blue necklace is Mary.(限制性)The girl, who is also a student, is planting trees in the field.(非限制性)解析：第一句中的who is wearing a blue necklace是限制性定语从句，没有逗号，不那去掉，否则意思不完整。定前必有先行词，名代两类最适宜；例句：1)There is somebody here who wants to speak to you.有人要和你讲话。2)Those who were for the plan raised their hands.那些赞成计划的举起了手。3)This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。解析：例句中somebody、those是代词，novel是名词，是被定语从句修饰的词，叫做先行词，可以做先行词的是名词和代词两类。定从先行很紧密，代副两词拉关系；定语从句都在先行词之后，连接定从和先行词的词，叫做关系词。关系词有两类：关系代词和关系副词。关系词要注意两点：1）它的人称、数和意思完全等同于先行词，2）关系词在定语从句中做一定的句子成分。例句 1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男生们是一班的。解析：whoboys , 在定语从句中做主语，所以其后谓语用are。例句 2) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩子喜欢的运动。解析：which=game, 在定语从句中做主语。例句 3）I still remember the day when I first came to the school. 我仍然还记得第一次到学校的那一天。解析：when是关系副词on the day, 在定语从句中做时间状语。例句 4）The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 十年前我居住的房子已经被拆了。解析：where是关系副词in the house, 在定语从句中做地点状语。例句 5）Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你没赶上飞机的原因。解析：why是关系副词for the reason, 在定语从句中做原因状语。2. 关系代词有六个，听我逐一来说破；六个关系代词是：that/which/ who/ whom/ whose/ as ， 注意关系代词在定语从句中做主宾表定语。which表物人用who,人物都有that顾；先行词是物，关系代词用which，也可以用that;先行词是人，关系代词用who,也可以用that;先行词中既有人，又有物，关系代词只能用that。例句 1) This is the mountain village (which/ that ) I visited last year. 这就是我去年参观的那个山村。解析：先行词mountain village是物，可用which或that, 因为定语从句中visit后缺宾语，说明which或that应该在定从中做宾语，所以还可以省略。例句 2）The man(that/whom / who ) you met just now is my friend. 你刚刚见到的那个人是我的朋友。解析：先行词man表人，关系词可以用who/that/whom，因为定语从句中缺宾语，关系代词应该在定语从句中做宾语，所以可以省略；另外，whom是专门用来做宾语用的，而who则只是在口语中才用。例句 3）This magazine belongs to the teacher who(that) teaches us history. 这本杂志是我们历史老师的。解析：先行词teacher是人，关系代词用who或that, 因为在定语从句中做主语，所以不能省略。例句 4）He talked about the teachers and schools (that) he had visited. 他谈到了他所见到的老师和学校。解析：先行词 the teachers and schools 中既有人又有物，关系代词只能用 that, 又因为that在定语从句中做宾语，所以又可以省略。which用在逗号后，意表前句你要know;这是which用在非限制性定语从句中的一个用法。例句1）He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。解析：which是关系代词，指代前面的一句话：他似乎没抓住我的意思。例句2）Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。解析：which是关系代词，指代前面的一句话：液态水变为蒸汽。who做主语很称职，whom用到宾语里；先行词是表示人的词，定语从句中如果缺主语，要用who做关系代词，如果缺宾语，正规场合下用whom, 口语中也可以用who。例句 1）He is the boy who often goes to school late. 他就是那个经常上学迟到的男生。解析：先行词the boy 指人，后面的定语从句中缺少主语，因此用关系代词who。例句 2）She is the old woman whom I saw this morning. 她就是我今天早晨看到的那位老太太。解析：先行词the old woman指人，后面的定语从句中缺少宾语，所以用whom,口语中也可以用who。3.that用法真有趣， 两个地方它不去；逗号后边它不去， 介词之后不考虑；That做为关系代词，不可用在非限制性定语从句中，即不可用在逗号后边；定语从句中介词之后也不可使用。在逗号或介词后，指物时用which,指人时用who或whom。例句1）They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of _sat a small boy. A. whom B. who C. which D. that解析：在介词of之后指物，选择C which。例句 2）The engineer with _my father works is about 50 years old. A. whose B. who C. which D. whom 解析：选择 D whom。介词后指人。例句 3）The letter is from my sister, _is working in Beijing. A. which B. that C. whom D. who 解析：选择 D who。逗号后指人，在定语从句中做主语。 4.That which代表物，区别听我来叙述；先行若是不定代，that就把which 踹；当先行词为anything，everything，nothing，all，any，much，many，one等不定代词时，只能使用“that”, 不用 “which”。例：Is there anything that I can do for you? 我能给你做点什么吗？ 先行词前有两数， 就用that定无误；当先行词是基数词或序数词修饰时，只能使用“that”，不用 “which”。例句： That is the second time that I have been to Japan. 那是我去日本的第二次。 The two buildings that lay on the River Thames fell down last week. 坐落在泰晤士河岸边的那两座大楼上星期倒塌了。先行词前最高级， 还用that必无疑；当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时，只能使用“that”, 不用 “which”。 例句：This is the most wonderful time that I have ever had.这是我度过的最美好的时光。 句中若有there be, that应把which替；例：There is no evidence that animals possess a mysterious sixth-sense allowing them to predict natural disasters. 说动物拥有神秘的第六感，可以预知自然灾害，这是没有根据的。先行主中做表语， 避免重复从句里；例句：1）This is not the hospital that it used to be. 这已经不再是以前那座医院了。2）Mr Thomson is not the man that he was.汤姆森先生已经不再是以前的他了。解析：定语从句的先行词均在主句中做表语。例句：Which is the course that we are to take ? 我们要学哪门课？解析：句中已有which,后面不再用which,避免重复用that。（Just the only very same last, 其后也要用that;）先行词前有Just 、the only、 very 、same 、last等词，关系代词用that，不用which。例句：1) The North Pole is the only place that you can see polar bears. 北极是唯一能见到北极熊的地方。 2）This is the same bike that he lost. 这就是他丢了的那辆自行车。 注意区分： 3) This is the same bike as he lost. 这辆自行车和他丢的那辆一样。（但不是）5.指人可用that who, 以下情况多用who;Those people做先行，There be的结构中；例句：1) Those who are for the plan, please raise your hands. 赞成计划的人请举手。2) People who create computer viruses are called hackers. 制造电脑病毒的人被称为黑客。3) There was once a little boy who came to the net bar to play games every night. 曾经有一个小男孩每天晚上都来网吧玩游戏。先行指人不定代，从中做主who要在；先行词是指人的不定代词，如 one 、someone 、anyone 、nobody 等词，或指人的关系代词在定语从句中做主语，要用who, 而不用that。例句：1）Nobody who knows a little scientific knowledge will believe you.懂得一点科学知识的人都不会相信你的话。解析：nobody是指人的不定代词，用who, 不用that。2）The thief who pretended to be a manager was caught stealing a car. 那个装扮成经理的贼在偷车时被当场抓获。解析：who指人，在定语从句中做主语。两个定从一起来，不要重复你有才；一个先行词有两个定语从句时，关系代词要避免重复使用。A plant that can cure diseases, which was known by the ancient Chinese , is called Chinese herbal medicine. 一种能够治病的，被古代中国人所熟知的植物，叫做中药。6.定从之中少定语，whose为你唱一曲；Whose指人又指物，所属关系要记住。Whose也是一个关系代词，在定语从句中做定语，表示人与人、人与物或物与物之间的所属关系，特别要注意，物与物之间的关系也用whose。例句 1)Is there anyone in your class whose family is in the country? 解析：anyone是先行词，whose=anyones，在定语从句中做定语。例句 2) Pass me the book whose cover is red. 解析：the book是先行词，whose=the books, 在定语从句中做定语。7.As/which在句末，若有否定as错；as和 which都可指代前面一句话，请看例句:1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 爱丽丝受到了她老板的邀请，这使她感到吃惊。2）The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect. 天气结果变好了，这是我们没有预料到的。若有否定as错；3）The result of the experiment was very good, _ we hadnt expected. A. when B. that C. which D. what 【简析】答案是C。由于非限定性定语从句是否定结构，只能用which引导，不能用as来替代which。句首只能用as,还有认知猜想词；置于句首时，非限定性定语从句只能用as引导。例如： As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 众所周知，月亮每月绕地球一周。与表示认知猜想的词，如know, expect, see, report, 连用时，要用as。1）As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 我们知道，吸烟对健康有害。2）As is expected, his daughter entered a key university.正如人们所期望的那样，他的女儿考入了一所重点大学。固定结构用as, the same /such/so/as; 1） 在the same as.结构中。意思是 “像一样的”。 例如：Chongqing is not the same city as we have seen in other places. 重庆和我们在其它地方看过的城市不一样。 注意区分: the same .that.,请看例句： This is the same pen that I lost. 这正是我所丢的钢笔。（同一） This is the same pen as I lost. 这支钢笔和我丢的那支一样。（相似，不是一个）2）在as.as结构中，意思是“像那样的”。例如： No period in history has had as many important changes _ have taken place in the past century. 没有哪个历史阶段像过去的一个世纪这样有如此多的重大变化。3）在suchas结构中, 意思是“像那样的”。例如： Mathilde had to work hard day and night and bought such a diamond necklace as she had lost to pay back to Jeanne. 马帝尔德不得不日日夜夜地干活，来买一个像被她丢掉的那样的钻石项链还给让。So /such that宾不离，so/suchas宾要弃；在so/suchthat结构中，that后引导的不是定语从句，而是状语从句，从句中必须有宾语；在so/suchas结构中， as后引导的是定语从句，从句中不带宾语。例如：1)He studies in such a good school that all other students in his village admire him. 他在那样好的一所学校学习，以至于村子里其他的学生都很羡慕他。解析：that后是状语从句，状语从句中有宾语him。2）He studies in such a good school as all other students in his village admire. 他在那样好的一所学校学习，村里的其它学生都很羡慕那所学校。解析：as后是定语从句,as代替先行词school,在定语从句中做admire的宾语。8.关系代词到这里，主宾表定作用起；关系代词做宾语，省与不省全靠你；到此为止，我们一共学了六个关系代词，分别是：which, that, who, whom, whose, as ,这些关系代词在定语从句中可以做主语、宾语、表语和定语，关系代词which/ that/ whom做宾语时，可以省略。9.关系副词when/where/why, 从中做状莫懈怠；时间用when原因why,地点where经常在；定语从句中的关系副词有三个：when, where和why，它们在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语。when指时间， where指地点，why表原因。例如：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.我仍然记得我初次到北京的那天。The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.他父亲工作的那个工厂在城市的西郊。That is the reason why I did the job.那就是我为什么干这个活的原因。关系副词可替换，介词加上关系代；关系副词可以由介词加上which来替换。例如：1)This is the house where (in which) I lived two years ago. 在这句中，where= in which2) Do you remember the day when (on which) you joined our club?在这句中，when= on which3) This is the reason why (for which) he came late.在这句中，reason= for which关系代，关系代，that与who要除外；挑选介词要聪明，必看动词和先行；介词后可用关系代词，但只能用which或whom，不能用that 和who。那么，这个介词怎么选呢？其一，可以看定语从句中的谓语动词；其二，可以看先行词。例如：1) The pain from which the poor suffered in this area has attracted the attention of the public.本句中用from 加 which, from与定语从句中的谓语动词搭配，suffer from。2) English is a useful tool in which I can communicate with foreign friends.本句中用in加which, 和先行词搭配，先行词表语言，因此用in。聪明反被聪明误，只因乱用关系副；关系副，关系副，定缺主宾它不住；它不住，它不住，关系代词来玩酷；关系副词在定语从句中是做状语的，where做地点状语，when做时间状语，why做原因状语，但要特别注意，如果定语从句中所缺的不是状语，而是主语、宾语或表语，就不要用关系副词，而要用关系代词。例如：1) I still remember the days _ we spent together in the mountains last summer. 先看定语从句中所缺少的句子成分，spent是及物动词，缺宾语，因此不能填when, 而要用关系代词which或that。2）This is the house _ his grandfather once lived in. 先看定语从句中所缺少的句子成分，lived in, 明显缺宾语，in是介词，介词后应该有宾语，所以不能填where, 而要用which或that。3）Is that the reason _ you explained to the teacher for your being late for school? 先看定语从句中所缺少的句子成分，explain后应该跟双宾语，缺少一个宾语，因此不能用why, 而要用which或that。10.只记上边不可以，特殊情况告诉你；先行用way 做状语, in which/ that /略可以，先行词是way, 表示方式，在定语从句中做方式状语，其后的关系词可以有三种处理方式，即：in which/ that 或省略。例句：I like the way he smiles.I like the way that he smiles.I like the way in which he smiles.one of +复做先行，从中谓语复数明，one前若有only/ very, 从中谓语定用单；例句：Ling Qing is one of the volunteers who are ready to go to the countryside.Ling Qing is the only one of the volunteers who is ready to go to the countryside.定从名从可转换，all that被 what换；名词性从句中的what/whatever/whoever等词，在句中做主语、宾语或表语时，可以转换成定语从句。例句：1) I dont believe whatever he says.= I dont believe anything (that) he says.2) Whoever breaks the law will be punished.= Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.3) The driver didnt hear what the policeman said. = The driver didnt hear the words that the policeman said.4) The students can do all (that) they can to help the old teacher. = The students can do what they can to help the old teacher.定语从句练习题：1. There is somebody here _ wants to speak to you. A. that B. who C. which D. when 2. Charles Smith, _ was my former teacher, retired last year. A. who B. that C. which D. whom 3. This novel, _I have read three times, is very touching. A. that B. / C. which D. what 4. He seems not to have grasped what I meant, _ greatly upsets me. A.what B. who C. whom D. which 5. Do you like the book _ color is yellow? A. which B. whichs C. whose D. whom6. The school in _ he once studied is very famous. A. where B. which C. that D. who 7. Well go to hear the famous singer _ we have often talked about. A. for whom B. on who C. / D. which8. He loved his parents deeply, both of _ are very kind to him. A. them B. that C. who D. whom 9. There are forty students in our class in all, and most of _ are from big cities. A. whom B. which C. whom D.them10. The reason _ which he refused the invitation is not clear. A. why B. for C. on D. that 11. This is the mountain village _ I visited last year. A. / B. where C. at which D. in which 12. Ill never forget the days _I spent in the countryside. A. which B. when C. with whom D. on which 13. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one14. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held?A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one15. _ spits in public will be punished here. A. Whoever B. Who C. Whom D. Whose 16. _ we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. A. Which B. Who C. Like D. As 17. The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect.A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it18. I have got into the same trouble_he (has). A. that B. as C. like D. which 19. Finally, the thief handed everything _ he had stolen to the police. A. that B. what C. which D. who 20. After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing _ he owned. A. as B. that C. which D. where 21. Can you remember the scientist and his theory _ we have learned? A. that B. who C. which D. as 22. Do you remember the day _ you joined our club？ A. in which B. that C. which D. when【宾语从句】巧记宾语从句 宾语从句歌诀 宾语从句三姊妹，that，if/whether，wh-/how展风采。展风采有三关，引导词、语序、时态在把关。主从时态要一致，陈述语序永不变。陈述请你选that，疑问需用if/whether连。特殊问句作宾从，原来问词不用换。三关过后莫得意，人称、标点需注意。留意变脸的if/when，从句简化记心间。歌诀解码一、三姊妹宾语从句根据引导词的不同可分为三种类型：1. 由that引导的宾语从句。如：We knew （that）we should learn from each other.2. 由if/whether引导的宾语从句。如：Please tell me if/whether you have been to America.3. 由who，where，how等连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。如：Can you tell me how I can get to the nearest post office？二、三关1. 引导词关如果从句是陈述句，引导词用that（that在口语或非正式文体中常省略）；如果从句是一般疑问句，引导词用if/whether；如果从句是特殊疑问句，引导词用由疑问词转换而来的疑问代词/副词。2. 语序关陈述句变为宾语从句，语序不变，