高中英语语法知识概述.doc

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第一部分 句子(1) 简单句的五种结构1;主语+谓语+宾语(eg.I have a dram)2;主语+谓语+状语(eg.He went out)3;主语+系动词+表语(eg.tise is a dog)4;主语+谓语+宾语+宾补(eg.I saw her watching TV)5;主语+谓语+双宾语(直接+间接)(2) 复合句1. 定语从句【重点,不是难点】2. 名词性从句【宾语从句;表语从句;主语从句;同位语从句【难点+非重点】3. 状语从句【时间;地点;原因;条件;让步;方式;伴随;目的】【注意和连词的联系】(3) 特殊句式【省略句;强调句;倒装句;主谓一致句;祈使句;with的复合结构】【难点+重点】第二部分 词(1) 动词【谓语动词(时态;语态;词意辨析);非谓语动词(注意和逻辑主语之间的关系);情态动词(语意;语气;特殊用法;等);使役动词;be动词;助动词等】(2) 名词【名词的数;名词所有格;名词的本意】(3) 冠词【固定搭配;特殊用法】(4) 形容词和副词【词意,比较级和最高级;特殊用法】(5) 介词【固定搭配;特殊用法;词义辨析】(6) 连词【注意和状语从句结合学习】(7) 数词【概数;倍数;特殊用法】(8) 代词【人称代词;物主代词】【固定搭配;特殊用法;词意】知识概述第1章 句子(1) 复合句 定语从句1. 概念:在复合句中,用来修饰某一个名词或代词的从句。2. 结构;先行词+关系代词【关系副词】+从句 eg.This is a place where he works.3. 引导定语从句的词有关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as等以及关系副词when, where, why等。关系代词或关系副词放在被修饰的名词或代词(又叫做先行词)和定语从句之间起联系作用,同时又作定语从句中的一个成份。4. 关系代词和关系副词的用法关系词分为关系代词和关系副词,它们在定语从句中充当三个作用:引导作用、替代作用和成分作用。关系代词和和关系副词引导从句,把它和主句连接起来;关系代词在从句中代替它前面的先行词,在从句中充当成分(主、宾、表、定);关系副词在从句中总是作状语。 指人:who(主、宾),whom(宾),that(主、宾)关系代词 宾、表),whose(定),as(主、宾、表)指物:that(主、宾、表),which(主、宾),whose(定),as (主、宾、表)关系副词 when(时间状语)where(地点状语)why(原因状语)=for which注意: (1)关系代词在从句中充当主语时,不可省略。eg: Do you know the person who/that is standing under the tree?你认识站在树下面的那个人吗?(2)关系代词在从句中充当宾语时,可以省略。I have never seen the girl (who/whom/that) you mentioned yesterday. 我从来没见过昨天你提到的那个女孩。【几个特殊关系词的用法】1.that和which的用法区别只用that的情况:先行词由形容词和副词的最高级修饰时,如the best work that I can do。先行词由序数词修饰或为数词时,如the second book that I bought。先行词由the last, the only, the same, the very等修饰时。先行词是不定代词all, anything, everything, little, much, nobody, nothing等时,如anything that he does; all that I can do now等。先行词有any, no, all等限定词时,如all the words that Ive learned。先行词为词组,该词组既含人又含物时,如the city and the people that I visited。只用which的情况:在非限定性定语从句中(定语从句前有逗号)。介词后。2.关系代词(that, which, who, whom等)和关系副词(when, where等)的用法区别关系代词在定语从句作主语、宾语或表语,而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。分析时主要从动词的及物性或有无介词来考虑。看如下对比例句:This is the factory where my father once worked. 这是我父亲曾工作过的工厂。(worked是不及物动词,不接宾语,所以不用which/that。where相当于in the factory)This is the factory which/that my father once worked in.(worked in的宾语是factory,故用关系代词which/that)I will never forget the days which/that I spent in the wood near our village. 我忘不了我在我村边小树林里度过的日子。(the days是spent的宾语)I will never forget the days when I spent my holidays with my grandparents. 我忘不了我和我的祖父母一起度假的日子。(spent的宾语是holidays,不是the days)I will never forget the small village where I spent my holidays. 我忘不了我度假的小村庄。(与上句一样,spent的宾语是my holidays)Is this the school which/that you visited the other day? 这是你几天前参观过的学校吗?(the school作visited的宾语)Is this the school where you visited your teacher the other day? 这是你几天前拜访你老师的学校吗?(visited在定语从句中有自己的宾语your teacher,所以不用that/which)3.whose的用法whose是关系限定词,既可以指人也可以指物,即既可以说“某人的”,也可以说“某物的”。?Fortune never helps the man whose courage fails. 运气永远不会帮助丧失勇气的人。?Thats the man whose house has burned down. 那就是那位房屋烧毁的人。注:在正式文体中,指物时,whose往往用of which表示。of which可放在被修饰的名词之前或之后,而whose只能放在被修饰的名词之前。例如:The house whose windows/of which the windows/the windows of which are broken is unoccupied.(那间窗户破了的房屋没人居住。)whose前有时有介词【限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别】限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别:限制性定语从句是先行词(即被修饰词)不可缺少的定语,限制性定语从句前不用逗号隔开;非限制性定语从句只是对先行词的附加说明,如果去掉,先行词所述对象仍很清楚,非限制性定语从句前常用逗号隔开。【介词which/whom引导的定语从句或介词的提前】1.介词的出处(略)2.如果关系代词which/whom本身在定语从句中充当一个介词或介词短语的宾语的时候,有时可以将介词直接放在which/whom的前面,这样就产生了“介词关系代词”及“名词或代词介词which/whom”或“复合介词which/whom”等的结构。I know the man to whom you talked just now. 我认识你刚才与之说话的那个人。Life is a flower of which love is honey. 人生是花朵,爱情是花蜜。He was educated at the local grammar school, after which he went on to Cambridge. 当在当地的一所中学上学,此后就去上了剑桥大学。名词性从句 一、概说 名词性从句,即指性质相当于名词的从句,它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从高考的考查的实际情况来看,名词性从句考得最多的是宾语从句,其次是主语从句,再次是表语从句,而同位语从句则很少考查。(1) 引导名词性从句的连接词 1、连接代词:who, whose, whom, what, which。有词义,在从句中担任成分,如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。 (2) 2、连接副词:when, where, why, how。有词义,在从句中担任成分,作状语。 3、连接词:that, whether, if, as if。that 无词义,在从句中不担任成分,有时可省略;if (whether), as if虽有词义,但在从句中不担任成分。 (3) 注意:连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句,因而从句中谓语不用疑问式。连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分,连接词whether 和if(是否),as if(好象)在从句中不充当句子成分,只起连接作用。根据句义,如果连接代词与连接副词,whether、if 和as if都用不上时,才用that作连接词(that本身无任何含义)。(4) 主要内容主语从句 1、主语从句在复合句作主语。 e.g. Who will go is not important. 2、用it作形式主语,主语从句放在句末。 e.g. It doesnt matter so much whether you will come or not. 3、that引导主语从句时,不能省略。 e.g. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised. 表语从句 1、表语从句在复合句中作表语,位于系动词之后。 e.g. The question was who could go there. 2、引导表语从句的连接词that有时可省去。 e.g. My idea is (that) we can get more comrades to help in the work. 宾语从句 1、 宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。 e.g. I hope (that) everything is all right. 2、 介词之后的宾语从句,不可用which或if连接,要分别用what或 whether。 e.g. Im interested in whether youve finished the work. Im interested in what youve said. 3、 whether与if都可以引导宾语从句,常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。 宾语从句是否定句时,只用if,不用whether。 e.g. I wonder if it doesnt rain. 用if 会引起误解,就要用whether。 e.g. Please let me know whether you want to go.(此句如果把whether改成if,容易当成条件句理解) 宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用,就不能换成if;不直接连用,可换。 e.g. I dont know whether or not the report is true. I dont know whether/ if the report is true or not. 介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether 可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句,还可引导让步状语从句,以上均不能换成if。但引导条件从句时,只能用if,而不能用whether。 e.g. It depends on whether we have enough time. 同位语从句 同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语,一般位于该名词(如:news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等)之后,说明该名词的具体内容。 e.g. I have no idea when he will be back. The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody. 二、名词性从句的一般引导词 1. 连接词 that 只起连接作用,没有任何意思,也不充当句子成分,在宾语从句中可省略,但引导其他名词性从句时通常不省略。如: I hope (that) you enjoy your holiday. 希望你假期过得好。 That he likes you is very obvious. 很显然他喜欢你 2. 连接词 whether 也不充当句子成分,但有自己的意思,表示“是否”;引导宾语从句时,可换成 if,但引导其他名词性从句时不能换成 if He asked whether if I would show him the way. 他问我是否可以给他带路。 Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。(引导主语从句,不能用 if 代替 whether) 3. 连接代词 who(m), whose, which, what 等,均有各自的意义,在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。 Thats why she wanted to leave. 这就是她想离开的原因 When we arrive doesnt matter. 什么时候到没有关系。 Tell me which one you like best. 告诉我你最喜欢哪一个。 4. 连接副词 when, where, why, how 等,也各自有自己的意义,在从句中作状语。如: The question is how we should carry out the plan. 问题是怎样执行这个计划 When shell be back depends much on the weather. 她什么时候回来在很大程度上要看天气。 Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever. 他为什么这样做将永远是一个谜。 三、名词性从句的重要引导词 1. what 用于引导名词性从句是一个十分重要的引导词,它可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,但不用于引导同位语从句。它引导的名词性从句有两个意思是:一是表示“什么”,带有疑问意味;二是表示“所的”,相当于一个先行词后接一个关系代词。如: I dont know what you want. 我不知道你想要什么。 I dont know what you want is this. 我不知道你所想要的是这个。 2. what 引导名词性从句时可用作限定词,其后修饰名词。如 I gave him what books I had. 我把我所有的书都给他了。 注:what 后的名词可以是复数名词或不可数名词,但通常不能是单数可数名词,并且后接不可数名词时,有时可有little修饰,两者的区别是:what+不可数名词=所有的都,what little+不可数名词=虽少但全部。如: What friends she has are out of the country. 她有的那些朋友全在国外。 We gave him what (little) help we could. 我们给了他我们力所能及的帮助 3. whoever, whatever, whichever 等也可引导名词性从句,其意分别为“所的一切事或东西”、“任何的人”、“的任可人或物”等。如: Whoever wants the book may have it. 任何人要这书都可拿 Buy whichever is cheapest. 买最便宜的。 注意以下受汉语意思影响而弄错的句子: 任何人来都欢迎。 误:Who comes will be welcome. / Anyone comes will be welcome 正:Whoever comes will be welcome. / Anyone who comes will be welcome. 另外,它们也可引导让步状语从句,其意为“无论”、“不管”,其意相当于 no matter who what, which。如: Whatever happens, you must be calm. 不管发生什么情况,你都必须镇静。(whatever = no matter what) He wont eat you, whoever he is. 不管他是谁,他也不能把你吃掉。(whoever = no matter who) 注:whoever 既用作主格也用作宾语;作宾语时不宜用 whomever,因为在现代英语中 whomever 这个已几乎废弃不用。 4. why 与 because 的用法区别。两者均可引导表语从句,但前者强调结果,后者强调的原因。如: I had a cold. Thats why I didnt come. 我感冒了,因此我没来。 I didnt come. Thats because I had a cold. 我没有来,那是因为我感冒了。 五、名词性从句的语序 名词性从句的词序与陈述句语序相同,尤其注意那些由连接代词who(m), whose, which, what 和连接副词 when, where, why 等引导的名词性从句,不要受它们在特殊疑问句中用法的影响而误用疑问句词序。如: Why was she crying? 她为什么在哭? I dont know why he was crying. 我不知道她为什么哭。 六、名词性从句的时态问题 1.当主句的谓语动词是过去式时,宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理,其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。如: She said that she didnt want to know. 她说她不想知道。 I asked her whether she would agree. 我问她是否会同意 2. when, if 这两个词既可引导名词性从句,也可引导状语从句。当它们引导名词性从句且表示将来意义时,要直接使用将来时态;但当它们引导状语从句且表示将来意义时,则必须用一般现在时表示将来意义。如: I dont know when he will come, but when he comes, Ill call you. 我不知道他什么时候,但当他来的时候,我会打电话给你。 句中第一个when 引导的是宾语从句,故用将来时态表示将来意义;第二个when 引导的是时间状语从句,故用一般现在时表示将来意义。 特殊句式【强调句】概述: It is / was + 被强调的部分 + that ( who, which ) + 句子的其他部分, 【强调句的题型并不难,关键是要判断出句子是否为强调句】强调句一般形式: It is/was + 被强调的部分 + that(who,which) + 句子的其他部分 强调句的特殊形式1.It might bethat2.It is/was+not until+被强调成分+that+其他被强调成分【主语,谓语,状语等】 【倒装句】概述:英语句子的语序通常是主语在前,谓语在后,这种语序称作正常语序或自然语序。但有时出于语法或达到某种修辞目的(强调、承上启下、平衡等)的需要,要把谓语动词放在主语前面,这种语序称作倒装(Inversion)语序。将谓语动词完全移至主语之前,称完全倒装(Full Inversion);如果只是把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前,称为部分倒装。下列情况用部分倒装在下列几种情况下,只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前,构成部分倒装。(1) little, never, not, seldom, neither, nor, rarely, seldom, by no means, at no time,under no circumstances, in no case等表示否定意义的单词和短语位于句首时。例如:Little does he care about what others think。Under no circumstances are you to leave the house。Not a word did he say at the meeting yesterday。(2) 在notuntil, no sooner.than., scarcely/hardly.when., not only.but also. neither.nor.。.等句式中。例如:Not until he told me did I know the truth。Hardly had she sat down when the phone rang。Not only do the workers want a pay increase, they want reduced hours as well。Neither does he drink nor smoke。(3) 当only 修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句位于句首时。例如:Only then did I find I have made a mistake。(4) 在 so/such that。从句中,当so+形容词/副词或such+名词位于句首时。例如:So exhausted was she that she wanted to have a rest。(5)当表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或事物时,常用so/as+系动词/助动词/情态动词+主语,表示“也是”。例如:Times have changed and so have I。Eves very tall, as was her mother。(6)当neither, nor位于句首, 表示前面否定的内容也适用与另一个人或事物时,常用neither/nor+系动词/助动词/情态动词+主语,表示“也不”。例如:They couldnt understand it at the time, and nor could we。(7)省略if的虚拟条件句,把助动词were、had、should提到主语前面时。例如:Had it not been for your help, we shouldnt have achieved so much (8)as和though引导的让步状语从句时。例如:Child as he is, he knows a lot of things。Try as she might, Sue couldnt get the door open。Strange though it may seem, I like housework。(9)当may放在句首,表达祝愿时。例如:May you succeed! 祝你成功关于完全倒装1. there be结构的倒装在“there be”(或there + appear to be,come,exist, happen to be, lie, live, occur, remain, seem, seem to be, stand, used to be) 雪结构中,倒装形式为完全倒装。如:There were many students in the reading room in this evening.今晚阅览室里有许多学生。2. here,there,now,then等引起的倒装在以here,there,now,then等简短副词引起的句子中(前三个须用一般现在时),动词往往是be,come,go等时, 这类句子大多带有引起注意的含义。如:Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。Here is the letter you have been looking forward to.你久盼的信在这儿。但要注意:如果主语是人称代词,则不用倒装。如:Here they are. 他们在这儿。3. 省略if的非真实条件状语从句中的倒装虚拟结构中的条件从句省去if时,were, had, should须移至主语之前。如:Had you worked harder at college, you would have got better job.4. 副词so, neither, nor等引起的倒装在用so, nor, neither表示“也/不”这一类结构里其公式是:肯定: so+be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语否定: Neither(nor)+be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语。如:He has been to Beijing.他去过北京。So have I.我也去过。They cant answer the question.他们不会回答这个问题。Neither than I.我也不会。5. what,how引起的倒装以What, how开头的感叹句(表语或宾语提前)。如:What beautiful weather (it is)!多好的天气啊!(表语提前)What a lovely picture he painted!他画了一张多好的画啊!(宾语提前)6. 疑问词或连接词引起的倒装在疑问词或连接词whether等引起的从句中。如:Whatever you may say, I wont go there.无论你怎样说,我都不会去那儿。(状语从句中宾语提前)What book he wants is not clear.他要什么书还不清楚。(主语从句中宾语提前)7. 否定词位于句首时引起的倒装(1). never,seldom,hardly,little,few等引起的倒装否定词never,seldom,rarely,hardly,barely,scarcely,little,few等位于句首时所引起的倒装句通常为部分倒装形式,如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时,则为完全倒装形式。如:Never shall I forget the days when you were with us.我很少有时间去看电影。(2). nowhere,no longer,no more等引起的倒装nowhere(无处),no longer(不再),no more(也不)等否定词位于句首时所引起的倒装句通常为部分倒装形式,如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时,则为完全倒装形式:No longer was he in charge of this work.他不再负责这项工作了。(3). not until,not a,not in the least等引起的倒装not until(直到才),not a(一个也没有),not in the least(一点儿也不),not for a minute/moment(一点儿也不)等位于句首时,通常引起倒装(not a之后的名词作主语时除外),其形式通常为部分倒装形式,如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时,则为完全倒装形式。如:Not until all the demands had been turned down did the workers decide to go on strike.一直到所有的要求遭到拒绝之后,工人们才决定罢工。【主谓一致】概述;主谓一致的知识点比较凌乱,关键在于平时的积累特殊代词作主语时的主谓一致情况总1.each、one、much、(a)little、either、neither、another、the other等不定代词作主语时谓语动词通常为单数形式,主语由它们所修饰时谓语动词也用单数;some、any、every、no构成的复合词(如somebody、nobody、everything、anything等)作主语时,谓语动词用单数。例如:Neither plan suits me. Either of the rooms is big enough.注意:(1)若复数主语与each连用、each仅位于复数主语后作同位语,该主语不受each的影响,谓语动词仍用复数形式。例如:The old workers and the young each have their own tools. The students each have a book.(2)对于由and连接的并列主语,前面有each、every、many a、no等修饰时,谓语动词通常仍要用单数形式。例如:Every hour and every minute is important. 每时每刻都是重要的。No teacher and no student is admitted. 师生一律不得入内。Many a boy and many a girl has seen this painting. 许多男孩和女孩都看了这幅油画。Each boy and each girl was congratulated. 每个男孩和女孩都受到了祝贺。No man and no animal is to be found on the moon. 在月球上没发现人和动物。2.both、(a) few、many、several等不定代词作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式。例如:Both (of) the films are interesting. 两部影片都有趣。both作同位语时仍用复数谓语动词,例如:The films both are interesting.3.下列情况下须视其“具体所指”来确定单、复数:(1)what、which、who、whose等疑问代词作主语。例如:Who is your brother? 你兄弟是谁?Who are League Members? 哪些是团员?注意:若单数、复数不明确,what、who 等疑问代词对应的谓语通常用单数动词。(2)half of、plenty of、the rest of、the last、a lot of、lots of等 + 名词作主语或者all、some、more、most、any、none作主语时,要结合具体语境判断谓语动词用单数还是复数。4.词组“a number of + 可数名词复数”的结构作主语时,谓语动词应用复数;但如果number前的冠词a变为the,则谓语动词用单数。例如:A number of students in this class are from Sichuan. 这个班有不少同学来自四川。The number of the visitors has decreased this year. 游客的数量今年减少了。英语主谓一致详解 名词做主语A. 一般说来,不可数名词及可数名词的单数做主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如: (1) Water is necessary for living things. 水对于生物来说是必须的。(2) The desk over there is Li Leis. 那边的那张课桌是李蕾的。 (3) The dog is a useful animal. 狗是一种有用的动物。B. 表示总称意义的名词people (人们,人民), cattle, police,youth做主语时,谓语动词用第三人称复数形式。如: (1) English people are fond of talking about weather. 英国人喜欢谈论天气。(2) Cattle are farmersfriends. 牛是农民的朋友。 C. 主语是:public, board, family, class, team, group, crowd, audience, company, crew, committee, enemy, government, herd, jury, party等名词时,如果是作为整体的,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式;如果作为其中一个个的成员,谓语动词用第三人称复数形式。如:如:(1) Our class is made up of fifty students. 我们班有五十个学生组成。 (2) Our class are working very hard. 我们班学习都很努力。 D. 主语是:时间、距离、价格、度量衡单位等名词或短语,即使是复数,谓语动词也只能用第三人称单数形式。如: (1) Three years passes quickly. 三年很快过去了。(2) Two meters is not long enough. 两米不够长。(from www.yygrammar.com)E. 主语是:news, politics, physics, plastics, mathematics等名词虽然以s结尾,但谓语动词也只能用第三人称单数形式。如: (1) Physics is very interesting and useful. 物理既很有趣也很有用。(2) Plastics is widely used in our daily life. 塑料在日常生活中被广泛地应用。 F. 主语若是书名,剧名、报刊、杂志名称或国家、单位名称时,即使名词是复数形式,谓语动词也只能用第三人称单数形式。如: (1) The Arabian Nights is very interesting. 一千零一夜很有趣。(2) The New York Times is popular in America. 纽约时报在美国很受欢迎。G. 在算式里,主语是数词时,谓语动词也只能用第三人称单数形式。如: (1) Three and five is eight. 三加五等于八。 (2) Twelve divided by six is two. 十二除以六等于二。 8) 主与是:clothes, compasses, goods, glasses, trousers, scissors, shoes, socks, gloves等名时,谓语动词用第三人称复数形式。如: (1) The trousers are not expensive. 这条裤子不贵。 (2) Your socks are over there. 你的袜子在那边。H. 主语是:a lot of, lots of, plenty,百分比of +名词时,谓语动词的形式须依照名词的数而确定。如: (1) A lot of people have taken part in the activity. 很多人参加了这次活动。 (2) Lots of water is lost. 大量的水被流失了。 I. 主语是: kind of, type of, pair of, amount of, quantity of + 名词时,谓语动词的形式须依照kind, type, amount, pair, quantity的数而确定。如: (1) This pair of trousers was made by Master Li. 这条裤子是李师傅做的。 (2) A large quantity of water in the sea has been polluted. 这个海里大量的水被污染了。 (3) Large quantities of rice have been destroyed in the flood. 大量的庄稼在洪水中被毁坏了。 J. 主语是:the number of + 名词的复数时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如: The number of students in our class is seventy-eight. 我们班的学生数是七十八。 主语是:a number of + 名词复数时,谓语动词用第三人称复数形式。如: A number of students of our school come from the countryside. 我们学校很多学生来自农村。 K. 主语是:the population时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如: (1) What is the population of your town? 你们镇的人口多少?(from www.yygrammar.com)(2) The population of America is a little over two hundred million. 美国人口数大约是两亿多一点。 主语是:分数 + population时,谓语动词常用第三人称复数形式。如: About eighty percent of the population in our country are farmers. 我们国家大约有百分之八十的人口是农民。 L. 主语是:means, works, sheep, fish, Japanese, Chinese等名词时,谓语动词的形式须依照它们在句中的意义来确定。如: (1) Every means has been tried but we cant save him. 每一种方法我们都是用过了,但是我们还是救不了他。 (2) All the means have been tried but we cant save him. 所有的方法我们都是用过了,但是我们还是救不了他。 两个或两个以上的名词连在一起做主语(一) and, both.and 连接名词或代词做主语 A谓语一般用复数形式。如: (1) Li Lei and Liu Mei are both interested in English. 李蕾和魏方都对英语感兴趣。 (2) He and she are good friends. 他跟她是好朋友。Band 连接的两个成对的名词,如fork and knife, bread and butter;soda and water; coffee and water;aim and end;salt and water等,虽有and 连接,但仍表示单一的概念,谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。如:(1) Where is your fork and knife? 你的刀叉在哪儿? (2) Is the bread and butter enough for you two? 你们两人吃这一点面包和黄油够了吗? Cand 连接的两个名词若是指同一个人, 即: and前的名词前有冠词,而and后面的名词前没有冠词。谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。如: Im told that the monitor and League secretary is ill today. 我听说班长兼团支书今天病了。Dand所连接的连个名词前分别有: every, each, no, many a等修饰时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。(二) 主语是:连接词or, eitheror, neithernor, whetheror, notbut, not onlybut also等连接的名词或代词时,谓语动词的形式须跟与之最接近的名词或代词决定。如: (1) Neither he nor you are to blame. 他和你都不应该受责备。 (2) Is neither he nor you to blame? 他和你都不应该受责备吗?(from www.yygrammar.com)(三) 主语是:介词in, out of, with, except, besides, without, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, but, along with, together with, like, including, in addition to等所连接的两个名词时,谓语动词的形式应与这些词前面的名词的数保持一致。如: (1) At the meeting, one in four is against the decision. 会上由四分之一的人反对这一决议。 (2) The teacher with his students is discussing a question. 老师和学生们在讨论问题。(四) one and a half + 名词复数做主语,即名词超过一,但不满二时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如: One and a half oranges is enough for the baby. 这个孩子有一个半桔子就够了。(五) many a + 名词单数;more than one + 名词单数;a + 名词单数 + or two等做句子的主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如: (1) Many a student is interested in English grammar. 很多学生对英语语法感兴趣。 (2) A worker or two is going to be sent to work abroad. 一两个工人将被派往国外去工作。 (六) one or two +名词复数做句子的主语时,谓语动词第三人称复数形式。如: One or two spelling mistakes have been found in your composition. 在你的作文中发现了一两个拼写The + 形容词做主语 AThe + 形容词指人做主语时,谓语动词一般用第三人称复数形式。如: (1) The poor were usually looked down upon by the rich. 过去,穷人常被富人瞧不起。 (2) The wounded have been taken good care of in the hospital. 伤员在医院受到了很好的照护。 BThe + 形容词指抽象概念做主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。如: The decayed has been thrown away. 腐烂的东西已经被扔掉了。(from www.yygrammar.com)主语是句子、短语 A主语是非谓语动词短语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如:(1) Reading is of much help for learning a language. 阅读对学语言很有帮助。(2) To keep on doing morning exercises is good. (= It is good to keep on doing morning exercises. ) 坚持做早操很有好处。B主语是从句时,谓语动词一般用第三人称单数形式,如: (1) Why he was absent yesterday is being questioned. 他昨天为什么没来正在询问之中。C在强调句型“It + be + 被强调的部分 + that / who ”中,be总是用单数形式;that / who后的谓语动词的形式必须跟被强调的主语保持一致。如: (1) It was Lin Tao who called you just now. 刚才给你打电话的就是林涛。 (2) It is you that are going to be invited to the party. 只有你将被邀请去参加聚会。 第二章 词动词【谓语动词,情态动词,非谓语动词等】【动词的时态 】一,基本时态 时态现在过去将来过去将来一般* 动词原形* 第三人称单数+ sam, is, are, / v,v-edoften, every day, always, sometimes, once a week,on Sundays.* 动词过去式(v-ed/ was, were)yesterday, last year, just now, in 1987, two years ago, at that time (moment)shall + 动词原形will (be / v)be going to, be tobe about totomorrow, next week, in the future, later, next time should +动词原形would (be / v)was
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