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第五讲：形容词和副词一. 形容词1. 语法意义表示人或事物的属性或性质，通常用于修饰、限制或说明名词。如：a book a good booka car a red cara girl a beautiful girla man a strong man2. 形容词的功能(1) 作定语（修饰名词说明其性质或特征）如：He gave me a beautiful gift. He is an honest child. (2) 作表语（与连系动词构成系表结构说明主语的性质或特征） 如：The task is not easy. His composition is perfect. (3) 作补语（说明主语或宾语的性质状态或特征） 如：His words made me angry. （宾补） He was found alive after the earthquake.(主补）(4) 作状语（说明主语的情况，多表示伴随、原因等）如：Tired and hungry, he went to home. （原因） After the long journey,the three of them went back home, tired and hungry. (伴随） Unable to sleep, I got up and made myself a drink.（原因） Surprised and happy，Tony stood up and accepted the prize. (伴随） 3. 形容词作定语时的位置(1) 单个形容词作定语时，通常置于其所修饰的名词前。如： a sharp knife(2) 形容词短语用作定语时通常后置。 如：All the people young and old are against the plan. English is a language easy to learn.(3) 修饰some, every, no与thing或body构成的不定代词时，形容词需后置。如： There is nothing serious.(4) enough作形容词修饰名词时，通常置于名词前，但在一些特别的结构中也可用于名词后。如： We havent got enough time. There will be time enough for that later. 注意：enough作副词时需置于其所修饰的词后。如： big enough(5) alike, alive (活着的), alone(只有，仅仅), asleep, awake, present(在场的), else(其他的), here, there 等必须放在被修饰名词的后面。如：Man alone has the ability to speak. He is holding a snake alive. All the people present welcomed the decision. 4. 多个形容词修饰同一名词时的排列顺序。 限定评尺形，时色源物用。 限定词（包括冠词，人称代词，指示代词等）+ 评价性的形容词+尺寸（大小）+形状+时间+色彩 +来源（产地）+物质（材料） +用途+ 名词。如：A lovely small round old red French wood writing deskA high red brick wall blocks our view.注意：如果是表述同一性质的形容词，则通常将长的放在后面。如：He is a nice and friendly person.5. 形容词的级别形容词分为三级：原级、比较级、最高级 原级：不与其他事物做比较的形容词原形。如：good, high, attractive 比较级：用于两者之间的比较，表示程度较高的。如：better, higher, more attractive 最高级：用于三者或三者以上事物间的比较，表示程度最高的。如：best, highest, most attractive6. 形容词/副词比较级和最高级的构成(1). 规则变化。 一般情况下，单音节的词在词尾加er或est。如：thick-thicker-thickest, low-lower-lowest 单音节词的最后一个字母为e时，只加r或st。如：simple-simpler-simplest brave-braver-bravest 以辅音字母加y结尾的，先变y为i,再加-er和est。如：angry-angrier-angriest, early-earlier-earliest 以重读闭音节结尾的，如果末尾只有一个辅音字母而其前又为短元音时，须双写辅音字母，再加-er,-est。如：hot-hotter-hottest thin-thinner-thinnest 多音节词和部分以-ful, -less, -able, -ous, -ing等结尾的双音节词，在原级前加more, most构成比较级和最高级。如：careful-more careful-most careful important-more important-most important7. 形容词/副词的常见句型(1) 原级句型结构 as+原级+as 可用于肯定或否定句中如：She is (not) as tall as her sister. We work as hard as his team. so+原级+as 仅用于否定句如： The bed was not so comfortable as his own. She doesnt walk so fast as he does. as+形容词原级+名词+ as 注意：名词可以为可数名词或不可数名词，当其为单数时，名词前需加a/an。如： She has as much trouble as I have. Our school has as many students as theirs. They said he was as fine a painter as his father. She is as successful an actress as she is a singer. the same as/similar to(=like)/different from如：This car is the same as Toms. He is different from his father. His attitude is similar to/like Marys. (2) 比较级的常见句型结构 比较级+than如：Mary is older than me. This question is less difficult than that one. His machine is more powerful than ours. 比较级+and+比较级 越来越如：The days are getting colder and colder. She is growing more and more beautiful. the +比较级, the +比较级 “越,越”如：The more you practice, the better you will learn it. The harder you work, the greater progress youll make. 倍数+比较级+than 比大/长/宽几倍 如：A is six times longer than B.注意：倍数的其他表示方法倍数+as +原级+as 如：A is six times as long as B.倍数+the +名词(size， height， weight， length， width 等 )+ of如：A is six times the length of B.(3) 用原级/比较级表达最高级的句型 as+原级+as any 如：She is as bright as anyone in the school. He speaks English as well as anyone in his class. 比较级+than any other/anyelse如：His mother is more careful than anyone else in his family. China is larger than any other country in Asia. 注意：China is larger than (all) other countries in Asia. (4) 最高级常见句型结构 the +最高级+of/in如：Jack is the tallest boy in his class. be one of/among +the+最高级+复数名词如：Qingdao is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. 8：关于形容词最高级用法的特殊情况 最高级前通常加the，但其前有所有格修饰时不加。如：This book is my newest one. 最高级前用a/an时表示“很，非常”，相当于very。如：He is a most successful man.二、副词1. 语法意义表示行为或状态发生的时间、地点或方式，主要用来修饰动词、形容词或另一个副词，也用于修饰整个句子。2. 副词的构成 一般在形容词词尾加ly。如：slow-slowly, clear-clearly 形容词词尾为y时，y变为i,再加ly。如：easy-easily, happy-happily 形容词词尾为le时，直接改为ly。如： single-singly, humble-humbly 形容词词尾为ll,直接加y.如：full-fully, dull-dully 有些副词与形容词形式相同。如：late, early, high 形容词词尾为ue的，去e加ly。如：due-duly, true-truly3. 有两种副词形式的词 fair公正地 ；fairly 公正地；相当地fair常用于短语play fair, win sth./beat sb. fair and square如： In international trade, very few countries play fair.fairly修饰形容词、副词时表示“相当地”，修饰动词时表示“公正地”。如： All students should be treated fairly. The house had a fairly large garden. close位置近地；紧靠着地；差一点； closely 密切地如： Come a little closer, so you can see better.James heard footsteps close behind him.I tell you, I was so mad that I came close to hitting her. Some subjects, such as physics, chemistry and maths, are closely related. They were watching him closely. high(位置、分数、价值）高地；highly高度地；非常如： He kicked the ball high into the air.Tom scored higher than anyone else in the class. They speak/think highly of Mike. Washington was a highly successful politician. deep（表面以下/夜）深地； deeply深深地(打动等）；认真深入地（思考等）短语：deep down 内心深处；本质上如：We had to dig deeper to find water. They talked deep into the night. She seems indifferent, but deep down, she is very pleased. Deep down, he is a caring person. His faith goes very deep. His lies hurt his father deeply. Most doctors think deeply about what their patients want.They were deeply impressed with my work.常用搭配：breathe deeply；sleep deeply wide（空间上）宽地widely广泛地常用搭配：wide open/awake/apart如：He spread his arms wide in a welcoming gesture.Someone left the back door wide open.At 2 a.m., I was still wide awake. Organic food is now widely available. China Today is a widely read magazine. free免费地freely自由地短语：for free, free of charge 免费如：Children under four can travel free. He offered to do the work for free. All these services are available to the public free of charge.He became the countrys first freely elected president. They can travel freely between the two countries. In France he could write freely, without fear of arrest. hard努力地；用力地；（雨下得）大地hardly几乎不如：He has worked hard all his life. You need to hit the ball hard. It was raining very hard outside. My parents divorced when I was six, and I hardly knew my father She had hardly sat down when the phone rang. 4. 副词的分类副词可以分为时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、频度副词、原因副词等。(1) 时间副词：now, today, soon, early, then, yesterday 等(2) 地点副词： here, there, away, around, inside, outside, above, below等 (3) 程度副词 ：very, quite, much, most, too, rather, totally, nearly等 (4) 频度副词： seldom, sometimes, usually, always, often 等(5) 方式或状态副词： carefully, slowly, simply, suddenly 等(6) 疑问副词：how(ever), when(ever), where(ver), why 等 (7) 连接副词： how(ever), when(ever), where(ver), why，so, therefore, otherwise, whether等。用于引导名词性从句、状语从句。如：Do you know where we will go ? 5. 副词比较级、最高级的构成同形容词。6：副词的位置副词的位置相对比较灵活，可置于句首、句中或句末，但要注意以下情况： 副词修饰形容词或其他副词时，通常置于其所修饰的词前。如：She is a very lovely girl. 由动词+副词所组成的动词短语，宾语是代词时，副词放在代词之后；若宾语是名词，副词放在名词之前后都可以。如：Please cut the bananas up / cut up the bananas carefully. Its a lovely picture. Lets put it up on the wall. The radio is too loud. Would you mind turning it down?. 有助动词时，频度副词常置于主动词和系动词、助动词之间；句中多个助动词时，则置于第一个助动词之后。如：Im never going back there again, not as long as I live. Youll always be asked to keep silence over whats happened. 注意：副词的排列顺序 汉语：时间-地点 英语：地点-时间
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