2014高考英语分类基础热身练单词(12).doc

2014高考英语分类基础热身练：单词基础自主回顾.课标单词1_跑道(n.)2_表现(vi.)3_保证(vt.)4_购买(vt.)5_具体的；特定的(adj.)6_得分(vi. & vt.)7_特性；品德；品性(n.)trackperformguaranteepurchasespecificscorequality8_胜利(n.)9_戏剧性地(adv.)10_抗议(vi.)11_费力的；棘手的；困难的(adj.)12_退休(vi.)_退休(n.)13_优势；长处(n.)_(反义词)劣势，不利条件(n.)14_冠军(n.)_冠军地位，锦标赛(n.)victorydramaticallyprotesttoughretireretirementadvantagedisadvantagechampionchampionship15_宣布(vt.)_宣布，声明(n.)16_竞争者；对手(n.)_竞争，对抗(vi.)_竞争，竞赛(n.)declaredeclarationcompetitorcompetecompetition.常用短语1_站起身2_由某人决定3_每十秒钟4_比有优势5_正在增加6_七分之六7_根据，依据rise to ones feetbe up to sbevery ten secondshave an advantage overon the increasesix out of sevenaccording to8_拾起，捡起9_和竞争pick upcompete with.重点句型1But _ this sense of failure _ made him determined to succeed in his new life.但就是这种失败感使他决心在新的生活中取得成功。答案：it was; that2If you go into a school or university anywhere, _ you will see students in Li Ning tracksuits with the familiar logo.如果你走进任何一个地方的中学或大学校园，都有可能看到身穿印有那个熟悉标志的李宁运动服的学生们。答案：the chances are3. He isnt as famous as the others.他不如其他的运动员著名。_. He was a real sportsman, _ hes not very well known.那不是问题的实质。尽管他不是很出名，但他是一个真正的运动员。答案：Thats not the point; even if.模块语法1_ long the sentence is, youd better recite it.A. However B. WhateverC. No matter D. Although答案：A2I hope youve got your own dictionary, _ if you havent you may have to borrow one.A. because B. so thatC. ever since D. when答案：A3I was so familiar with her that I recognized her voice _ I picked up the phone.A. the moment B. afterC. before D. while答案：A4Why not look up the new word in a dictionary _ you dont know it?A. if B. thatC. though D. whether答案：A5_ wont be long _ National Day comes.A. There; since B. This; agoC. It; before D. That; after答案：C6_ you may be right, I cant agree completely.A. While B. AsC. If D. Since答案：A7I havent seen Mary for _ long that Ive forgotten what she looks like.A. such B. veryC. so D. too 答案：C考点探究解密考 点 解 读 1perform vt.& vi. 表现；表演；履行精讲拓展：perform (vi.) well in 在中表现很好perform a part 扮演一个角色perform a task 执行任务perform ones duties 履行职责perform an operation 实施手术performance n. 表演put on a performance演出误区警示：performance表示“演出”时为可数名词，如：They have given many performances of the play.这出戏他们已演出多次了。朗文在线：The advice service performs a useful function.咨询服务发挥了有用的作用。Our team performed very well on Saturday.星期六时我们队表现得很好。命题方向：perform作及物动词用表示“表演”的用法以及名词形式performance的用法。活学巧练：完成句子(1)Li Ming _ well in the last match.李明在上次比赛中表现很出色。(2)What play will be _ tonight?今晚演什么戏？performedperformed2advantage n. 优势，长处He always takes full advantage of the mistakes made by his rivals.精讲拓展：at an advantage 有利地；占优势gain/win/have an(the) advantage over 胜过；优于take advantage of sth./sb.乘机利用某事/欺骗某人to ones advantage/disadvantage 对某人有利/不利disadvantage n. 不利条件put sb. at a disadvantage 置某人于不利境地turn to advantage 使转化为有利be of advantage to 对有利have/win/gain an advantage over 胜过，优于with an/the advantage over 胜过，优于give sb. an advantage 使某人处于更有利的地位B11have the advantage of 比强，胜过B12disadvantage n不利条件误区警示：advantage C n利益，优点，长处U n优势；便利，方便朗文在线：For certain types of work wood has advantages over plastic.对于某些类型的制品来讲，木头要强于塑料。Candidates with computer skills will be at an advantage.具有电脑技能者优先。I took advantage of the good weather to paint the shed.我趁天气好给棚屋刷上油漆。 命题方向：advantage 作名词的用法， take advantage of 和have an advantage over句型及反义词disadvantage的用法。活学巧练：翻译句子(1)There are several advantages in city life.答案：(1)都市生活有几个优点。 (2)The Internet has both advantages and disadvantages. 答案：(2)因特网既有好的方面，也有不好的方面。 (3)In the first half, we had the advantage over the opposing team. 答案：(3)前半场，我们比对方队占优势。3declare vt. & vi.宣布；宣告；申报精讲拓展：declare against sth. 声明反对某事declare in favor of sth. 声明赞成某事declare off 宣布作废；毁约；宣布退出declare oneself 发表意见，表明态度；宣布自己的身份declare sth. open 宣布开幕declare war (on/against sb.) 对宣战declare sb. the winner 宣布某人为获胜者declaration n. 宣布，宣言，声明declarer n. 宣告者declarative adj. 宣言的，公布的B11declaratory adj. 宣言的，公布的朗文在线：The doctor finally declared that the man was dead.医生最终宣布该男子死亡。Ali was declared the winner of the fight.阿里被宣布为这场拳击赛的获胜者。Well I declared! What a pretty little village!我的天！多美的小村庄啊！命题方向：declare后接open作宾补的用法，以及与相关单词间的词义辨析。活学巧练：翻译句子(1)The government has declared a state of emergency.答案：(1)政府已宣布进入紧急状态。(2)He declared that he was in love with her.答案：(2)他声称他已爱上了她。(3)The moment the 28th Olympic Games _ open, the whole world cheered.Adeclared B. have been declaredC. have declared D. were declared答案与解析：D句意为：在28届奥运会宣布开幕的那一刻，全世界沸腾了。the moment在此句中引导时间状语从句“一就”，又有cheered可知答案应为D。4guarantee vt.担保；保证；允许；允诺 n担保物；抵押物；保证书精讲拓展：guarantee fund 保证金stand guarantee for sb. 替某人作保guarantee sb./sth. against/from 保证不受/免遭guarantee sb. against/from loss 保证某人不受损失guarantee sth. to sb. 向某人担保/保证某事be guaranteed to do sth. 必定做某事under guarantee 在保修期内guarantor n保证人朗文在线：Take this opportunity, and I guarantee you wont regret it.抓住这个机会吧，我保证你不会后悔的。If you yell at him, hes guaranteed to do the opposite of what you want.如果你向他大喊大叫，他肯定会跟你对着干。My watch is still under guarantee.我的表还在保修期之内。活学巧练：汉译英(1)这只表保用两年。答案：(1)This watch is guaranteed for two years.(2)我保证他会去。答案：(2)I guarantee that hell go.(3)他向我保证这种事情决不会再发生。答案：(3)He gave me a guarantee that it would never happen again.5score vt. & vi.(在游戏，比赛中)得分；获胜；得胜；领先 n得分；二十精讲拓展：make a score 得分keep the score 记分数The score in the final was 43(four to three)决赛的比分是4比3。know the score知道事情的真相on the score of因的理由three score years and ten 70年scores of几十个 误区警示：当score作名词用，表示“二十，二十个”时，如果前面有数词，则该词一定用单数形式，如two score, five score, ten score.；如果作定语，则名词前的of可用可不用，如a score (of) people, two score (of) students。如果表示“几十个”不太确定的数量，则须用scores of, score必须用复数形式，如scores of people几十个人。朗文在线：Is anybody keeping (the) score?有没有人负责记分？The Green Party scored some successes in the northwest.绿党在西北部获得了数次成功。Scores of people are in line for food.许多人在排队等候食物。命题方向：score作量词前面出现数词时必须用单数的用法以及scores of 短评。活学巧练：(1)Hes been to Hong Kong _(多次)(2)Mary _(得分) the highest mark on the exam.(3)In the game we got ten _(得分)while the Medical School only got three.(4)He got 80 marks for geography.(替换)_scores of timesscoredpoints/scoresscores6on the increase增加，增长Crime is on the increase.在此结构中，介词on表示“在情况下，处于状态中”，类似的短语有：on fire着火on holiday在度假on duty在值日 on business出差on sale在出售 on show在展出on leave在休假 on strike在罢工on guard在值勤精讲拓展：increase by倍数或百分数，表示增加了倍或百分之increase to具体的增长后的数字，表示增加到increasing adj.日益增长的increasingly adv.越来越多地，逐渐增加的on the decrease在减少活学巧练：(1)The population has _(增加) from 1.2 million 10 years ago to 1.8 million now.(2)The rate of inflation has _(增长了)2%.(3)The number of robberies in this area seems to be _(有增无减)(4)With the new policy carried out, our country is _(逐渐) prosperous and strong.increasedincreased byon the increaseincreasingly7rise to ones feet 起身The headmaster rose to his feet to welcome me.精讲拓展：struggle to ones feet挣扎着站起来on ones feet站着；恢复健康have ones feet on the ground实事求是，脚踏实地on foot步行rush sb. off his feet使某人疲于奔命set foot in/on进入；到达under ones feet碍手碍脚；讨厌stand on ones feet独立自主，自主foot by foot一步一步地，逐渐地朗文在线：He rose to his feet and tapped on the table as if he was going to speak.他站起身轻轻敲打桌子，好像要发言似的。Mike leapt to his feet and ran towards the window.迈克跳起身来，向窗口跑去。活学巧练：(1)He _ unsteadily _(站起身)to reply to the speech of welcome.(2)Now that you are growing up you must learn to stand _(独立)(3)The children are _ (烦我)all day.(4)Before Christmas the shop assistants are _ (忙得不可开交)roseto his feeton your own two feetunder my feetrushed off their feet(5)Yesterday my friends and I went to _ town on _ foot.Athe; the Bthe; /C/; / D/; the答案与解析：Cgo to town “去城镇”和on foot “步行”都属固定搭配。8by chance碰巧；偶然地精讲拓展：chance n运气，机会，希望，可能性have a chance of winning有获胜的希望Its the chance of a lifetime.千载难逢的机会。by any chance万一；碰巧by some chance由于偶然的机会(The) chances are(that).很可能，大概是take a chance冒险一试chance vi.偶然发生，碰巧误区警示：(The) Chances are(that).是口语当中很常用的句型，如：Chances/The chances are that we will win easily.我们很可能会轻易取胜。该句型相当于“It is likely that.”或“It is probable that.”。朗文在线：I bumped into her quite by chance in Oxford Street.我在牛津街碰巧遇到她。Chances are theyll be out when we call.很可能我们去拜访时他们不在。Are you Mrs. Grant, by any chance?您可能就是格兰特夫人吧？命题方向：by chance作状语的用法，以及(the) chances are (that).句型的应用。活学巧练：(1)I met him _ _ yesterday.昨天我无意中遇见他。(2)_ _ that he has already arrived.他可能已经到了。(3)Hearing many lucky men made their fortune in California, he also went there to _ _ _.听说许多人在加利福尼亚发了财，他也去那里碰碰运气。by chanceChances aretake a chance9every ten seconds每十秒钟精讲拓展：every other week每隔一周every other day每隔一天every few metres每隔几米every once in a while偶尔every now and then时而，不时地注意：every后跟基数词时，接可数名词的复数形式；后跟序数词时接可数名词单数形式。例如：every fourth day; every four days误区警示：(1)every与each都当作“每个”讲，多数情况下互换。但every当“每，每隔”讲时不能与each互换，即each没有此项用法。(2)every当“每，每隔”讲时，与few连用而不与a few连用。如every few metres每隔几米，而不说every a few metres。活学巧练：汉译英(1)你应该每4个小时吃一片药。答案：(1)You should take one tablet every four hours.(2)沿路每隔几英里就设有一个军队检查站。答案：(2)There are army checkpoints every few miles along the road.(3)每隔一个月委员们会碰一次头。答案：(3)The committees meet every other month.10Thats not the point.那不是问题的实质。精讲拓展：on the point of doing sth.正在做时，快要to/ off the point中肯/离题，不切意Thats a point是这样，的确如此Whats the point of doing sth.？做某事有什么用呢？There is no point (in) doing sth.做某事没有意义point out指出point to/ at/ towards指向朗文在线：There is no point (in) talking with him.同他谈话没有什么意义。I was on the point of going out when he knocked at the door.当他敲门的时候我正要出去。Who can point out my mistakes?谁能指出我的错误来？活学巧练：(1)She is standing _of her toes.她足尖立地。(2)The two lines cross _.这两条直线相交于A点。(3)The coach was _ when our team scored two points.教练刚要放弃这时我们队赢了两分。(4)Your advice is very much _.你的劝告十分中肯。on the pointsat point Aon the point of giving upto the point(5)(2009甘肃河西五市模拟)Our house has reached the point _ so many things need _ and its so hard to find the time to fix them.A. at which; to do upB. that; doing upC. on wich; to put upD. where; putting up答案与解析：D在此句中，point在后面的定语从句中作状语，表示程度，当先行词是表程度状况的词，如case, point, situation等时，关系副词常用where。另外，need表需要讲时，后面用动名词的主动形式表示被动意思。11疑难点一：各类状语从句的连接词及其用法1时间状语从句(1)when, while, as等when可以和持续性动词连用，也可以和短暂性动词连用。when引导的从句的动作可以在主句动作之前、之后发生或与主句动作同时发生。while引导的从句的动作是持续性的，强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。as引导时间状语从句时，强调并行发生，意思是“随着”。如：When I lived there, I used to go to the seaside on Sundays.While I was cooking, the telephone rang.He sang happily as he walked through the street.(2)as soon as, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, hardly/ scarcely. when, no sooner. than, once等。这些词常译为“一就”，表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作就随即发生。在这类从句中，经常用一般时态代替将来时态。如：As soon as he comes back, she will tell him to call me.The lost child burst into tears the moment he saw his mother.(3)till, until, not. until (till)等till, until两者均意为“直到为止”，常可以换用。until可以用在句首，但till不能；在强调句型中一般不用till。肯定句：主句的谓语动词必须是持续性动词，主句、从句均用肯定式，意为“某动作直到才停止”。否定句：主句谓语动词必须是非持续性动词(短暂性动词)，从句为肯定式，意为“某动作直到才开始”。not until位于句首时，主句要倒装。如：He remained there until she arrived.他一直呆到她来。He wont go to bed until she returns.直到她回来他才去睡。Not until you told me did I have any idea of it.直到你告诉我，我才知道这件事。(4)every time, each time, the first time, next time等这些短语起连词的作用，引导一个句子。如：Every time I meet with the person, I feel a bit strange.每次我见到这个人，都有种奇怪的感觉。The first time I saw him, he was working in a factory.我第一次见到他的时候，他正在一家工厂工作。(5)by the timeby the time表示“到的时候”。当从句是用by the time引导的时间状语从句时主句要用完成时。如：By the time you come back, well have finished the job.到你回来的时候，我们将已经完成这项工作。He had planted 10 trees by the time we arrived.我们到的时候，他已经种10棵树了。(6)before, afterbefore表示“在之前”，after表示“在之后”，如：You must finish the housework before he comes back.你必须在他回来之前干完家务。After you wash the clothes, you can play computer games.你洗完衣服后，可以玩电脑游戏。注意：before表示“还没来得及就”时的用法。He left before I said a word.我还没来得及说一句话他就走了。Two months passed before we knew it.不知不觉两个月就过去了。2地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的连接词主要有where, wherever (no matter where), everywhere, anywhere等。如：Wherever I am I will be thinking of my hometown.无论我在哪里，我都会想着我的故乡。We the young should go where we are most needed.我们年轻人应该到最需要我们的地方去。You can go anywhere you like.你可以去你想去的任何地方。3原因状语从句常用的引导原因状语从句的词有：because, as, since, now that等。(1)because语气最强，通常引出一种未知的原因，强调主从句的因果关系。在回答why提问时只能使用because。如：I was late because I was caught in the traffic jam.因为我遇到了交通阻塞，所以迟到了。He didnt attend classes yesterday because he was ill.因为他病了，所以昨天他没有上课。注意：because不能与so连用。小贴士：for表示的是推断或附加的理由，连接的句子属并列句，且只能放在另一分句后面。如：They must have gone out, for the room is locked.他们一定出去了，因为屋子是锁着的。(2)as多用于口语中，语气较弱，常表示明显的或被认为是已知的原因或理由。如：I cant go with you, as I have a lot of work to do.我不能和你一起去，因为我有很多工作要做。As you dont like him, you dont need to invite him.因为你不喜欢他，所以你不必邀请他。(3)since表示“既然，由于”，理由或原因较为明显，语气较弱，引导的从句常放在句首。如：Since no one is against the plan, we will carry it out.既然没有人反对这个计划，我们将执行它。Since you like it so much, I will give it to you free of charge.既然你这么喜欢它，我就把它免费给你。(4)now that表示“既然，由于”，与since意思接近，如：Now that everyone is here, we can begin our discussion.既然大家都在这儿，我们可以开始讨论了。另外，以下短语也可以引导原因状语从句，如seeing that(鉴于，由于)，considering that(考虑到)，for the reason that(由于)等。4让步状语从句(1)引导让步状语从句的连接词有：although, though, while(尽管)，even if, even though, as(尽管)，whether.or.(不管还是)，no matter疑问词，“疑问词ever”构成的复合词等。如：Although/ Though he worked hard, he failed the exam again.虽然努力学习，他还是没有通过考试。Whether you believe it or not, it is true.不管你信还是不信，它都是真的。Well wait for him, however late it is.无论多么晚，我们都等他。No matter who he is, he will answer for what he has done.无论是谁，他都得为他的所作所为负责。(2)as引导让步状语从句，意思等同于though和although，表示“虽然，尽管”，但as引导的从句一般放在主句之前，并且需要用倒装语序。注意：在倒装结构里，可以用though代替as，却不能用although。如：Strange as/ though it seems, it tastes good.Although it seems strange, it tastes good.它尽管看起来很奇怪，但是味道很好。(3)though还可以用作副词，意为“还是，然而”，一般放在句末，而although则没有这种用法。如：He said he would come on time; he didnt, though.5条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的连接词有：if, unless, so (as) long as, in case (万一), on condition that, suppose/ supposing (that), provided/ providing (that)等。如：If he works hard, hell be successful.如果努力工作，他会成功的。I wont attend the party unless invited.除非受到邀请，否则我不会参加聚会的。I will go to attend the party as long as they invite me.只要他们邀请我，我就会去参加聚会。In case it rains, do not expect me.万一下雨，就不要等我了。You may borrow the book, on condition that you wont lend it to others.你可以借这本书，条件是你不能再借给别人。6目的、结果状语从句(1)引导目的状语从句的连接词有：so that, in order that, for fear (that), in case(以免，以防), least等。如：I am working hard so that I can go to a famous university.为了能上一所名牌大学，我一直努力学习。Take your raincoat in case it rains.带上你的雨衣，以防下雨。(2)引导结果状语从句的连接词有：so that, so. that, such.that等。注意so/ such. that结构形式的变化：so形容词/副词that从句so形容词a/an可数名词单数形式that从句somany/ much/ few/ little名词that从句sucha/an形容词可数名词单数形式that从句such形容词可数名词复数形式/不可数名词that从句sucha lot of/ lots of名词that从句He has made such rapid progress that he was praised by his teacher three times a day.他进步非常快，老师一天表扬了他三次。There are so many mistakes in the passage that no one likes to read it.这篇文章里有这么多的错误，没人愿意读它。7比较、方式状语从句(1)引导比较状语从句的连接词有：than, as(或so).as等。The more workers you hire, the less money you will earn.你雇用的人越多，你挣的钱就越少。Things are much better than expected.情况比预料的要好得多。(2)引导方式状语从句的连接词有：as, as if, as though, the way, how等。如：He looks as if he has known the secret.他看起来好像已经知道了这个秘密。Do it as you were taught.要照着教你的那样做。12疑难点二：“疑问词ever”构成的复合词引导的从句与“no matter疑问词”结构引导的从句的区别“疑问词ever”构成的复合词与“no matter疑问词”结构都可以引导状语从句，且含义相同，如“不管他去哪儿，他都会带把雨伞。”可以使用以下两个句式来表达：Wherever he went, he would take an umbrella with him.No matter where he went, he would take an umbrella with him.但是“疑问词ever”构成的复合词还可以引导名词性从句，而“no matter疑问词”结构只能引导状语从句，如：Whoever breaks the law must be punished.谁违反了法律都要受到惩罚。No matter who breaks the law, he will he punished.无论谁违反了法律，他都要受到惩罚。第一句是主语从句，不能使用no matter who代替whoever；第二句为状语从句，可以使用whoever/no matter who。13状语从句的紧缩现象状语从句的紧缩现象就是状语从句的省略问题，是高考考查的重点，也是考生易错的考点。一、时间、方式状语从句中的省略如果状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致，而且状语从句中谓语有be动词，可以将从句的主语连同be动词一起省略。如：Dont speak until (you are) spoken to.有人跟你说话时你再说。While (you are) crossing the street, be careful enough.过马路的时候，你一定要小心。She stood at the gate as if (she was) waiting for someone.她站在门口好像在等人。二、条件状语从句的省略1在if it is possible, if it is necessary, when it is necessary等类似结构中，it is常省略。如：Come here tomorrow if possible.可能的话就明天来。2在虚拟条件句中连词if的省略。在虚拟条件句中，如果含有had, were, should等助动词，可省略，句子使用倒装。如：Were I (If I were) twenty now, I would join the army.如果我现在二十岁，我就参军。三、其他状语从句的省略Though (it is) cold, he still wore a shirt.天气虽然冷，但他仍然只穿一件衬衫。Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary.在需要的地方填上冠词。活学巧练：(1)He had no sooner arrived home _ he was asked to start on another journey.A. when B. beforeC. after D. than答案与解析：D本题考查no sooner. than.引导时间状语从句的用法。句子的意思是：他一到家，就被邀请开始另一次旅行。no sooner. than.表示“一就”。(2)He will surely finish the job on time _ hes left to do it in his own way.A. as if B. even ifC. so long as D. so that答案与解析：C本题考查so long as引导条件状语从句的用法。as if“好像”；even if“即使”；so long as“只要”；so that“目的是，为了”。(3)I would never speak to others like that _ they said others unpleasant to me.A. even if B. so thatC. as if D. ever since答案与解析：A本题考查even if引导让步状语从句的用法。句子的意思是：我从来不会向别人那样说话，即使他们向我说一些不好的话。(4)I like to have my photos taken _ there are mountains and rivers.A. there B. in whichC. when D. where答案与解析：D本题考查when引导地点状语从句的用法。句意为：我喜欢在有山有河的地方拍照。这是where引导的地点状语从句。此题容易误选in which，误以为是定语从句，但其前面没有先行词，因此不成立。(5)I was so familiar with him that I recognized his voice _ I picked up the phone.A. immediately B. quicklyC. suddenly D. hurriedly答案与解析：Aimmediately作为连词，可引导时间状语从句，相当于as soon as。(6)He whispered to his wife _ he should wake up the sleeping baby.A. so that B. on condition thatC. for fear that D. so long as答案与解析：C本题考查目的状语从句的用法。for fear that意思是“以防”，引导目的状语从句。(7)We hadnt been out for long _ she felt sick.A. when B. untilC. after D. as答案与解析：A本题考查when引导时间状语从句的用法。when用来引导时间状语从句。句意为：当她感觉不舒服时，我们没有出去太久。考 题 演 练 1.Im trying to break the _ of getting up too late.A. tradition B. convenienceC. habit D. leisure答案与解析：C考查固定短语的搭配。解答该类题目要掌握好动词与不同名词搭配时的不同含义，并加强对短语的积累。break the tradition打破传统；break the habit of戒除的习惯；convenience方便，便利；leisure闲暇，悠闲。句意：我正试图改掉晚