高中专题讲解-定语从句.docx

课题 定语从句教学目标 熟悉定语从句的概念、句法结构和作用以及先行词和关系词的位置和作用; 掌握关系词在定语从句中的应用技巧学情分析： 高考必考知识点，主要考查其基本用法，近几年注重了定语从句在其他从句的混合考查。其中which（介词+which）和where 的应用应重点理解记忆。定语从句一 基本概念：A. 定语： 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句。Gilin is a beautiful city.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.There are thirty women teachers in our school.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.Our monitor is always the first to enter the room.He is reading an article about how to learn English.B. 定语从句： 在复合句中，修饰一个名词或代词的从句；分类： 限定性定语从句 无逗号隔开 非限定性定语从句 有逗号隔开从句位置： 在先行词之后（必须）先行词： 被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；关系词: 引导定语从句的词. 关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that 关系词 关系副词: when, where, why 连接词： as（唯一可置于先行词之前）This is the man who helped Jack yesterday. 先行词 关系词分析： I work in a company which produces planes.先行词： 关系词： 关系词的作用 引导定语从句 代替先行词在句中充当成分关系代词： who, whom, whose, that, which, as (在定语从句中担任主、宾、表、定) 在定语从句中担任主语的是： who, that, which, as 宾语的是： who, whom, that, which, as 定语的是： whose, which 先行词为人，可用的关系词是： who, whom, that, as 先行词为物，可用的关系词是： which, that, whose, as关系副词： when(先行词为时间)， where(先行词为地点)， why（先行词为原因）， 关系副词= 介词 + which/whom.二 定语从句类型概况了解限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别：区别点限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句与先行词之间的关系紧密，删除后影响整个句子表达疏松，只是补充说明，删除后不影响整个句子表达逗号的有无其前不用逗号其前有逗号That 的使用可用不可用Which/who 在从句中作宾语是否可省略可省略不可省略Whom 在从句中作宾语是否可用that/who代替可替代不可替代是否可修饰句子不可可以，此时有逗号隔开，只能由which/as引导翻译时的区别常译为前置定语，“的”常译为并列分句读时是否停顿不停顿停顿，用降调Eg: (辨析)1. The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.2. China is a country which has a long history.3. His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.4. China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.什么时候使用非限制定于从句呢？1. 关系代词指代整个主句的内容时She said she had finished her work, which I doubted very much. As most people know, Fujian is famous for tea.He was generous with his time, for which I was grateful.他十分慷慨的给予我时间，我为此非常感激。2. 先行词是世界上独一无二的事物或专有名词时The moon, which is 384,400 kilometers away from the earth, creates many beautiful stories. 月球，这个离地球384,400 千米远的星球，给人们带来了很多美好的故事。We all honour and respect Albert Einstein, who is the greatest physicist in the world. 我们都敬重这位世界上最伟大的物理学家爱因斯坦。 特殊形式的定语从句1. 分隔式定语从句为某种特殊的需要，与先行词分离开的定语从句I have a picture by a famous painter which was sent to me for my birthday.我有一副出自名家笔手，送给我作为生日礼物的话。（被介词短语分开） The days are gone when we lived together, worked together and played together. 我们一起居住、工作和玩耍的日子一去不复返了。（被谓语分开）2. 混杂式定语从句定语从句的关系词与其后的词之间有一个像I think, I believe, I guess, I expect, I am sure, they say等类似插入语，使定语从句更加复杂。James is the only one who we expect will win.The girl knows three foreign languages, which we all think makes it easier for her to find a good job. 3. 多重定语从句两个或多个定语从句同时修饰一个先行词I find it hard to leave the land where I have lived for 30 years and where there are sweet memories of my childhood.Ill never forget the moment when I first met Mary and which makes me always feel happy.三 关系词A 关系代词 指代先行词，在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。注意a. 作宾语时，口语中常省略b. 作介词宾语且介词提到关系代词前面，关系代词不可省略。 who, whom, whose, which, that1. Who指人，作主、宾、表，“谁”a. The boys who are playing football are from Class One.b. The TV organizers had planned to find four musicians who could act as well as sing.c. Mozi was another teacher who was very influential.2. Whom 指人， 作宾语(可省略),“谁”a. Mr. liu is the person (whom) you talked with on the bus. ( you talked with whom/Mr.liu on the bus)b. Do you want a friend (whom)you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? (You could tell everything to whom/a friend)c. She is the one (whom)we saw the other day. ( )d. It was Lily to whom I went for advice. (whom 可以省略么？)参照注意b. 注意 先行词为人时，若从句中作主语- who 若从句中作宾语- who/whomn He is the man _ I talk to.n He is the man _ has an English book.3. Whose 指人/物， 作定语，“谁的” He has a friend whose father is a doctor.I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.指物时，可用which 变换句型：例句I once lived in a house the roof of which has fallen in.n The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired._n Do you like the book whose color is yellow?_注意 先行词为人， 若从句中作主语- who/that 若从句中作宾语- 省略n The building _ wall is white is my uncles house.n I know the boy _ you are looking for.n Will you please lend me the book_ you bought yesterday?4. Which指物，作主、宾、表（作宾可省略）Football is a game which is liked by most boys.(主)This is the pen （which） he bought yesterday.（宾）Buy as soon as the programme was over, the phone which was in the same room started ringing.（表）5. That 作主、宾(可省略)、表。 指人=who/whom, 指物=whichJack is no longer the person that I met five years ago.(that是否可省略？是)_who/whomViews that are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept.（that是否可省？）（表）_Exercises:1. The student _ the teacher praised at the class meeting is our monitor.2. The season _ comes after spring is summer.3. This is the museum _ we visited last Saturday.4. I found some photos of interesting places _ were not far away from our city.5. The boy with _ John spoke is my brother.6. The girl _ leg was broken in the earthquake was taken to hospital. 记忆1. 用that，不用which情况 a. 先行词为不定代词anything, everything, nothing, few, all, none, little, some等修饰；b. 先行词被all, much, some, little, few, just, every, no, any等修饰；c. 先行词被序数词（the second/third）/形容词最高级/基数词修饰；d. The last, the only, the same, the very, the right等修饰；e. 先行词人+物时；f. 以who/which引导的特殊疑问句；g. 主句是there be 结构;h. 关系代词在从句中作表语.2. 用which，不用that情况a. 在非限制性定语从句中；b. 先行词为that/those时，为避免重复；c. 关系代词前有介词，一般用which.3. 用who，不用that 的情况a. 先行词是指人的不定代词，one, ones, anyoneb. 先行词为those4. 用as情况a. 引导限制性定语从句先行词常有so, such, the same, 用as充当主宾表。b. 引导非限制性定语从句- 说话人对话语的看法、态度、解释或评论。As翻译“正如、像”可置于句首，句中，句尾。 Exercise:1. He was the first person _ passed the exam.2. Whats that _ is under the desk?3. Is there anything _ you want to buy in the shop?4. Tom came back, _ made us happy.5. He is not the man _ he used to be.(表)6. Who is the girl _ is crying?7. The is the very book _ I am looking for.8. I can remember well the person and some pictures _ I saw in the room.9. This is the room in _ he lives.10. There is a book on the desk _ belongs to Tom.11. He is not the same man _ he was.12. The houses are sold at such a low price _ people expected.13. _ I remember, there was a net bar around there.14. Einstein, _ we know, is a famous scientist.15. Taiwan is part of China, _ is known to all.16. The ones _ flatter me dont please me. 那些奉承我的人并不能取悦我。17. The army organized teams to dig out those _ were trapped and to bury the dead.B.关系副词when, where, why1. When作时间状语，先行词为time, day, morning, night, week, year等.I still remember the day when I first came to the school.The time when we got together finally came.2. Where作地点状语，先行词为place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等.Shanghai is the city where I was born.The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3. Why作原因状语，先行词只有reason.Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.小贴士 Where 引导的定语从句可以修饰表抽象空间概念的词case情况， situation情形， position位置，stage阶段，point地步等。 Eg: What are some situations where body language is the only form of communication? 在哪些情况下身体语言是唯一的沟通方式？Exercise:1. The days are gone _ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.(2011,天津)2. I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends, _ we enjoyed a good view of the lake.(2011,陕西)C“介词+关系代词”与介词的选用先行词为 人，用whom 物，用which.关系代词 在介词后不用that，且关系代词不可省略 若介词放在句尾，引导词可用that/who，且可省略关系代词和关系副词的转换： where,when,why= 介词 + which看上面关系副词例句，用 “介词+关系代词”形式转换句型。介词的选用：1. He has found a nice shirt that he is fit for. _ _ he is fit.2. I dont know who you are talking with._ _ you are talking.3. Theyre still in the little house that theyve been lived for 15 years. _ _ theyve been lived for 15 years.4. Ive found the job that Ive been eager for for a long time. _ _ Ive been eager for a long time.5. This is the factory _ my father once worked. _ my father once worked. _/_ my father once worked in.6. Ill never forget the days _/_ I spent in the wood. _ I spent my holidays with my parents. the small village _ I spent my holiday.7. Is this the school _/_ you visited the other day? _ you visited your teacher the other day? n 习惯搭配I bought many books, _ _ I spent all my money that I saved.n 先行词搭配的具体含义Ill never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.n 所表达的意思来确定The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen.四 辨析拓展A.That引导的定位于从句与同位语从句的区别That引导的定语从句That 引导的同位语从句表达内容不同说明n的性质、特征、来源说明n表示的具体内容That 在从句中的作用连接主语和从句，充当成分；作宾语可省，指物用which替代连接主语和从句，不充当成分；不可省略，也不可用which替代所修饰的n 限制无限制有限，n 往往是含有某种信息的词(下有备注)a. The fact that he presented was a strong proof. 定从b. The fact that she hadnt said anything surprised us all. 同位语从c. We expressed the hope that Mr. and Mrs. Smith would come to visit China the next year. 同位语从d. The news that we heard spread all over the world. 定从 That 引导的同位语从句n往往含有 message, news, fact, desire, problem, idea, suggestion, advice, question, order, belief, doubt, fear, truth, thought B. When, where, why 引导的定语从句和同位语从句的区别 定语从句先行词表示时间、地点、原因，关系词在其中作状语； 同位语从句有疑问意义，且前面n 不表示时间、地点、原因。a. I will remember the time when I won the prize.b. I have no idea why he was late？五 考点拓展主谓一致问题1. 关系代词作主语，定语从句中谓语动词取决于先行词单复数。Mr. Smith, who _ now downstairs, is asking to see you.The Smiths, who _ now downstairs, _ (be)asking to see you.2. 关系代词as + which 引导非限制性定语从句，作从句主语，从句谓语动词用单数。Great changes have taken place in China, as _ (be)known to all.六 总结七 练习