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Unit 4 Earthquake1、 shake v.n. vt.vi.(shook, shaken) 摇动；震动；颤抖;shake hands with sb /shake sb s hand / shake sb. by the hand 与握手shake one s head at sb 朝某人摇头(表否定, 怀疑, 悲伤, 不赞成等)shake with. 因.而颤抖 e.g.: a. shake with laughter, fear, rage, etc 笑得, 吓得, 气得打颤 b. shake with cold 冻得发抖shake one s fist at sb 向某人挥拳表示愤怒或恐吓. e.g.: a. shake the bottle before using. 使用之前请摇动瓶子. b. The earthquake shook the building. 地震使房子振动. n. c (多用单数) 摇动; 震动;e.g.: a shale pf the head 摇头辨析: shake, tremble ,quake shake 为常用词, 表示短促而迅速地上下往来摇动. tremble 尤指身体因恐惧、激动或愤怒轻微、快速、不由自主地颤抖.e.g.: tremble with rage, excitement etc trembling hands 颤抖的手 quake 较为正式, 常同 tremble ,但含 “猛烈”的意思.e.g.: quake with fear/cold 因恐惧寒冷而颤抖. quake n. (口) = earthquake 练习: The boy shook his mothers hand. The boy shook hand.2、right away = at once / without delay. 毫不耽搁地；不可用于进行时态.e.g.: Ill write to him right away.right now = immediately / in no time / in a moment / at this very moment / at present 立刻;在此时;在此刻. 在作 “在此时”, “在此刻”讲时,可用于进行时态.e.g.: Hes writing a novel right now.2、 rise vi. (rose; risen) (太阳, 月亮, 星星等)升起;出现; = go up / come up 反义 set (物价, 东西等)上涨;上升; = go up / increase(vi.) 反义go down / fall / drop rise to 上升到; rise by 上升了; (人等)站起来,起床,起身. rise to ones feet = stand up 站起来 raise sb to ones feet 把某人扶起来 early to bed and early to rise 早睡早起 n. 升起;升高；增加=increase give rise to sth 引起;导致; = cause sth / lead to / result in / bring about sth give sb a rise 给某人涨工资;提职; the rise and fall of the British Empire 大英帝国的兴衰e.g.: a. The Sun rises in the east and sets in the west. b. Prices have risen steadily during the past decade. c. The rise in the house rent has added to our difficulties. d. He rose from the chair.辨析: rise, raise，arise rise vi. 升起;上升;增长;升高. 说明主语自身移向较高位置.(自然上升/升起) e.g.: The temperature is still rising. raise vt 举起;提起;抬高. 说明主语发出的动作是要作用于其他事物的(人为的举起;抬起;提高),另:还可意为”提出;饲养;种植”. e.g.: Lets raise glass to our friendship.raise a family 养家;抚养子女; raiseto 举例;提高到 raiseby 举高了;提高了. arise vi. 出现，发生，产生（arose, arisen）=appear e.g.: A new difficulty has arisen.increase improve increase = become or make sth larger in number or amount. (v.n.) 增加 (大).(数目或数量) increase (v.) to 增加到 by 增加了on the increase(n.) = increasing 正在增加. = on the rise e.g.: The rate of inflation has increased by 2. 通货膨胀率已增长了2. improve vt. vi. 改良;改进;改善;(make sth become better)e.g.: His health is improving. 他的健康正在好转.improvement n. 改善，提高练习: After the operation, the player has done more exercise to _C_ his strength.A. rise B. improve C. increase D. raise4、ruin n. 毁灭,崩溃;遗迹,废墟;(常用算数) be in ruins 呈一片废墟fall into ruins 变成废墟bring sth to ruin 使毁灭come to ruin 毁灭,落空go to ruin 毁坏;毁灭ruin one self 自我毁灭 vt.毁灭;毁坏,使破产; sth ruin sth e.g.: The fire ruined the books in the library.辨析: ruin, destroy, damage. ruin 一般指对物体或生命彻底的破坏,但往往是非暴力的,也往往指不是一次的打击结果,常指对美好的希望中的事物的破坏.强调彻底毁坏,往往是长期性的并非一次性行为,不能修复.destroy 表示在肉体上、精神上或道义上的彻底摧毁,使之无法复原,也可表示对某物体进行完全的毁坏.指通过某种特有的或粗暴的手段使之毁灭或无用,一般很难修复.damage 损失;损坏;多用于无生命的东西,指 “价值、用途降低或外表损坏等,不一定全部破坏,损坏了可以修复”;这种损失是自然灾害或人为过失造成的.练习: (用ruin, damage, destroy 的正确形式填空.)1. The fire destroyed most of the building.2. The crops are all ruined by the continuous rain.3. A falling tree damaged the roof and we should repair it.5、injure vt. 使受伤；损害；伤害感情；e.g.: a. Smoking will injure your health. b. The boy injured his leg. c. Your remark may injure her pride (自尊). injure n. c 伤;伤口;伤害. injured adj. 受伤的. the injured (在事故,战斗等中)受伤的 = the wounded.辨析: hurt, injure, wound, harm. hurt “受伤”的一般用语,既可指肉体上的伤害也可指精神上的伤害. e.g.: hurt ones feelings injure 一般指由于意外或事故而受伤,精神上的结果的伤害多用hurt. wound 指外伤,如刀伤,枪伤,剑伤,尤指在战争中受伤. harm 常用于口语,一般只作及物动词,特指伤及一个或其心情、健康、权利、事业等，并使之产生痛苦、损害或某种不幸遭遇.练习: (用wound, damage, destroy, harm, hurt, injure 的适当形式填空.)1. She felt hurt at your words.2. Dont harm your eyes by reading in dim light.3. The bullet wounded him in the shoulder.4. The bus was badly damaged when it hit the wall.5. The building was destroyed in the earthquake.6. He was injured in the accident.6、shock vt. vi (使)震惊; (使)震动;= astonish / surprise / amaze(令惊叹，佩服之意) /wonder=surprise greatlybe shocked at (doing) sth 因.而震惊. be shocked to do e.g.: a. I was shocked at the news of her death. b. He was shocked (at knowing his son playing all day. / to know his son playing all day.) n. 冲击;震动;打击;突击、休克；电击； go into / be in shock 处于休克状态 get a shock from a wire 碰着电线而触电e.g.: a. An electric shock can kill you .b. It was a great shock for him when his wife died. adj. shocking 令人震惊的； shocked 感到震惊的7、rescue v. n.e.g.: a. rescue a man from drowning ,attack. 援救一男子使之免遭溺毙,攻击.b. rescue sb from danger. 营救某脱离危险.c. you rescued me from an embarrassing situation. 是你给我解了围. n. 搭救;解救;come /go to the /sb s rescue 援救或帮助某人.a rescue party 抢救队 rescue workers 救援人员辨析: rescue, save rescue 求助,援助,营救,重在强调迅速行动,从直接的和迫在眉捷的危险中解救. save 救;救助;拯救,普通用词,使用广泛,常指把处于危险或危急状态的人或事物 救出来使之得以保全,很多情况下两词可以换用. 8、judge v. n. vt. 审判；断定；评价；认为. (不用于被动语态) Sb / sth (to be) + n./adj e.g.: I judged him to be about 50. 断定某人/某物 that clause / whether. Judge e.g.: He judged that it was time to open the proceedings. 他认为是开始的时候了. it + n./adj. + to do sth 认为干某事是 e.g.: The committee judged it advisable to postpone the meeting. (委员会认为会议应该延期举办). sth by / from 根据判断 e.g.: Dont judge by appearances. 不要以貌取人.Judging from 从.判断（一般不用judged）拓展：英语中常用来作评价性的词句的非谓语动词（短语），与句子的实际主语之间不存在主动或被动的逻辑关系，常见的有：judging from/by, considering, supposing, to tell you the truth, to be honest, generally /frankly/properly/honestly speaking. n. c 裁判;法官;judgment pass a judgment on 对作出评价. in ones judgment 照某人看来. in ones opinion/to ones thinking. use/exercise ones judge 运用判断力.9、a (great / large) number / (great / large) numbers of 许多;大量; + n.(pl).作主语时,句子谓语用复数the number of + n.(pl). 意为”的数量”,作主语时,句子谓语用单数. a large/great/good/big number of large/great/good numbers of + n.(pl). 谓语用复数 a good/great many (of the) many (of the) many a + n (单) 谓语用单数 large amounts of + n.u 谓语用复数 e.g.: Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge. a large/great amount of + n.u 谓语用单数 a great deal of + n.u 谓语用单数 a lot of n.u 谓语用单数 + lots of n.pl 谓语用复数e.g.: There was lots of money in the safe. plenty of + n.u 谓语用复数 n.pl 谓语用单数 a quantity of + n,pl 谓语用复数 n.u 谓语用单数quantities of + n.pl 谓语用复数 n.u much (of the) + n.u 谓语用单数10、bury vt. 埋葬; e.g.: He was buried with his wife. 将某人/物藏于地下;隐藏; e.g.: Our dog buries its bones in the garden. 覆盖;遮盖; e.g.: She buried her face in her hands and wept. 从记忆中除去;忘记 = forget e.g.: Its time to bury our differences and be friends again.bury oneself in sth 埋头于某事物;专心致志于某事物. = involve oneself in/ concentrate on/ focus ones mind/attention on/ fix ones mind/attention on/ keep ones mind on/ devote oneself to / be deep in sth /be absorbed inbe buried in thoughts/memories of the past=be deep in thought拓展：被动形式表主动意义的类似结构：be hidden among the woods 躲在树林里 be lost in deep thought 陷入沉思be seated in an armchair 坐在椅子上 be stationed in the village 驻扎在村里be dressed in red clothes 穿着红色的衣服 be compared to/with 与相比be drunk 喝醉 be devoted to education 献身教育be set in 以.为背景 be situated/located in 座落在be involved in 被卷入. 11、 honour v. n. v. 尊敬，给予荣誉，表扬某人honour sb/sth with sth =sb. be honoured with 因某事使某人感到荣幸；给某人以荣誉honour sb for sth =sb be honoured for 因某事表彰某人honour sb as =sb be honoured as 尊某人为e.g.: a.Will you honour me with a visit? 如蒙造访则荣幸之至。 b. He was honoured for his life-long work as a teacher. nu 荣誉，尊重 nc 使人感到光荣的人或事do sb an/the honour of doing sth. 使某人有特殊的荣幸；做而给予某人面子have the honour of doing sth 有做.的荣幸 to do sth e.g.: a. Will you do me the honour of dancing of with me?b. May I have the honour of dancing with you?a sense of honour (time,direction,money,duty/responsibility, humour, respect,) 廉耻心do honour to sb = do sb honour 对某人表示敬意pay/give/show honour to 尊敬；表示对.的敬意do the honours 尽主人之谊on/upon ones honour =on ones word of sb 以名誉担保win honor for ones motherland 为祖国争光e.g.: Whos going to pour the tea- Shall I do the honours? 谁管斟茶-我来斟好吗？in honour of = in sbs honour 为纪念.；为向.表示敬意e.g.: a ceremony in honour of those killed in battle拓展：in+n.+of 结构in control of 控制 in favour of =in support of支持in face of 面对 in praise of 赞扬 in memory of 为纪念. in aid of 援助in charge of 负责 in command of 指挥 in case of 以防 in need of 需要 in place of 取代 in hope of 抱着的希望=in hopes of =in the hope that-clause=hoping that-clause12 prepare v. 准备 =get/make sb/sth readyprepare sth 准备某事 e.g.:prepare a meal/examinations/the table/ones lessonsprepare sb for sth 使某人为某事做准备 e.g.: prepare children for an examination指导儿童备考prepare sth for sb 为某人把某事准备好be prepared for sth 对某事（尤指令人不愉快的）做好准备be prepared to do sth preparation n. 预备；准备make preparations for 为.做准备 e.g.: The country is making preparatios for war/to go to war.be in preparation 在准备中in preparation for sth （为某事物）做好准备 e.g.: a. Theyve sold their house and car in preparation for leaving the country.区别：prepare sth&prepare for sthPrepare sth “准备某事/物 “ prepare 的宾语是正在做的事情或东西。e.g.: prepare dinner 准备晚饭即正在做晚饭。Prepare for sth “为某事作准备”，for 在此表示目的。e.g.: prepare for an exam “为考试做准备”。类似：ask&ask for send&send for leave&leave for dig&dig for13. burst v (burst, burst) 爆裂；炸破；胀破；冲破；溃决 e.g.: a. The sun burst through the clouds and shone over the earth. b. If you blow that balloon up any more it will burst. 突然发生；突然发作 burst into sth e.g.: burst into thunderous cheers/tears/song/laughter. 突然出现 e.g.: burst into the room The storm burst and we all got wet. （芽，蕾等） 绽开 e.g.: trees bursting into leaf/bloom/blossom/flower. 充满 e.g.: be bursting with happiness, pride, excitement etc.burst forth 突发；爆发burst into 突然闯入=break into；突然开始 e.g.: burst into a runburst out 突然起来 e.g.: burst out crying/laughing闯出来大声叫喊（战争，疾病等）突然发生；突然出现=break out 14. there be 句型 (区别：have/has)There be 句型表示“某个事物”在“什么地方”，其结构为：there +be+主语其他成分。 there 为引导词，无意义，谓语动词按照就近原则。e.g.:a. There is a desk and three chairs in the room. -There are three chairs and a desk in the room. b. There is an old man living in the forest.拓展：. there be 句型中，be 还可被live, stand, lie, exist等词换用,使句子更形象生动。e.g.:There stands a big tree on the top of the mountain. there be 句型中还可以用appear, seem, happen, 也可以用情态动词如：there used to be. There may be.There must be.There ought to beThere should be.There can be.e.g.:There seems to be something wrong with the machine. He felt there must be something wrong. there be 句型中容易出错的地方：There has a baby over there. (误)不能用has 或have 代替there be 句型中的be.There is a baby is crying over there. (误) baby 是主语，后边应为定语，可用定语从句that is crying over there或现在分词crying over there.注：there be +n.+doing sth 某人在做.there be+n.+done sth 某事被做了There is no need to do sth. 另：There is no doing sth.There is no use/good doing sth.There is no point doing sth There is no sense doing sth. There be +n.+that-clauseThere is no doubt thatThere is some doubt whether. There is some possibility that.There is a rumor that.区别：it is +n.+that-clause15. tooto 句型太以至于不能（表否定）可转化为notenough to 和so .thate.g.: The child is too young to dress himself.=The child is not old enough to dress himself. The child is so young that he cant dress himself.注意： 当too 后接easy, ready, happy, willing, eager 或anxious时，to 后的动词表示肯定。e.g.:a. The book is too easy to understand. b. He was too anxious to leave. . too.not to 表示肯定意思e.g.:He is too careful not to have noticed it. too.to 中too 前面用了否定词（如never）时，表示肯定。e.g.: Its never too late to mend.only tooto 表示肯定，其中too 后的形容词多数是表示某种心情的，e.g.:glad, pleased, willing, thankful, delighted, determined 等，也有描绘性的形容词，e.g.:good, kind, true 等。e.g.:The girl is only too kind to help us. 对比：The girl is too kind to refuse.
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