初中英语句子成分和简单句.doc

英语句子的成分及简单句的五种基本句式 英语句子与汉语句子一样，都是由单词按照一定的规则所组成的。不同的词类在句中所起的作用是不同的。因此，只有搞清不同词类在句中可充当哪些成分，才能正确分析、理解句子的含义，并能准确地遣词造句，逐渐达到流利地说出地道的英语。【问】什么是句子成分？英语句子包含哪些成分？【答】组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。它包括：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语等。【问】各成分在句中的作用如何？分别由哪些词及短语充当？ 1.主语：是句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当。如： The car is running fast. / The girl can sing many English songs.(名词) We are students. / This is my pen . Yours is on the desk.(代词) One of my classmates is from Shanghai. / Two and three is finve.(数词) The blind need more help.(名词化的形容词) Its bad manners to spit in public. (不定式) Eating too much is bad for your health.(动名词) 【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。.2.谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词充当。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语，连系动词与表语一起构成谓语，情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语，助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。如： 由单一动词作谓语：We are Chinese. / He has an English- Chinese dictionary. 情态动词加主要动词：We can play the piano. / You must see the doctor. 助动词加主要动词构成谓语：She is talking with her sister. / I have seen this man before.【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。3.表语：用于说明主语的身份、特征或感受，一般由名词、数词、形容词、分词等充当。常用的连系动词有：be，look，get，sound(听起来)，feel，become， smell，turn，taste(尝起来)等。如： They are workers.(名词) Two and three is five.(数词) The story is very interesting.(形容词) M y job(工作)is teaching English.(动名词) She is at home.(介词短语) I feel terrible.(形容词) The dish tastes delicious.(形容词) He is here (副词) Its getting dark. / He got very angry. / The hill has turned green. (形容词)4, 宾语：是及物动词所涉及的对象，是动作的对象或承受者。一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等充当。如： He is doing his homework. / I saw a plane in the sky just now. (名词) They did nothing this morning. / I met him on my way home.(代词) I want three./ Please pass me the first. (数词) She wants to go home.(不定式) We enjoy playing football.(动名词) 【注意】有的动词可接双宾语，间接宾语指人，直接宾语指物。这类动词常见的有：give，buy，lend，pass， tell，leave等。如： He bought me a book. Pass me the ball，will you？(间宾直宾) 直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后，但若把直接宾语放在前面，则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如to或 for等。如： Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai.(直宾间宾) Xiao Liu bought a dictionary for Tom.(直宾间宾) 有的动词常用不定式作宾语，而不能用动名词。这类动词有：want，wish， hope，promise，decide，agree， choose，care等。如： I hope to see you again. 有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语，而不用不定式。这类动词有：enjoy，finish，mind，practise，miss， suggest，keep(on)等。如： Do you mind my opening the window？ 有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。 a)forget to do表示“未发生的动作”，forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。如： Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来) I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他了) b)stop to do(不定式为状语)表示“停下 原来的事，去做另一件事”，stop doing表示“停止做某事”。如： I stopped to talk with him.(我停下来与他谈话。) The students stopped talking when the teacher came in.(老师进来时学生们停止谈话。 注意：英语中带有宾语的谓语动词叫及物动词，不带宾语的叫不及物动词。及物动词后必须跟上宾语意义才完整，不及物动词本身意义已完整，后面不跟宾语。 You may use my pen. / Do you like fish? ( 及物) Dick swims very well. / The sun rises in the east. (不及物) 不及物动词可加介词再加宾语 We are listening to the music. They are talking to each other.既可以作及物动词又可以作不及物动词的词： We are growing tomatoes. / Tomatoes grow well in our garden. They left Shanghai yesterday. / They left yesterday. My mother teaches in this school. / She teaches English. We are studying. / We study English. We began our lesson at nine. / The lecture began at nine.5. 直接宾语与间接宾语。 有些及物动词可带有两个宾语，其中一个指物（直接宾语），另一个指人（间接宾语）。我们称为双宾语。 动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物）He lent me a book. / He bought me a pen. / I have taught myself English for ten years. 动词+直接宾语（物）+（to,for）+间接宾语（人）He gave his son some advice. = He gave some advice to his son.Father bought me a computer. = Father bought a computer for me. 6. 定语：用于修饰名词或代词，一般由形容词、名词、数词、不定式等充当。如： What a beautiful kite it is！/ They have a clever son.(形容词) She is a chemistry teacher. / It is a color film.(名词) There are two students in the classroom.(数词) This song is better than that one. (代词) Do you know the young man over there? (副词) We have something to do tomorrow.(不定式) The man in blue is my brother.(介词短语) 【注意】定语一般位于被修饰词之前，但若修饰不定代词或不定式等短语作定语，则放在后面。7. 状语：用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式短语或从句充当。单个副词作状语一般放在被修饰词之前，短语或从句放在句首或句末。如： Thank you very much.(副词表示程度) The old man is walking slowly. (副词表示方式) He usually gets up at six.(副词表示时间) We all work here. (副词表示地点) I get up at five in the morning.(介词短语表示时间) He is studying hard so as to catch up with others.(不定式短语) We were having breakfast when the telephone rang.(从句) 【注意】enough作状语只能放在被修饰词之后。如： He is old enough to go to school.8. 宾语补足语：用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般由不定式短语、分词、名词、形容词等充当。如： We elected him monitor. / (名词) I found it difficult to learn English well. / The sun keeps us warm./ We find the story very interestingh. (形容词) I found her in the room.(介词短语) Please let him in. / I saw him out with XiaoLi. (副词) The doctor told me to do more exercise.(不定式短语) He is going to have his hair cut.(过去分词) They saw a bird flying in the sky.(现在分词)句子结构简单句的五个基本句型主语 不及物动词 She came/ My head aches. 主语 及物动词 宾语 She likes English.主语 系动词 表语 She is happy主语 双宾动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 She gave John a bookShe bought a book for me.主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语 She makes her mother angry The teacher asked me to read the passage （ There +be There lies a book on the desk. ）句子成分练习题( 一 ) (一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.(二) 选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall.A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this.A. want B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor.A. We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music.A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to?A. give B.did C. whom D. book (三) 挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. You will find it useful after you leave school. They didnt know who Father Christmasreally is.(四) 挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it.(五) 挑出下列句中的定语 They use Mr, Mrs with the family name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. I am aiting for the sound of the other shoe! (六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? (七) 挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.(八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen.Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me?