《英语中级语法》word版.doc

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contentsLesson 1 The Seasons.1Lesson 2 The days of the week.2Lesson 3 My family.3Lesson 4 Our factory.4Lesson 5 Time (1).19Lesson 6 Morning and evening.23Lesson 7 Study for the modernization of china26Lesson 8 at the seaside.27Lesson 9 A Frenchman in New York.28Lesson 10 the rabbit kills a wolf.31Lesson 11 A Conversation.35Lesson 12 the donkeys shadow.37Lesson 13 another chance.39Lesson 14 The Lost watch.44Lesson 15 in the caf.46Lesson 16 Sambo (1).47Lesson 17 Sambo (2).48Lesson 18 New York -A city of many faces.52Lesson 19 Man and the killers53Lesson 20 Attitude toward work55Lesson 21 The lady of the lamp.57Lesson 22 the woman who was too tall.59Lesson 23 A time for courage.60Lesson 24 aspirin and pregnant women.61Lesson 25 Christmas.65(空白)Lesson 26 the glorious painter.65Lesson 27 the stock market.68Lesson 28 Colour.72Lesson 29 Ruthless.76Lesson 1 The Seasons一 词类,词是组成句子的最小单位,英语共分为十大词类:句词:(n) 表示人物,事物,地点,抽象概念等的名称。 如:man,pen, China, love代词:(pron) 且来代替人,物,及名词等。 如:you, it, this.形容词:(a) 修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征。 如:clean, beautiful, red.数词:(num)表示数或顺序 如:one, first动词:(V)表示人或事物的行为或状态。 如:be, have, teach, play副词:(ad)修饰动词,形容词或其他副词,说明时间,地点,程度等。 如:now, here, very介词:(prep)用在名词或代词前,说明该词与其它词的关系 如:in, on冠词:(art)用于名词前,说明名词所指的人或事物是指特指或泛指。 定冠词(the), 不定冠词(a,an)连词:(conj)用来连接词和词,短语和短词 And, but, if感叹词:(int) 表示惊讶,喜悦等感情 oh, ah,There be 结构是一常见的表示“存在”的句型,但是,该结构不表示“存在”意义的现象,它以否定句的形式出现,用于对某一具体行为和抽象概念的否定。其惯用结构一般有以下三种: 一、There is + no + Noun + in doing something 1.其中名词为表“利弊”、“用途”的抽象名词,如: There is no good in going. 去没有什么好处。 There is no harm in doing that. 那样做并无害处。 There is no use in doing it. 干此事毫无用处。 2.其中名词为表“价值”、“意义”的抽象名词,如: There is no sense in waiting here. 在这里等候下去毫无意义。 There is no disgrace in failing once. 一旦失败也不丢脸。 (注:此结构中的介词可以省略,如:There is no use asking hershe doesnt know anything.) 二、There is + no + doing something 1.其中的动词(do)多为“转述”或“认知”等意义的动词,如:tell, say, know等,其后一般跟疑问句,如when,what等。 There is no saying what may happen. 很难说会发生什么事。 There is no telling when he will return. 说不清他何时回来。 There is no knowing when we shall meet again. 不知何时我们能再相会。 2.其他动词,其意义相当灵活。 There is no mistaking what ought to be done. 应该做什么是清楚的。 There is no denying the fact. 事实无可否认。 There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史的车轮不能倒转。 There is no getting along with him. 他很难相处。 Once she starts talking, there is no stopping her. 一旦她打开话匣子,就说个没完。 There is no joking with him. 和他不能开玩笑。 三、There is + no + Action Noun 此结构的含义相当于Its impossible /unnecessary to do something。如: There is no hurry about it. 没有必要这么急匆匆的。 There is no question of his honesty. 他的诚实是勿庸置疑的。 有时,在此结构中的Action Noun被动名词形式所取代,其意义不变。试比较: There is no escape from the evident. There is no escaping the fact. 两句都表示:无法逃(躲)避 Is there any use in discussing the matter further? 这种事再讨论下去有何益处? Is there any hurry about it? 这事需要匆忙吗? 此惯用结构中的be有时可与情态动词连用,其语气更趋委婉。如: There could be no mistaking where he had come from. 他从哪里来是相当清楚的。 此结构中的no也不是一成不变的,它可被其他形式所取代。如: There isnt any getting away from it. 要从它那里逃脱是不可能的。 Theres never any predicting what they will do next. 无法料及他们下一步将会干什么Lesson 2 The days of the week一、 人称代词的概念及形式 表示我/我们,你/你们,他/她/它(们)的词叫做人称代词。人称代词用来指代人、动植物及无生命的物体。根据它们在句中的作用,可分为主格和宾格两种形式。人称代词主格有:I, you,he, she, it, we, you, they;宾格有:me, you,him, her, it, us, you, them。由此可见,you和it的主格和宾格形式相同。 二、 人称代词的用法 1. 人称代词作主语时用主格,在陈述句中放在谓语动词之前。例如: You are a good student. 你是一个好学生。 2. 人称代词宾格用作宾语,置于动词或介词之后,构成动宾或介宾结构。有时在口语中还用作表语。例如: Let me help you. 让我帮助你。(动宾) -Who is it? 谁呀? -Its me. 是我。(表语) 三、 使用人称代词时应注意的几点 1. 单数人称代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;复数人称代词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如: She is over there. 她在那边。 They are under the tree. 他们在树下。 2. 两个或两个以上的人称代词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如: You, he and I are all Young Pioneers. 你、我、他都是少先队员。 3. 两个或两个以上的人称代词并列使用时,一般的排列顺序是: 单数按二、三、一的顺序。例如: You, she and I are right. 你、我和她是对的。 注:第三人称单数he, she或表示男女的姓名并列时,一般遵循男先女后的习惯。例如: He and she are in the same class. 他和她在同一个班级。 复数按一、二、三的顺序。例如: We, you and they are good friends. 我们,你们和他们是好朋友。 但如果表示承认错误或承担责任时,英语习惯上把I放在最前面。例如: I and he are wrong. 我和他都错了。 特殊用法: it可指代时间、天气、气候、距离等,还可指代上文提到的人或事物。例如: Its half past ten. 十点半。(时间) It is fine today. 今天是晴天。(天气) There is a book on the desk. It is Wang Taos.书桌上有本书。它是王涛的。(指上文提到的事物) 用she来代表国家、小动物、太阳、月亮等以表示亲切和爱抚。例如: We love China very much. She is very beautiful. 我们非常爱中国。她非常美丽! 物主代词就是表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词。物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。物主代词有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数的物主代词还有性的变化。物主代词列表第一人称单数 my mine 我的第二人称单数 your yours 你的第三人称单数 his his 他的(阳性) her hers 她的(阴性) its its 它的第一人称复数 our ours 我们的第二人称复数 your yours 你们的第三人称复数 their theirs 他们的、她们的、它们的 Lesson3 My family一 、be动词的几种形式和基本用法 am 当主语是第一人称单数(I)时用 is 当主语是第三人称单数(he, she , it )时用 are 当主语是you ,we和所有复数时用 was 在过去时中,当主语是第一人称单数,第三人称单数时替换am 和is were 在过去时中,当主语是we ,you和所有复数时用,即替换are。 二 、be动词的两种句子形式 (一) 肯定形式: 主语+be+其它.例如: 1. I am (Im) a doctor. 2. You are (Youre) a doctor. 3. He is (Hes ) a doctor. 4. She is (Shes ) a doctor. 5. It is (Its ) a cat. (二)否定句形式: 主语+ be + not+其它 (构成方法: 肯定句变否定句,只要在be 后+not 即可) 以上面的句子为例,将肯定句变为否定句. 1. I am not a doctor. (注: am 和is 不能缩写 ) 2. You are not (arent ) a doctor. 3. He is not (isnt ) a doctor. 4. She is not (isnt ) a doctor. 5. It is not ( isnt ) a cat. 三、be 动词一般疑问句: be + 主语 + 其它. (构成方法: 肯定句变为疑问句,将动词提前到主语前面,同时在末尾 + “?”) 以上面的句子为例,把肯定变为一般疑问句. 1. Am I a doctor? 2. Are you a doctor? 3. Is he a doctor? 4. Is she a doctor?. 5. Is it a cat? 四、对动词一般疑问句的两种回答 肯定形式: Yes, 主语 + be (肯定回答不能缩写) 否定形式: No, 主语 + be + not (能缩写的用缩写形式) 以上面的一般疑问句作出两种回答。 1、Yes, you are. / No, you arent. 2、Yes, I am ./ No , Im not . 3、Yes, he is, / No, he isnt. 4、Yes, she is. / No, she isnt 5、Yes, it is. / No, it isnt. Lesson4 Our factory名词复数的规则变化 情况 构成方法 读音 例词 一般情况 加 -s 1.清辅音后读/s/; map-maps books 2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/; car-cars bag-bags 3.以s,sh,ch, x等结尾的词 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses ,watc h-watches 4.以辅音字母+y 变y 为i baby-babies 5.以f,fe结尾,改f,fe为V再加es. wife- wives knife- knives名词的格 在英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teachers book。名词所有格的规则如下: 1) 单数名词词尾加s,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加s,如the boys bag 男孩的书包,mens room 男厕所。 2) 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加,如:the workers struggle 工人的斗争。 3) 凡不能加 s的名词,都可以用名词+of +名词的结构来表示所有关系,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。 4) 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barbers 理发店。 5) 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有s,则表示分别有;只有一个s,则表示共有。 如:Johns and Marys room(两间) John and Marys room(一间) 6) 复合名词或短语,s 加在最后一个词的词尾。 如:a month or twos absence 名词所有格用来表示所有关系,一般用s和of来表示名词的所有格。与所有格相对,不带s词尾的是名词普通格。 1. I have been away from home for quite a few days. 我已经离家多日了。 2. My wifes car is so small. 我太太的车太小了。 名词的所有格表示名词的所有关系,有两种形式。其一是由名词后加s构成,多用来表示有生命的人或动物。 3. What is the name of this street? 这是哪条街? 名词的所有格的另一种形式是由介系词of加名词构成,多用来表示无生命的东西(包括植物)。 4. Puppy Street? Hey, where are we heading for? 帕皮大街?嘿,我们去那里呀? 5. We are going to Puppys in passing. 我们顺路去趟帕比商店。 名词后加s的形式用于house, shop, home, store等建筑物时名词一般被省略。本句中Puppy s相当于Puppy s store。 6. Oh, it is a nice store. There are womens clothes on sale there. 噢,它是个不错的商店。那里的女士服装正打折呢。 复数名词以s作结尾的后加;不以s作结尾的后加s,如,the students reading room(学生阅览室), womens clothes(女装)。 7. What is that building? 那个是什么楼? 8. Oh, thats Puppy and Barbys house. 噢,那是帕皮和芭比的房子。 两个以上名词共同的所有格表示共同所有;或两个以上名词各自的所有格连用表示各自所有时在名词后加s,如Puppy s and Barbys houses。 9. You keep saying Puppy, Puppy? Who is he? 你总是说帕皮,帕皮,他是谁? 10. He is Thomas brother, dont you remember? 他是汤姆斯的哥哥,你不记得了? 单数名词后加s;单数名词以s结尾的后面加 或 s。 若所有格修饰的名词与后面出现的名词重复,则可以将前者省略,此时第一个名词后加s。 11. Oh, yeah. Puppy s is really a big house. 噢,对。帕皮的房子可真大呀。12. He is really the fortunes favorite. 他真是幸运儿。在表示时间、距离、重量、价格、国家、团体或城市时,也用名词加s来表示所有关系。复数名词以s作结尾的后加 。 13. I am really tired after two days train ride.坐了两天的火车我真是累了。of+名词所有格用于无生命的东西。15. The wheel of the car fell off. 车的轮子掉了。冠词的定义冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。冠词可以说是名词的一种标志,它不能离开名词而独立存在。它们的基本用法总结归纳如下:1.定冠词的基本用法:特指 可用于各类名词,包括物质名词、抽象名词及专有名词。如:I own a dog. The dog is brown.This is the house I lived before. 在形容词的最高级前加the表示一类人。如:The rich get richer, and the poor get children.用于表示民族、阶级、党派的名词前。如:The Chinese is a great people in the world.The working class 工人阶级The Chinese Communist Party 中国共产党表示世界上独一无二的事物,名词前用定冠词。如:The earth runs around the sun.与姓氏的复数连用,表示一家人。如:The Smiths are on holiday now.用于表示方向、方位的名词前。如:It rains more often in the south of China than in the north.在最高级、序数词及next,last,same等词前常用定冠词。如:The last one is the most important one.用于乐器名称前。如:He is good at playing the piano.9在一天的早上,下午,晚上用定冠词the, In the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening,10. 在海洋,江河,湖泊,山脉,海峡,海湾,等地理名词前。The Pacific Ocean The Huanghe River The Tainshan mountains2.不定冠词的基本用法:泛指 表示某一个,用于可数名词单数前。如:We need a pen to write with.与可数名词单数连用,表示类别。如:An ox is a useful animal.A tiger can be dangerous.在某些词组中,代替介词per。如:I go back home once a month.We go swimming four times a week.表示人的职业或工作。I am a teacher, teaching in a college.专有名词也可以加不定冠词,表示专有名词的普通化。如:He wishes to be an Edison.3.零冠词的基本用法(即不用冠词的情况)表示一般概念的物质名词、抽象名词前不用冠词。如:Unity is strength.Failure is the mother of success在复数名词与不可数名词前不用冠词表示类别或泛指。如:They are teachers, not students.表示人名、地名等专有名词在一般情况下不用冠词。但是,表示江河、海洋、山脉、群岛等地理名词及含有普通名词的国名、组织机构名词前需要用定冠词the,人名、地名在特指时也需要加定冠词 the。如:Beijing is the capital of China.表示季节(除in the fall外)、月份、星期、日期、节日等名词前一般不用冠词。如:I often swim in summer.在作表语或宾语补定语表示职位、身份、头衔等的名词前常不用冠词。如:George W. Bush, president of U. S., declared the war against Iraq.具有抽象意义的个体名词和一些介词构成短语时,一般不用冠词。如:The peasants are in trouble because of the bad harvest.表示使用某种交通手段时,名词前不用冠词。如:I usually go to my office by bus.学科名词前一般不用冠词。如:The boy is very interested in physics.表示某顿饭的名词在一般情况下通常不加冠词。如:After supper, I often go out for a walk with my wife.表示运动项目的名词前不用冠词。I prefer playing basketball to playing football.冠词的位置:1) 不定冠词位置不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意:a. 位于下列形容词之后: such,what,many,half,I have never seen such an animal.b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后:It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.So short a time.Too long a distance.c. quite,rather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。但当rather,quite 前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可。如:quite a lot d. 在as,though 引导的让步状语从句中,当标语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后: Brave a man though he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes. 当名词被比较级形容词修饰时,不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。2) 定冠词位置定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all, both,double,half,twice,three times等词之后,名词之前。All the students in the class went out. 与形容词+名词结构 1) 两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。He raises a black and a white cat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。The black and the white cats are hers.这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。2) 如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。He raises a black and white cat.他养了一只花猫。 大家除了掌握使用冠词的基本规则外,还有一些不拘泥于规则,注意冠词的活用:1表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前一般加定冠词the; 但如果名词前有修饰语,也可能用不定冠词a,an。the world, a peaceful world the moon, a bright moon2. 表示一日三餐的名词前面一般不用冠词,但前面如果有了定语修饰,也可能用不定冠词a, an。Have you had supper?We had a wonderful supper.3. 表示乐器的名词前一般用定冠词the, 但前面如果出现定语修饰,也可能用不定冠词a, an。He starts his day by playing the violin.He is playing a borrowed violin.4. 介词与表示交通工具的名词连用表示笼统的方式,前面一般不用冠词,但如果名词的前面出现了修饰语,前面需加冠词。He went to the station by car.He went to the station in a black car.5. 表示语言的名词前一般不用冠词,但后面如果出现language一词,前面需加定冠词the。English=the English language French=the French language6. turn用作系动词时,后面作表语的单数名词前不用冠词。He turned writer many years later.(=He became a writer many years later.) 冠词的用法练习题I.冠词填空:在下列句中空白处填入适当冠词,不需用冠词处划。 1There is _ picture of _ elephant on _ wall 2This is _ useful bookIve read it for _ hour 3 _ elephant is much heavier than _ horse 4 _ doctor told him to take _ medicine three times _ day 5Lets go out for _ walk 6Its too hotOpen _ door,please 7There is _ woman over there _ woman is Meimeis mother 8 _ sun rises in _ east 9 _ Changjiang River is _ longest river in _ China 10Are you going to do it _ second time? 11Washington is _ capital of _ USA 12 _ Turners are living at the end of _ Turner Street 13He joined the army in _ spring of _ 1995 14 _ old man is _ teacherHe likes playing _ basketball after _ supper 15After I had _ quick breakfast,I hurried to school 16Are _ sheep kept by _ farmers for producing _ wool and _ meat? 17They went to _ Peoples Park,but we both went to _ Peoples Cinema yesterday 18I often watch _ TV in _ evening 19 _ day of _ December 20,1999 is Monday 20Tomorrow is _ Christmas Day and my father and I went to choose _ Christmas tree today II.选择填空。 1Does Jim have _ ruler? Yes,he has _ Aan;some Ba;one Ca; Dany;one 2There is _ old bike _ old bike is Mr Zhaos Aan ;The Bthe;An Ca;The Dthe;The 3 _ apple a day keeps the doctors aw ay AThe BA CAn DTwo 4How many books do you have? I have _ bookThats _ English book Aa;an Ba;one Cone;an Done;one 5At that time Tom was _ one-year-old baby Aa Ban Cthe D 6 _ tiger is _ China AThe;a BA;the CThe;from DThe;the 7We cant see _ sun at _ night Athe;the Bthe; Ca; D; 8 _ useful book it is! AWhat an BHow a CWhat a DWhat 9One afternoon he found _ handbagThere was _ “s”on the corner of _ handbag Aa;an;the Ba;a;the Can;an;an Dthe;a;a 10 _ old lady with white hair spoke _ English well at _ meeting AAn;an;a BThe;an CThe;a DThe;the 11 _ Great Wall is _ longest wall in the world AA;a BThe;the CA;the DThe;a 12 _ new bridge has been built over Huangpu River AThe;a BA; CA;the DAn;the 13 _ woman over there is _ popular teacher in our school AA;an BThe;a CThe;the DA;the 14He used to be _ teacher but later he turned _ writer Aa;a Ba;the C;a Da; 15They made him _ king Aa Bthe Can D 16His father is _ English teacherHe works in our school Aa Ban Cthe D 17Is he _ American boy ? Aan Ba Cone D 18Does Tom often play _ football after _ school? A; B;the Cthe; Da; 19They passed our school _ day before yesterday Aan Bone Ca Dthe 20Australia is _ English-speaking country Aa Ban Cthe D 21She has _ orange skirt _ skirt is nice Aa;The Ban;The Can;A Dthe;The 22This is _ appleIts _ big apple Aan;a Ba;the Ca;an Dan;the 23Look at _ horse over there Aa Ban Cthe D 24Dont play _ basketball hereIts dangerous Aa Ban C Dthe 25There is _ old woman in the car A Bthe Ca Dan 26Beijing is _ beautiful cityIts _ capital of China Aa;a Bthe;the C;the Da;the 27Shanghai is in _ east of China A Ban Ca Dthe 28Ive been a student there for nearly two and _ half years Aa Ban Cthe D 29Bill is _ English teacherHe likes playing _ football Aa;the Ban;the Ca; Dan; 30The museum is quite farIt will take you half _ hour to get there by _ bus Aan; Ban;a Ca; D;Lesson5 Time(1)数 词:主要分为基数词和序数词两类。 一、 数词的分类1. 基数词表示数目的词称为基数词。其形式如下:A从110one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,tenB从 1119eleven,twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen,eighteen, nineteen这里除 eleven, twelve, thirteen, fifteen, eighteen为特殊形式外,fourteen,sixteen,seventeen,nineteen都是由其个位数形式后添加后缀-teen构成。C从 2199整数几十中除twenty,thirty, forty,fifty,eighty为特殊形式外,sixty,seventy,ninety都是其个位数形式后添加后缀-ty构成。表示几十几时,在几十和个位基数词形式之间添加连字符“-”21 twenty-one76 seventy-sixD百位数个数基数词形式加“hundred”,表示几百,在几十几与百位间加上and101 a hundred and one320 three hundred and twenty648 six hundred and forty-eightE千位数以上从数字的右端向左端数起,每三位数加一个逗号“,”。从右开始,第一个“,”前的数字后添加 thousand,第二个“,”前面的数字后添加 million,第三个“,”前的数字后添加 billion。然后一节一节分别表示,两个逗号之间最大的数为百位数形式。2,648 two thousand six hundred and forty-eight16,250,064 sixteen million two hundred and fifty thousand sixty-four5,237,166,234 five billion,two hundred and thirty-seven million,one hundred and sixty-six thousand,two hundred and thirty-fourF基数词在表示确切的数字时,不能使用百、千、百万、十亿的复数形式;但是,当基数词表示不确切数字,如成百、成千上万,三三两两时,基数词则以复数形式出现。There are hundreds of people in the hall大厅里有数以百计的人。 Thousands of people come to visit the Museum ofQin Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses every day每天有成千上万的人来参观秦兵马涌博物馆。They went to the theatre in twos and threes他们三三两两地来到了剧院。G表示人的不确切岁数或年代,用几十的复数形式表示。He became a professor in his thirties他三十多岁时成为了教授。She died of lung cancer in forties她四十来岁时死于肺癌。It was in the 1960s那是在二十世纪六十年代。H基数词的句法功能基数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语。The two happily opened the box两个人高兴地打开了盒子。(作主语)I need three altogether我总共需要三个。(作宾语)Four students are playing volleyball outside四个学生在外面打排球。(作定语)We are sixteen我们是16个人。(作表语)They three tried to finish the task before sunset他们三个人尽力想在日落前完成任务。(作同位语)2. 序数词表示顺序的词称为序数词。序数词的主要形式:A从第一至第十九其中,one first, two second, three third, five fifth,eighteighth,nineninth,twelve twelfth为特殊形式,其它的序数词都是由其相对应的基数词后面添加“th”构成。例如: six sixth、nineteen nineteenthB从第二十至第九十九整数第几十的形式由其对应的基数词改变结尾字母y为i,再加“eth”构成。twentytwentieth thirtythirtieth表示第几十几时,用几十的基数词形式加上连字符“”和个位序数词形式一起表示。thirty-first 第三十一fifty-sixth 第五十六
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