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动词的时态专题动词的分类和形式：动词是表示动作和状态的词。动词有时态、语态和语气3种形式的变化。1、动词按其能否独立作谓语而分为：“谓语动词”和“非谓语动词”两种2、动词的4种基本形式：动词原形、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。3、动词按其构成动词词组作用分为：实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。1）实义动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。还可分为持续性动词和瞬间动词；2）连系动词有两种：一种表特征或状态，另一种表状态变化过程。4、五种不同的短语动词：1）“动词+介词”；2）“动词+副词”；3）“动词+副词+介词”；4）“动词+名词（或代词）+介词”；5）“be+形容词（包括相当于形容词的过去分词+介词”。时态：动作行为的时间状态现在过去将来过去将来一般一般现在时work/WorksIs/am/are一般过去时WorkedWas/were一般将来时will/shall work一般过去将来时would/should work进行be + v.ing现在进行时am/is/are working过去进行时was/were working将来进行时will/shall be working过去将来进行时完成have + p.p现在完成时have/has worked过去完成时had worked将来完成时will/shall have worked过去将来完成时完成进行have been + v.ing现在完成进行时have/has been working过去完成进行时had been working将来完成进行时过去将来完成进行时1 一般现在时 1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every, sometimes,at, on Sunday。例如： I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如： The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 3） 表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。 4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如： I dont want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。 比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。 第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。 一般现在时代替一般将来时 When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case （that）, unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如： He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。 典型例题 （1）He said he_me a present unless I_ in doing the experiment. A. had not given; had not succeededB. would not give; succeeded C. will not give; succeed D. would not give; will succeed. 答案B. 在时间，条件或让步从句中一般不用将来时。本题有He said，故为过去式。主句用将来时，故选B. 此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。 （2） 表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。例如： The museum opens at ten tomorrow.博物馆明天10点开门。（实际上每天如此。） 一般现在时代替一般过去时 1） 书上说，报纸上说等。例如： The newspaper says that its going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。 2） 叙述往事，使其生动。例如： Napoleons army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进，大战开始了。 一般现在时代替现在完成时 1） 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时，如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。例如： I hear （= have heard） he will go to London. 我听说了他将去伦敦。 I forget （=have forgotten） how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。 2） 用句型 It is since代替It has been since 。例如： It is （= has been） five years since we last met. 从我们上次见面以来，五年过去了。 一般现在时代替现在进行时。 在Here comes/There goes等句型里，用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例如： There goes the bell. 铃响了。 2 一般过去时1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如： Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？ When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。 2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如： When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。 Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。 3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth 到时间了 该了。例如：It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time that sb. did sth. 时间已迟了 早该了 ，例如It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。 would （had） rather sb. did sth.表示宁愿某人做某事。例如：Id rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。 4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 比较： Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。） Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去） 注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。 1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如： Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？ I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。 2）情态动词 could, would。例如： Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？ used to / be used to used to + do：过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如： Mother used not to be so forgetful.老妈过去没那么健忘。 Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。 be used to + doing： 对已感到习惯，或习惯于，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。例如： He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。 典型例题 - Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it. - Its 69568442. A. didntB. couldntC. dontD. cant 答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。 3 一般将来时 1）shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如： Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？ Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？ 2）be going to +不定式，表示将来。 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？ b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。 c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。 3）be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如： We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。 4） be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如： He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。 注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 be going to / will 用于条件句时，be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如： If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. be to和be going to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如： I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我去踢球。（客观安排） Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。（主观安排） 一般现在时表将来 1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如： The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。 When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。 2）以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。 3）在时间或条件句中。例如： When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。 Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。 4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如： I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。 用现在进行时表示将来 下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如： Im leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。 Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？ 4 现在进行时 现在进行时的基本用法： a. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如： We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。 b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如： Mr. Green is writing another novel.他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。） c. 表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如： The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。 Its getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。 d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如： You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。 典型例题 My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still_ it. A. has lost, dont find B. is missing, dont findC. has lost, havent found D. is missing, havent found. 答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。 不用进行时的动词 1）表示事实状态的动词，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。 This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。 2）表示心理状态的动词，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。 He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。 3）瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如： I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。 4）系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如： You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。 现在进行时代替将来时 1） 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如： Are you staying with us this weekend? 和我们一起度周末好吗? We are leaving soon. 我们马上就走。 2） 渐变动词，如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬间动词die等。例如： He is dying. 他要死了。 5 过去进行时 1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。 2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。 3） 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如： My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。 It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时，正下着雨。 When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。 典型例题 1） Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes 答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，玛丽在做衣服时提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。 2） As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A. read；was fallingB. was reading； fellC. was reading； was fallingD. read；fell 答案B.句中的as = when, while，意为当之时。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。句中的 fell（fall的过去时），是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。 6 将来进行时 1） 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如： Shell be coming soon. 她会很快来的。 Ill be meeting him sometime in the future. 将来我一定去见他。 注意：将来进行时不用于表示意志，不能说 Ill be having a talk with her. 2）常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, Ill be lying on the beach. 明天此时，我正躺在海滩上呢。 7 现在完成时 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have （has） +过去分词。 比较一般过去时与现在完成时1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。 现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。 共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。 3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如： I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了） I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了） Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了） Who hasnt handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争） He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续） He has been a League member for three years. （是团员的状态可持续） 句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。 （错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 用于现在完成时的句型 1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如： It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。 This is the first time （that） Ive heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。 注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2）This is +形容词最高级+that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如： This is the best film that Ive （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 典型例题 （1） -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。 （2） -Have you _ been to our town before? -No, its the first time I _ here. A. even, come B. even, have comeC. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 （错）I have received his letter for a month. （对）I havent received his letter for almost a month. 比较since和for Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如： I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。 I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。 注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。） I have worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。） 注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。 1）（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2）（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. since的四种用法 1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。例如： I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。 2） since +一段时间+ ago。例如： I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。 3） since +从句。例如： Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。 Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。 4） It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如： It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。 延续动词与瞬间动词 1） 用于完成时的区别 延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如： He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。 （表结果） Ive known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历） 2） 用于till / until从句的差异 延续动词用于肯定句，表示做直到 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示到，才。例如： He didnt come back until ten oclock. 他到10 点才回来。 He slept until ten oclock. 他一直睡到10点。 典型例题 1. You dont need to describe her. I _ her several times. A. had metB. have met C. metD. meet 答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。 2. -Im sorry to keep you waiting. -Oh, not at all. I _ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. wasD. will be 答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。 8 过去完成时 1） 概念：表示过去的过去 -|-|-|- 其构成是had +过去分词构成。 那时以前 那时现在 2） 过去发生的两个动作，先发生的用过去完成时With their help Irealized that I had been wrong. 3） 过去某时以前发生的动作或情况He hasnt finished yet. He didnt finish yesterday evening. He hadnt finished by yesterday evening. 3） 常用过去完成时的情况No soonerthan.Hardlywhen No sooner had he begun his speech than he was interrupted expect，hope，think，want，suppose等动词的过去完成时（或一般时）表示想做而未做的事 I had planned to send him a telegram，but I didnt manage it. 4）常用过去完成时的时间主状语by the end of+过去时间；by+过去时间 by the time+过去时间；过去时间+before 比较： By the time he was 11，he had learned 3000 words. By the time he is 11，he will have learned 3000 words. By the time last week ，I had learned 3000 words. By the time next week，I will have learned 3000 words9 将来完成时 1）构成：will/shall have +过去分词We hope it will have stopped raining before we set off for the picnic.我们希望在出发去野餐以前雨就已经停了。Ill have done all the work by the time you are back this evening.你们今晚回来的时候我就将做完所有的工作了。2）用法：A. 表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作。注意：常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有： by (the time / the end of ) + 表示将来时间的短语和句子； before (the end of ) + 表示将来时间的词语或句子； when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。 例如：By the year 2050, scientists probably will have discovered a cure for cancer.到2050年，科学家们可能已经找到治愈癌症的方法了。By the time you arrive in London, we will have been staying in Europe for two weeks.等你到达伦敦的时候，我们将已经在欧洲呆了两星 期了。 B. 在时间从句和条件从句中，现在完成时可以代替将来完成时，表示将来某时业已完成的动作。例如：Youll get to like the subject after you have studied it for some time.在学习这个学科一段时间之后，你就会喜欢它的。Ill go and see the exhibition as soon as I have finished my work.我一做完作业就去看展览。C. 将来完成时还可以表示可能性，或设想。例如：Its five oclock；they will have arrived home by now.已经五点钟了，他们现在应该已经到家了。10. 现在完成进行时现在完成进行时的谓语动词构成 I/ we/ you/ they have been doing sth.he/ she/ it has been doing sth.（一）表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.中国有2000年的造纸历史。（动作还将继续下去）I have been learning English since three years ago.自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。（动作还将继续下去）（二）表示在说话时刻之前刚刚结束的动作。We have been waiting for you for half an hour.我们已经等你半个钟头了。（动作不再继续下去）（三）有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于现在完成时的句子。They have been living in this city for ten years.They have lived in this city for ten years.他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。I have been working here for five years.I have worked here for five years.我在这里已经工作两年了。（四）大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。I have been writing a book.（动作还将继续下去）我一直在写一本书。I have written a book.（动作已经完成）我已经写了一本书。They have been building a bridge.他们一直在造一座桥。They have built a bridge.他们造了一座桥。（五）表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。I have known him for years.我认识他已经好几年了。* I have been knowing.这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：love爱，like喜欢，hate讨厌，等。11、 过去完成进行时（一）构成：过去完成进行时是由had been +现在分词构成。She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam. 她在考试之前一直患重感Had they been expecting the news for some time? 他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧？（二）用法:1. 表示过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作。过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。和过去完成时一样，过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间为前提。过去完成进行时也是一个相对的时态, 上下文中须有明示或暗示的作为参照的过去的时间。I had been looking for it for days before I found it. 这东西我找了好多天才找着。They had only been waiting for the bus a few minutes when it came. 他们只等了几分钟车就来了。2. 表示反复的动作。He had been mentioning your name to me. 他过去多次向我提到过你的名字。3. 过去完成进行时还常用于间接引语中。The doctor asked what he had been eating. 医生问他吃了什么。I asked where they had been staying all those days. 我问他们那些天呆在哪儿。4. 过去完成进行时之后也可接具有突然之意的when分句。I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in. 我刚看了几分钟他就进来了。Shed only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her.她温习功课才一会儿，她妹妹就打断她了。（三）过去完成进行时和过去完成时的比较:She had cleaned the office, so it was very tidy.她已经打扫过办公室了，所以很整洁。 (强调结果)She had been cleaning the office, so we had to wait outside.她一直在打扫办公室，所以我们不得不在外面等着。 (强调动作一直在进行)12. 将来完成进行时 将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻，例如By the time you arrive tonight, she will have being typing for hours. 动词语态英语中的语态分主动语态和被动语态两种，是根据主语与谓语动词之间的关系划分的，如果主语是动作的执行者，谓语动词就用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，就用被动语态。.构成被动语态的构成：be+及物动词的过去分词，be本身无词义，但有时态、人称和数的变化。下表是不同情况下被动语态的形式。类别构成形式例句时态 一般现在时am/is/are+doneEnglish is widely used in the world.一般过去时was/were+doneWe were asked to help them.一般将来时will/shall+be doneA class meeting will be held next Monday.过去将来时 should/would+be doneShe said those flowers should be watered.现在进行时is/am/are+being doneThe blackboard is being painted now.过去进行时was/were+being doneThose flowers were being watered when I left.现在完成时have/has+been doneAll these flowers have been watered.过去完成时had+been doneThe building had been completed before I arrived. 复合宾语一般情况宾语变主语，宾补就成了主补He was seen sitting there without doing anything.He was made our monitor. 用不带to的不定式作宾补的感官动词和使役动词 感官动词和使役动词在被动语态中的宾语补足语to要带上，常用动词有：see/hear/have/watch/notice/help/feel等 The children were made to work 12 hours a day.She was heard to play the piano in her room last night. 类别构成形式例句时态 一般现在时am/is/are+doneEnglish is widely used in the world.一般过去时was/were+doneWe were asked to help them.一般将来时will/shall+be doneA class meeting will be held next Monday.过去将来时 should/would+be doneShe said those flowers should be watered.现在进行时is/am/are+being doneThe blackboard is being painted now.过去进行时was/were+being doneThose flowers were being watered when I left.现在完成时have/has+been doneAll these flowers have been watered.过去完成时had+been doneThe building had been completed before I arrived. 含情态动词情态动词+be doneThese books may be kept for two weeks.含双宾语变其中一个，大多把表示人的间接宾语变为主语 He was given some books./Some books were given to him.短语动词其中构成短语动词的介词或副词不可以丢掉，如look after/call on/take care of/pay atten-tion to等The old woman was often aughed at.Time must be made full use of. 一般情况宾语变主语，宾补就成了主补He was seen sitting there without doing anything.He was made our monitor. 用不带to的不定式作宾补的感官动词和使役动词 感官动词和使役动词在被动语态中的宾语补足语to要带上，常用动词有：see/hear/have/watch/notice/help/feel等 The children were made to work 12 hours a day.She was heard to play the piano in her room last night. 1. 不及物动词没有被动语态。例如：appear，arrive , belong, break (开始，突变)，come true，die，escape，fall，happen，last，remain，succeed，take place，occur等。The news
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