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补充 ： 名词性从句引导词的选择 一：其它引导词的选择：一般根据意思选择即可 代词类：(常在从句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语)（1）who/whom（指代人，谁）和whoever/whomever（无论谁、不管谁）在 从句中作主语或宾语；（2）which哪一个、whichever无论哪个、whose谁的，在从句中作定语。【典题】1.（2013江西）_ one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it. A. Whoever B. Whatever C. Whichever D. Wherever2.（2012福建）We promise_ attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star. A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever副词类：(从句中作状语或表语）（1）when/how/where/why在从句中作相应的状语。其中的how除了“怎样”，表示 方式外，还可译为“多么”，常用来修饰形容词或副词。（2）as if/though常用在look/seem之后；becasue一般只用在Thats becasue中，表示 原因；Thats why.则表示结果。【典题】1.（2013湖南）Do not let any failures discourage you，for you can never tell _ close you may be to victory. A. howB. that C. which D. where2.（2013安徽）From space，the earth looks blue. This is_ about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water. A. why B. how C. because D. whether名词性从句中常用句型：（There is）no doubt that毫无疑问（It is）no wonder that 难怪The reason (why) /for is(was) that 的原因是 A is to B what C is to D. A对B而言如同C对D。There is no possibilty/chance/opportunity that 做是不可能的/没有机会。【典题】1.（2010北京）Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel，David Copperfield，was _ it was rather closely modeled on his own life. A. what B. that C. why D. whether2.（2009浙江）Is there any possibility _ you could pick me up at the airport？ No problem. A.When B. that C. whether D. what2、 能力突破1.（2011山东）I am afraid hes more of a talker than a doer, which is _ he never finishes anything. A. that B. when C. where D. why2. （2013山东）Could I speak to_is in charge of International Sales, please? A.anyone B.someoneC.whoever D.no matter who3. （2007浙江）Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? Thats_the best jobs are. A.where B.whatC.whenD.why4.（2010江苏）I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays. Thats_I dont agree. You should have a more active life. A.where B.how C.when D.what5.（2005天津）The last time we had great fun was _ we were visiting the Water Park. A. where B. how C. when D. why 三、备考指津1.首先根据题干和选项确定是考查名词性从句；2.如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，一般选what（ever）/who （ever）/whom（ever）；3.如果不是缺少主语或宾语则根据意思选，不缺任何意思为 that；4.注意it开头的句子结构，常为that或whether。5.抽象名词后一般是that。6.常用句型结构要牢记。 非谓语动词作状语的用法(一)一、考点透视考纲定位和能力要求： 掌握动词不定式，现在分词和过去分词作状语的区别；知识内涵：非谓语动词可以在句子中充当时间，原因，让步，伴随等状语。具体情况如下：（一）动词不定式作状语 1. I had to shout to make myself heard . To finish the work on time, they have to work harder. He got up early in order to/so as to catch the first bus. 2. He hurried to the station only to find the train had already left. 3. He is old enough to go to school. She is too tired to go any further. 4. I am very glad to see you . I am so sorry to hear about your failure in business. 【注意】1.动词不定式作目的状语时，通常不可以放在逗号后，有插入语除外；如若强调其目的时，动词不定式也可以用in order to do 或 so as to do的形式，其中so as to do 不能位于句首。2. “only to do”表示出乎意料的结果，翻译成“却”，典型例题就是He hurried to the station only to find the train had already left.3.不定式作原因状语时，主要放在表示喜、怒、哀、乐等形容词作的表语后。例如： She is surprised to find Jim here. 4.不定式用于某些作表语或补语的形容词后，和句中主语或宾语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式要用主动来表示被动。 例如：1）English is difficult to learn. 2）I find him easy to get along with. 形式意义例句doing 与句中主语构成逻辑上的主动关系；与谓语动作同时发生，或基本上同时发生Hearing the noise, I turned round.having done与句中主语构成逻辑上的主动关系；先于谓语动作发生 Having failed many times, we finally succeeded.done与句中主语构成逻辑上的被动关系The teacher came into the lab, followed by many students.being done与句中主语构成逻辑上的被动关系，且与谓语动作同时发生,一般作原因状语位于句首；（近十年高考从未考过）Being beaten by his father, the little boy cried loudly. having been done与句中主语构成逻辑上的被动关系，且先于谓语动作发生；多数情况下可以与过去分词互换Having been told many times, she still repeated the same mistake.注意：1. 分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。例如：Standing in a long queue, we waited for the store to open to buy a New iPad. 2.否定形式： not doing; not having done; not done。例如：Not having made full preparations, we decided to put off the meeting till next week.二、典题直击1. Simon made a big bamboo box the little sick bird till it could fly.（2011四川） A. keep B. kept C. keeping D. to keep2. Tom took a taxi to the airport, only _ his plane high up in the sky.（2012 四川） A. finding B. to find C. being found D. to have found3. We were astonished _ the temple still in its original condition.（2010辽宁）A. finding B. to find C. find D. to be found 解题思路：1）确定考题是否为考查非谓语动词，方法是题干是否已有谓语。 2）若选项中有to do , 需考虑是否能译成“为了” 或者“却”等， 来作目的、结果或原因状语。3. _ the course very difficult, she decided to move to a lower level.（2013北京） A. Find B. Finding C. To find D. Found4. _ at the cafeteria before, Tina didnt want to eat there again.（2013 山东）A. Having eaten B. To eat C. Eat D. Eating解题思路：1）确定是否考查不定式作目的、原因、程度等状语； 2）排除不定式后，判断主句的主语和非谓语之间的主被动关系； 若为主动关系， 则选择doing 、 having done； 3）分析时间；若非谓语动词的动作发生在主句动词之前，则选择 having done, 否则就选doing。5. _in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring childrens love of art. （2013安徽） A. To found B. Founding C. Founded D. Having founded6. _to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film. （2012重庆） A. Having been asked B. To ask C. Having asked D. To be asked解题思路：1）判断主句的主语与非谓语动词之间的主被动关系；若为被动，则 选择done或having been done. 2）done和having been done在作状语时，通常可以互换；若题干中有 for+段时间，many times等时间状语，则通常要选择having been done. 7. _ which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice. （2013四川）A. Not knowing B. Knowing not C. Not known D. Known not8. Having been attacked by terrorists,_.（2004上海） A. the tall building collapsed B. doctors came to their rescue C. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists解题思路：1）明确非谓语动词否定形式中not的位置； 2）若题干中已给出非谓语作的状语，则解题的关键是明确主句的主语。9. This machine is very easy _. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes. （2012辽宁）operating B. to be operating C. operated D. to operate10. The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable _. （2011福建） A. held B. holding C. be held D. to hold解题思路： 分析句子结构，确定考查不定式作状语，主动表被动的情况。三、能力突破解答非谓语动词做状语的解题步骤：1.确定是否考查非谓语动词作状语，方法是题干的特点通常为 主句 ，状语。 或者 状语，主句 。（不定式作目的，原因等状语除外）。2.若选项中有不定式to do，先分析是否考查不定式作目的，结果，原因等状语。（不定式作目的状语通常不能放在逗号后）3.排除不定式后，分析主句主语与非谓语动词之间的主被动关系；若为主动， 选择doing , having done; 若为被动，选择done或having been done;4.分析时间；若非谓语发生在谓语之前，则选having done，否则就选doing.1. When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed, me stories till I fell asleep. （2013重庆）having told B. telling C. told D. to tell2. I stopped the car _ a short break as I was feeling tired. （2013山东） A. takeB. taking C. to take D. taken 3. _ into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order. （2011天津卷）A. Translating B. Translated C. To translate D. Having translated4. George returned after the war, only _ that his wife had left him.（2012山东） A. to be told B. telling C. being told D. told5. Dina, _ for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency. （2010 湖南） A. struggling B. struggled C. having struggled D. to struggle四、备考指津1. 非谓语动词作状语是历年各省市重点考查的语法项目，因此我们必须给予其足够的重视。在复习备考的过程当中，重中之重是能够熟练地找出主句的主语，并能准确地判断其和非谓语动词之间的主被动关系；与此同时，也不能忽略不定式作状语的用法，尤其是其作目的状语和结果状语的用法。2. 反复练习近五年高考真题中相关试题。 非谓语动词作状语用法（三）一、考点透视考纲定位和能力要求： 掌握过去分词、独立成分等非谓语动词作状语的特殊结构；（1） 某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，且往往用于一些系表结构中，此时的过去分词不表示被动和完成，而是表示一种状态，这样的结构有： be dressed in; be lost （in）; be known as/for; be devoted to; be located （in）， be faced with; be absorbed in doing; be satisfied with等等。这些结构在做状语时，常用过去分词形式，不使用ing形式。做定语和宾补时也一样。 Dressed in a red coat, the teacher came into the classroom with a big smile on her face. Well- known as a famous writer, Luxun wrote many famous books in his life. （二） 独立成分作状语 有些分词或不定式作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分. 常见的有 compared to/with（和比较起来）; judging from/by（根据。来看）To tell you the truth ( 给你说实话）； generally speaking ( 一般的说来）；considering ( given) 考虑到，鉴于 supposing ( assuming 假设。）； Judging from his accent, he is from south. Considering your health, youd better have a rest. 二、典题直击 1. Michaelsnewhouseislikeahugepalace, _withhisoldone. （2009重庆） A. comparing B. compares C. tocompare D. compared2. When _ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. （2006浙江） A. compared B. being compared C. comparing D. having compared 3. _ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. （2006四川） A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face三）独立主格结构作状语 非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语，但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构。这种结构在句中充当状语。 独立主格结构的构成形式有： 1. 名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/动词不定式 1）His mother to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner. 2） The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 3） The task completed, he had two months leave.2. 名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语 1）He stood there, his mouth wide open. 2） School over, we all went home. 3） He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. 典题直击 1. The party will be held in the garden, weather . (2012全国) A. permitting B. to permit C. permitted D. permit解题思路：1）分析题干，确定考查独立主格结构；方法是逗号前或后有 一完整的句子，另一部分有单独的主语。 2） 判断独立主格的主语和非谓语之间的主被动关系 ； 3） 分析时间关系。2. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _ at the end of last March. A . has been launched B. having been launched C. being launched D. to be launched 四）非谓语动词作状语用法小结 结合上次微课所学内容，现总结非谓语动词作状语的完整解题步骤： 1.确定是否考查非谓语动词作状语，方法是题干的特点通常为 主句 ，状语。 或者 状语, 主句 。(不定式作目的，原因等状语除外）。 2.若选项中有不定式to do,先分析是否考查不定式作目的，结果，原因状语。(不定式作目的状语通常不能放在逗号后） 3.判断是否考查过去分词特殊结构或独立成分作状语。 4.排除以上两种情况后，分析主句主语与非谓语动词之间的主被动关系；若 为主动,选择doing , having done; 若为被动,选择done或having been done; 5.分析时间；若非谓语发生在谓语之前，则选having done,否则就选doing。三、能力突破 1. 对于过去分词作状语的特殊情况以及独立成分作状语的情况，解题、关键是牢记常考的那些结构并能够在题干中识别出来。如: be dressed in, compared to/ with等。 2. 关于独立主格的考题，关键是识别出考题在考查该考点。方法就是刚才提到的题干特点应为“句子， 主语+ _” 或“主语+_, 句子。” 确定之后，要先排除掉谓语动词选项，然后再判断主被动关系即可。 1. _ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police（2005江苏） A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing2. _, the more expensive the camera, the better its quality. （2005全国II） A. General speaking B. Speaking general C. Generally speaking D. Speaking generally3. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _ for the day. （2007重庆） A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished 4. _ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. （2005湖南） A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having5. Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some a life span of around 20 years. （2011浙江） A. having B. had C. have D. to have6. _ warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it. （2013湖南） A. Staying B. Stayed C. To stay D. Stay四、备考指津 独立成分作状语，高考主要考查的就是compared to/with结构，所以大家一定将其要牢记。至于独立主格的用法，由于其相对来说较难，并不是高考的热点，所以大家在复习备考的过程中，不需要给予其过多的时间，近十年出现的考题本次微课均已呈现。 状语从句 第一讲 时间状语从句考点透视【考纲定位】状语从句是必考点，常规考点与稍偏考点相结合。 【考点内涵】时间状语从句最常考，常用引导词有： 1. when, while, as, whenever 2. as soon as, the moment, the second, hardly (scarcely)when, no sooner Than3： the first time ; the last time 4: before , after , until , till 知识充电 时间状语从句最常考when 和before，因为他们都具有多义性，需要根据不同语境判断含义需求。When 1）当时 2）突然 3）引导非时间状语可表“在的情况下”，“虽然”。Before 含义虽然是“在之前”，但语境下译法灵活，造成考试难度1); .才； 2）：。（过来多久）就典题直击2013年湖南）You must learn to consult your feelings and your reason _ you reach any decision.A. although B. before C. because D. unless 问问自己感受，先明确理由，后做决定。（2013年陕西）I have heard a lot of good things about you _ I came back from abroad.since B. until C. before D. when【考点】 考查哪个时间状语引导词与现在完成时合作。【知识充电】hear sth. About sb. 听说关于某人的。Hear from :收到某人的来信 （2012山东）He smiled politely _ Mary apologized for her drunken friends. A. as B. if C. unles D. though【逻辑链】 两个事件同时发生，as。 if，unless表条件；though表尽管。不合题意。【知识充电】 apologize道歉，apology名词。 drunk，drunken都可作定语，醉酒的。 drunken多一个含义：常醉的。2011福建卷）It was April 29, 2001 _ Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.that B. when C. since D. before【考点】区分时间状语从句和强调句式。观察介词的有无：It was on April 29 that; It was April 29 when.【知识充电】palace宫殿，place地方；wedding ceremony婚礼仪式，wedding reception婚宴接待2004辽宁） We were told that we should follow the main road_we reached the central railway station.A. whenever B. until C. while D. wherever【对比时间状语引导词】 whenever，无论何时，事件可以任何时间发生，不固定。 until，动作延续到后边时间点结束。 while后是前面动作发生的时间区间范围。（2012全国卷II）I had hardly got to the office _ my wife phoned me to go back home at once. A. when B. than C. until D. after 【知识充电】 hardlywhen= no sooner than，两句动作先后发生，相隔甚短；且，前半句用过去完成时。若否定副词位于句首，要倒装前半句。 as soon as，一就，后边时间动作即可是过去，也可是将来。知识充电The first time, next time引导时间状语从句时，不用加that。Next time you get lost, stay where you are, waiting for help. （时间状语从句）I was deeply impressed the first time I came here. （时间状语从句）This is the first time (that) I have been here. （定语从句）（2010陕西）John thinks it wont be long _ he is ready for his new job. A. when B. after C. before D. since【考点】 not long before不久就【对比】 Ten months passed before I knew it.一晃十个月已经过去，我才意识到。能力突破（2008辽宁）I used to love that film_I was a child, but I dont feel it that way any more.once B. when C. since D. although【对比时间状语引导词】 once，一就，跟短暂动作； since，自从，后跟过去时间，谓语用现在完成； when，当时，兼容所有。（2005安徽）That was really a splendid evening. Its years_I enjoyed myself so much.when B. that C. before D. since【高级词汇】 splendid极好的【考点】 It is（has been）+时间段since：自从已有 多久。此句准确译法：很久没有如此开心了！ It wont be long before过不了多久就2007天津）It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life_weve actually had that lesson.A. until B. after C. since D. when【对比时间状语引导词】 肯定谓语与until合作，谓语是延续性动作； since后用过去时。 when所指的时间是前面句子所描述的事件的发生时间。 after前面事件发生晚，后面事件发生早。（2011江西卷 ） Please call my secretary to arrange a meeting this afternoon, or_ it is convenient to you. A. whenever B. however C. whichever D. wherever【证据链】 A or B是同类，由于this afternoon是时间，所以or后必是时间。【高级词汇】convenient方便，对于某人方便，后边跟to；不跟for。备考指津 1. 熟练区分时间状语引导词的特色，仔细识别前后动作的短暂、延续属性。 2. 参考题干含义逻辑，逻辑链也很重要。 状语从句 第二讲 让步状语从句一、考点透视【考纲定位】状语从句是必考点，让步状语从句是常考点。【考点内涵】尽管（虽然,即使），主句千万不要加but；无论（不管） Though，although，even if，while，as no matter what （who；which；when；where；how） Whatever；whoever；whenever；wherever；however二、典题直击（2011陕西 ） _all of them are strong candidates，only one will be chosen for the post. A. Since B. While C. If D. As 【知识充电】candidate候选人；post岗位；choose chose chosen 【逻辑链】选手虽然都很强，但只能选一个。while表尽管，位于前半句；as表尽管，位于前半句第二个字 的位置。2013年江苏）In the global economy，a new drug for cancer，_ it is discovered，will create many economic possibilities around the world.A. whatever B. whoever C. whenever D. whichever【高级词汇】global economy环球经济；drug药，毒品；possibility可能【考点】whenever引导的此句是让步状语，意思是“不管（2013年辽宁） One can always manage to do more things，no matter_ full ones schedule is in life. A. howB. whatC. whenD. where【高级词汇】schedule日程，计划安排；full满，忙【逻辑链】不论多忙，挤时间多做点事总是可以做到的。2013年上海） They promised to develop a software package by the end of this year， _ they might have. A . however difficult B. how difficult C. whatever difficulty D. what difficulty【高级词汇】develop a software package开发一个软件包【逻辑链】他们承诺：不论遇到什么困难，年底前要把软件包开发成功。（2013年四川） He is so busy. He cannot afford enough time with his son _ he wants to. A. even if B. as if C. because D. before【逻辑链】因为太忙，所以，即使想，也没多少时间陪儿子。（2012新课程）I dont believe weve met before， I must say you do look familiar.A. therefore B. although C. since D. unless【逻辑链】尽管我必须说你看起来眼熟，但我还是觉得我们没见过面。【知识充电】familiar熟悉；therefore所以。（2012陕西） Hot _ the night air was，we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey. A. although B. as C. while D. however【考点】although，as，while都可表尽管；但位于句子第二个词位置的只有as；while表尽管只能放在前半句；although句，既可以在前半句，也可以在后半句。（2012北京） Look at those clouds！ Dont worry. _ it rains，well still have a great time. A. Even if B. As though C. In case D. If only【知识充电】even if=even though即使；as though=as if仿佛；have a great time玩的开心。三、能力突破（2011重庆）To show our respect，we usually have to take our gloves off _we are to shake hands with. A. whichever B. whenever C. whoever D. wherever 【逻辑链】与别人握手要摘下手套，不管是谁。（2011四川） Frank insisted that he was not asleep _ I had great difficulty in waking him up. A. whether B. although C. for D. so【逻辑链】尽管我费好大劲才把Frank叫醒，他楞坚持说他没睡着。【知识充电】insist that表坚持认为时，可跟任何时态；insist that表坚持让某人做某事，用should do，且should可省略。Have difficulty in doing sth，做某事有困难，in可省略。（2010上海）_you may have，you should gather your courage to face the
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