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Diffrences between Chinese Writing and Westen Writing1. Rooted in different thought pattern. Chinese: circular Westen: linear2. Objectivity Chinese :personal, tell the readers his feelings from the inside of the event or issue Western: objective, Dont tell me how you feel; tell me what happened. I ll decide how I feel. write from the outside of the event. Chinese writer is more likely to use more descriptive terms and words showing a greater degree of emotion than the westerns. eg: As a frend you should point out mistakes to your friend. Its like fresh air injected into your friendship. It can help to keep the frendship tree green and luxuriant forever. (sentimental)3. Westerners emphasize creativity and individualism. Chinese value models and imitation, which is a serious problem that copyright laws prevent.4.Chinese are more militant(you should, we must, absolutely.) in their language, and imperative is more common. Westeners would state his point and let the facts speak for themselves. Therefore, persuasion is often used.Unit One Word (Diction)I. Levels of words.Formal common colloquial (informal)1.Formal: also learned ,literarya) three or more than three syllablesb)Greek or Latin origin c)Used in formal writing: scholary theoretical words political and legal documentsFormal lectures address (read paragraph 1) 2.Common: widely used, in all kinds of writing3.Colloquial: also informala)one or two syllablesb)Saxon originc)mainly used in dialogs, to express peoples thoughts1)slangs (used sparingly)non-standard words (not used)example: Informal Formal Informal Formalhouse mansion do performclass category hide concealkind species act functionquit resign help assistend terminate leave departWe should use right levels of words in different situations Examples of not suitable sentences: (1) On hearing that his father had kicked the bucket, we wrote him a letter to express our sympathies. (2) I am desirous of exploring your feeling on the lecture. (This sentence is copied from a book, but it is used in wrong situation (not suitable for oral words) .It may be changed into: Id like to hear your views on the lecture. or May I have your views on the lecture?3. How to choose proper words in common writing:(1)avoid colloquial words or phraseseg: Im awfully sorry. He got to hurry -He has to hurry Shut up!(2)be careful while using slangs:eg: real cool(好极了) cut class(逃学) booker(书呆子) (3)avoid obsolete idioms or phraseseg: as poor as a church mouse rain cats and dogs(4) avoid scholary, theoretical wordseg: implementcarry out expeditehurry up finalizefinishExercises 1: Rewrite the following sentences with common words:1. There will be a repeat of his lecture next week.2. The manager hoped to get an interview with that worker.3.We cannot mandate a solution to inflation.(find a solution by giving an authoritative order)4.You should think about alternatives for the future,5.They will not think the worst of you for lack of experience.6.The price of meat has been declining alarmingly.(going down steeply)7.Penalties for overdue books will be strictly enforced.(You have got to pay fines for overdue books.)8. The children aggravated (annoyed) me so much that I figure I got kind of mad.Exercise 2: Which one is more formal?(the second one)1.Bill speaks French more fluently than me. Bill speaks French more fluently than I.2.I cant put up with your bad manners. I cant tolerate your bad manners.3.He spoke confidently.He spoke with confidence.4.If the weather is fine , we ll go for an outing .Weather permitting, we ll go for an outing .Exercise 3: Which one is colloquial ? 1 . I d like to pick up a little extra cash this coming cumber so my dad wont have to foot the whole bill for putting me through college.2. Next summer should like to earn some money to reduce the expense to my father in sending me to college.II. Synonyms A word has two aspects in its meaning: denotative and connotative. Many words have the same denotation when translated in Chinese, but have different commutations. (example: country, nation, state)we call them synonyms.(One thing to be on guard against: Chinese students like to find a Chinese equivalent of an English word in a dictionary. However, no exact ,esp for synonyms. There is few absolute synonyms ,such as “word-formation & word-buiding; fricative & spirant)Synonyms different from one another mainly in four ways:1.register 语域，使用范围hugelargebig (formal and informal ; less and more emphatic)eg: They agreed to (informal) the plan for the development of the inner city approved of (formal) Im aware (formal) resentment in that situation. conscious of (informal) They made a decision to abandon (formal) the project. walk out on (informal)2.slight difference in meaning eg: escape flee : escape from danger, threat.The wolf rolled over and played dead to escape capture by the farmer.They lost no time in fleeing the burning hotel.3.emotional coloring:small-objective modest-laudatory little-feeling of fondness humble-derogatorysteed, charger-elevated 高雅horse-neutral 中性nag, plug-vulgar 粗俗4.collocationsaccuse, charge, rebuke, reproachaccuseof chargewith rebukefor reproachwith/for(class one)III. IdiomsIV. General and specific wordswalk: step file limp stagger tiptoe amble stroll wander stride strut pacelook at: regard face watch scan observe witness glimpse glance peer stare gaze gapecry: weep sob burst into tearsangry: annoyed peeved huffy irate nasty peevish furious enranged livid irritatedtree: conifer evergreen bush oak ash plane birch elm poplar pine laurel fir animal: fish horse bird dog bitch pup fox wolf zebra pig duck snakeflower: daffodil rose orchis lily tulip dandelion chrysanthemumwind: breeze gale gust blow puff breath hurricane typhoon cyclone rain: shower monsoon downpour deluge drizzle stormExercise: Develop the following sentence into a paragraph by using detail word. On a winter morning, an old man was fishing by the river.1.What about the weather? (cold wind snowing gloomy)2.What is around the river?(trees path covered with snow clam tranquil)3.How about the old man?(appearance: white-haired moustache beard wrinkle; expression: serious stare at a fishing rod lonely; dress: shabby raincoat strawhat) Unit Two SentenceI. Complete sentences: Definition: A sentence is a group of words containing a subject and a verb and expressing a complete thought. Good English consists of clear ,well-made, correct sentences. However, many students have the confusion about what a sentence is and what is not.II. Ineffective sentence:1.Sentence fragment:1)Definition: a sentence fragment is a part of a sentence and use as if it were a whole sentence. The fragment may be written with a capital letter at the beginning and an end mark at the end; nevertheless, it is not a sentence because it dows not express a complete thought., and it must not be allowed to stand by itself.Compare: Sentence: High in the sky a silver plane swooped toward the horizon. Fragment: High in the sky a silver plane toward the horizon. High in the sky a silver plane swooping toward the horizon.2)Types of fragment:a) fragment without verb.b)phrase fragmenteg: The cold wind made an eerie noise. Like a screech owls cry. The haughty Estella denounced Pip. Calling him a clumsy laboring boy. Immediate aid was given to the stricken town. Not only to feed the hungry but also to help the sick.c)The appositive fragment Eg: Yesterday he went to see Peter. A good friend of his.d)the subordinate clause fragmenteg: Everyone enjoyed the play. Which was Julius Caesar in modern dress.3)how to avoid:Do not separate a phrase, an appositive or a subordinate clause from the sentence of which it is a part.4)Legitimate sentence fragments:a)imperative sentenceeg: Dont do it again.( you is omitted)b)conversation:eg: “See the geese?” “Where?” “Flying north.”c)exclamations:eg: What a wonder! If only I had been there!d)Ansers to questions:eg: What did we gain? -Nothing.e)Emphasis:Eg: There are books everywhere. Books in the living room, books in the bedroom, books even in the kichen.Exercises: 1.Logical thinking is a skill that can be developed. First by learning what it is and then by practicing it.2.Federal budgets are difficult to understand. Especially when they contain so many items.3.I am sure that he did not know that he was lying. (right)4.Realizing that the best thing a college education has to offer.5.Often being told to do things I dont like, such as getting out of bed.6.Did you know that gold is present in small quantities in sea water? (right)7.John went to high school. Henry only to grammar school.8.When he was a young man, he worked in a store. At the same time studied books on law.2.Run-on sentences:1)definition: a run-on sentence may consists of two or more sentences which may be separated by a comma instead of a period or other end marks, or there is no punctuation at all. The first sentence “runs on” into the second one. It is also called “comma fault”.Eg: The meeting seemed to last for hours, nothing was accomplished.2)how to avoid: Do not use a comma between sentences .You may separate the sentences by a full stop, join the sentences by a semicolon, a comma and a conjunction, a subordinating conjunction . Exercises:1.High school students often develop their hobbies into careers. 2.Using important ideas as an aid to rapid reading.(f)3.I went to the country to visit my aunt, after that I stayed with an old friend for a few days.(r)4.What is the use of studying Latin, it is a dead language. (r)5.Last summer I was a camp counselor, I liked it very much. (r)6.Robert Frost won the Pulitzer Prize for poetry four times.7.Tips for getting along on the job. (f)8.Ill never forget the day I saw the skyline of San Francisco ,a view like that is a breathtaking sight. (r)III Coordination and Subordination1.Coordination: A single sentence frequently contains one or more ideas which may be equal or unequal in importance. Those that are equal are called coordinate ideas. These sentences may be combined in a compound sentence that shows the relationship between the two ideas. We call the clauses in the new sentence coordinate clauses.Eg: Mr. Jones teaches French, and Miss Williams teaches English.Mr. Jones may teach French, or he may teach English.If the two sentences are not equal, we call them subordinate ideas.2.Faulty coordination :When two ideas of unequal importance are connected by a coordinate conjunction, its called faulty coordination. Eg: * The white gulls almost hid the sun from view, and they circled over the water in a great cold.3.How to correct:We may subordinate one idea in a subordinate clause, a modifying phrase or an appositive.Eg: * The white gulls almost hid the sun from view, and they circled over the water in a great cold. -As they circled over the water in a great cold, the white gulls almost hid the sun from the view. -Circling over the water in a great cold, the white gulls almost hid the sun from the view.Exercises:1)The new film won many awards, and the producers were very pleased.2)He reached for a book, and it was on the top shelf.3)Bob won the speaking contest, and he is very shy.4)We drove to California, and we passed through the dessert.5)He painted a picture, and ti showed roses in bloom.6)It was midwinter, and many children took a bus to school.7)My aunt is an actress , and she gave me the tickets.8)She had washed the windows, and it had rained, and they wee still spotted.9)Cyrano thought no one could love him, and he had a very big nose.10)Wedgwood china id beautiful, and its made in England.IV ReferenceA correct sentence should have clear reference.Pronouns and AntecedentsA pronoun must refer clearly to the right antecedent.Eg: The pope asked Tom to do the sculpture, but he refused. The math teacher gave the students a problem they couldnt solve.1.Ambiguous referenceA pronoun refers to 2 antecedents so that the reader does not know which antecedent is meant.Eg: *The nurse told Mary that she had a fever. -The nurse said that Mary had a fever.Exercise:1)When the truck hit the wall, it was hardly damaged.2)Before the gate could fit the opening of the fence, it had to be made smaller.3)Mrs. Smith smiled at Mrs. Jones when she was awarded the silver cup.4)The policeman told the sergeant that eh had a button missing on his uniform.5)When the ambassador said good-bye to the foreign minister, reporters thought he looked confident.2.General reference: A pronoun refers to an idea that is vaguely expressed. The antecedent is expressed in terms which are too general to be clear. Pronouns commonly used in this way are which , this, that , it Eg: *The first part of the test was on chemistry, the second on mathematics, the third on physics. This made it very difficulty.3.Weak reference:The antecedent has not been expressed but exists only in the writers mind.Eg:* Every time a circus came to town, Gorge wanted to join them. (no antecedent for “them”) * He was a very superstitious person, and one of these was that walking under a ladder would bring bad luck. How to correct: replace the weak pronoun with a noun or by giving the pronoun a clear antecedent.Exercise:1)The famous author has an enormous library, and he makes them available to his friends.2)Although he is found of poetry, he has never written one.3)Deer-hunting is not much sport unless you shoot one.4)Even though it rained on the night of the concert, Ed went because his favorite ones were being played. 4.Indefinite use of pronounsThis may occur in ordinary conversation, but should be avoid in most writing.Eg: On TV it said that a new earthquake broke out. In some histories they refer to the Civil War as the war between the states.Exercise: 1)In Silas Mamer it shows how a childs love can change a man.2)In South Africa they mine diamonds and sell them to jewelers to be cut.3)They had whirled so fast that it made them dizzy.4)In some nineteenth-century novels, you are always meeting difficult words.The following sentences contains ambiguous, general, weak and indefinite reference. Correct the errors.1)For days after he saw a baseball game, Tim wanted to be one.2)I heard the owl hoot from a tree nearby, but I couldnt see it.3)In Julius Caesar, it tells how Caesar was murdered by the conspirators.4)They worked hard, but it made them neither rich nor comfortable.5)When the mirror crashed to the floor, it shattered it into a thousand pieces.V Modifiers1.Misplaced ModifiersSuch sentences may be clear at first glance; yet, because of a misplaced word or group of words, they may mislead the reader or have him take a second look. Eg: * Lenny saw a dog gnawing a bone on his way to school.* They were delighted to see a field of daffodils climbing up the hill. * The hunter watched the lion come charging at him with a bow and arrow.How to avoid: Place phrase and clause modifiers as near as possible to the words they modify.Exercises:(1)We saw Hal kick a field goal from the grandstand.(2)The orator thanked his listeners for applauding his speech with charm and tact.(3)The salesman tried hard to sell us the new car with glowing words of praise.(4)Theres an Egyptian bracelet in a local museum that is four thousand years old.(5)He nearly lost 10 dollars last night.2.Dangling modifiersA modifying phrase or clause must clearly and sensibly modify a word in a sentence. When theres no word that the phrase or clause can modify, the modifier is said to dangle.Eg: * Eating my dinner quietly, the explosion made me jump up.Exercises:(1)Having rained all day, we felt sad when we arrived home.(2)After eating his usual breakefast, two visitors arrived at the door.(3)Having written the last poem, the book was now ready for the printer.(4)Going at full speed, the accident occurred near the parkway.(5)While doing his daily homework, Johns father read the newspaper.3.Two-way modifiers:The modifier refers to more than one person or thing. It is difficult ot understand what the writer means. Eg: * The mayor said after the meeting he would discuss the budget.Exercises:1.The leader of the Safari promised in the morning we would see a herd of eland. 2.The manager told the rookie after the game had begun to report to the dugout.3.Galileo declared after considerable pressure he would recant his views.4.The President said in the press interview his opponent spoke like a child.5.Split infinitives:An Split infinitive is a consruction in which the sign of the infinitive “to” has been separated from the verb with which it is associated.Eg: * He always tries to efficiently and promptly do his work.6.Seperation of closely related sentence elements:Eg: *She , since the manager disliked her, went to the other company.* We are staying at , for the time being, the local hotel.VI Parallel Stucture1.Parallelism is a writers method of expressing similar idea in similar grammatical forms. Ideas of equal importance should be expressed in parallel form. Avoid faulty parallel stucture.Eg: * In the winter I usually like skiing and to skate.2.Three kinds of parallel stucture:(1)coordinate: coordinate ideas are of equal importance and are connected by “and, but, or nor” ( coordinate conjunctions) .For proper coordination , a noun is paried with another noun, a phrase with a phrase, a clause with a clause, an infinitive with an infinitiveeg: * The company guaranteed increases of salary and that the working day would be shortened.(2) compared or contrasted eg: * Einstein liked mathematical research more than to supervise a large lab. * To chew carefully is as necessary for a good digestion as eating slowly(3) correlative: bothand eitheror neithernor not onlybut alsoeg * With The Pickwick Papers, Dickens proved that he was not only humorous but also a wtiter or great originality. * Washington both experienced the gloom of Valley Forge and the joy of Yorktown.Exercises:(1)Swimming in a lake is more fun for my family than to swim at the seashore.(2)My grandfather neither enjoyed modern music nor modern art.(3)Many poets at some time in their careers began painting and then to write.(4)Poes short stories have suspense, style, and they are well constructed.(5)Thomas Hardy achieved success both as a church architect and writing poetry.3.Ambiguous parallel structure:Eg: After the celebration ,we were introduced to the president and master of ceremonies.* Winning the scholarship was as great a pleasure to the teacher as the student.* The dog is as important to Mr. Smith as Mr. White. * Mr. Smiths dog is as beautiful as Mr. White How to correct: repeat an article, a reposition or a pronoun wh
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