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非谓语动词l 概述 非谓语动词，主要指在主句中表示一个动作但不能充当谓语，而是充当其他语法功能的词。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化，但是有语态和时态的变化。l 非谓语动词的三种形式非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式、动名词和分词。名称形式用法不定式to do表目的、将来动名词doing表主动及现在分词done表被动及过去这三个基本形式的基础上会有一些变化：1. 动词不定式 时态构成被动形式一般式完成式进行式完成进行式to doto have doneto be doingto have been doingto be doneto have been done-2. 动名词 动名词主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done3. 分词动词不定式的用法4. 动词不定式的否定式not toShe decided not to be late again.5. 动词不定式的完成式：完成式表示的动作或状态发生在位于动词表示的动作或状态之前。I am sorry to have kept you waiting.注意 若谓语为表示“愿望、打算、意图”的动词时，如hope, think, want, plan, expect, mean, intend等，其后可以跟不定式的完成式表示“本来想要或打算做某事，而实际上未能实现”。如：We meant to have stopped him from doing such a thing.6. 在It is/was + 形容词+不定式的复合结构中，若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式符合结构的介词应为of 前面常用的形容词有：kind, nice, foolish, silly, stupid, rude, cruel, wise, clever, brace, selfish, crazy, good, careful, careless, impolite, right, wrong等。7. 在某些动词后， 可用it做形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的并于。常见的动词有find, think consider, feel, make等。They find it difficult to repay the money.8. 动词+不定式作宾补ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind order, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach等。9. 只能用动词+不定式作宾语口诀 决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装；主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。decide/ determine, learn, want, expert/hope/with，refuse, manage, care, pretend，order, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, help10. 在使役动词make, have, let和感官动词see, watch, notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at等词后接不定式作宾补，不定式不带to，表示做某事的全过程。当他们转换成被动语态时，作为主语补足语的不定式必须带to（五看三使两听一感觉一发现） Nobody saw him come in./ She was seen to enter the room last night.注意get 也能当使役动词，表示“使、让、叫”之意，相当于have，但两者也有所不同。have sb. do sth.get sb to do sth.使/让/叫某人去做某事have sth. done = get sth. done 使/让某事由别人去做have sb./sth. doing 使/让某人/物持续地做某事get sb./ sth.dong 使某人/物开始行动起来Youd better have/get your hair cut.He managed to get the horse running.11. 在动词help后，做宾补和宾语的不定式符号to带不带都可以。如;He helped her walk across the street.He often helps do some housework at home.12. think, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find, imagine, prove等动词的英语后可与带to be结构，也可与省略。 如果不定式的动作发生在位于动词以前，常用不定式的完成式。另外，这些动词也常用作被动语态后接不定式作主补。 He found the answer (to be) satisfactory. We considered him to have acted excellently.13. 当名词被first, last, second以及only等词修饰时，其后可用不定式作定语。且充当定语的不定式不含有将来意义或情态意义，却经常含有过去时意义。She was the first to come.14. 在下列固定词组或短语之后要跟不带to的不定式had better had best would rather(than)would soonerthan cannot help but cannot butcannot choose but. may/might as well do no more than12. wh-连接代词、副词后跟不定式构成的短语，可在句子中做主语、宾语、表语，还可以做定语。（why和if后不能直接跟动词不定式）它的作用相当于一个名词性从句，通常在某些动词(如tell, know, imagine, learn, decided, forget, remember, consider, understand等)后面做宾语，有时也用作主语、表语、同位语等。如：He didnt know how to answer her.When to start has not been decided.Would you please advise me which to buy?注意：按英语习惯，疑问词why后面通常不接不定式。但在以why或why not 开头的省略型疑问句中，其后可跟不带to 的不定式。如：Why get upset just because you got a bad mark?You are looking tired. Why not take a holiday?13. like（would like）, love（would love）, hope, hate, need, try, want, wish, plan, mean等动词后，used to, be going to结构，be glad, be willing, be happy等词语后 + to，代替整个不定式内容。 - Would you like to go to the cinema? - Id love to.14. 在介词but, except, besides, than, save等表示“除了”之意的词前， 若有 实义动词do时，常用无to的不定式作其介词的宾语，若无实义动词do，则用带to的动词不定式。He had no choice but to give in.15. 评论性动词不定式：有些不定式常用来表示说话人对所谈的内容的态度和看法，即对句内容的评论，故称为评论性动词不定式，也称独立不定式。综合：so to speak 可以说，可谓 to be exact 精确地说to be sure 无可否认，诚然 to make things(matters) worseThe dog is, so to speak, a member of the family.Hes in his mid-fifties; well, fifty-six to be exact.表真诚：to be fair to be (perfectly) frank to be honest to do sb justice to tell (you) the truth表总结：to be brief to conclude to sum up to cut/make a long story short表让步: not to mention to say nothing of to put it mildly to put it another way to say the least 不夸张的说表顺序：to begin with to start with16. 不定式的主动形式表示被动意义1) 不定式作定语与被修饰名词构成动宾关系，并且不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。I have two letters to answer.2) 有些结构中，不定式表达被动意义，却用主动形式，因为可以在句子中找到不定式这个动作的发出者。Give her some books to read.注意：用做定语的不定式为“动词+介词”时，介词不能省略。如：a nice place to live in3) 某些动词的不定式与be连用时，常见的有to blame，to rent等。如：He is to blame for not driving carefully.l 动名词的用法1. 动名词的否定式 not+动名词2. 动名词的完成式：完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。He was praised for having done a good deed.3. 动词+介词构成的短语，其后跟动名词做宾语be/get used tofeel likeinsist ondevotetoput offlook forward tosucceed inget down toset aboutgive up只能用动名词做宾语的动词 consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy; avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; cant help, mind, allow/permit, escape口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想； 避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏； 禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。 4. 可置于名词前作定语，表示被修饰的名词的用途和性能a waiting car a waiting rooma sleeping boy a sleeping bag5. 动名词的复合结构：由形容词性的物主代词/名词所有格+动名词构=动名词的复合结构，在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语等。物主代词和名词所有格是动名词的逻辑主语。Do you mind my/me smoking here?1) 在口语和非正式英语中，这种结构不用在句首，常用人称代词宾格代替物主代词，用米歌词普通格代指所有格。如:There are many reasons for animals dying out.2) 如果动名词的复合结构在句首，就必须用形容词性的物主代词或名词所有格。如：His smoking caused the fire in the forest.3) there be的动名词的复合结构为there being如：Whats the chance of there being a rain tomorrow?6. 动名词做主语的句型 a waste (of)It is/was no(little) good /use + -ing hardly any good/use worthwhile /worth ones while no way no sense inThere is/was no point in + -ing no use/good (in) nothing worse than7. 动词+不定式或动名词后意义差别大的：try to do doingremember/ forget/ regret to do doingmean to do doingcant help (to) docant help doingbe afraid to dobe afraid of doingbe sure to dobe sure of doing8. need, want, require做需要讲的时候，用动名词表示被动意义，也可用不定式的被动式The gate needs/wants/requires mending. = to be mended.l 分词的用法1. 分词的独立主格结构一般说来，分词在句中都有其逻辑主语，分词做状语时，其逻辑主语通常就是主句的主语或宾语。如果分词的逻辑主语不在句中，则分词前可加上其自己的逻辑主语，由名词或代词主格充当，置于分词前，这种结构称为分词独立主格结构。它不是句子，因为没有实际的主语和谓语。它可以放于句首或句尾，做时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、方式状语等。The meeting being over, they went home.There being no bus then, he had to walk home.1) 表示伴随情况、原因等的分词独立主格结构前有时可以加上without或with构成“with/without+名词（或代词）+分词”结构，如：With prices going up so fast, we cant afford luxuries.He kept the money without anyone knowing where it was.2) 独立主格结构也可以由“名词（或代词）+不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语”构成。Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.He came into the classroom, book in hand.2. 分词做状语 过去分词常用作状语，修饰谓语，大多说明动作发生的背景或情况，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等。 一般说来，这一结构的逻辑主语是主句的主语。Asked why he was late, he went red.Given more time, we could have done it better.3. 分词做状语与独立主格结构（悬垂结构）做状语的区别 分词与独立主格均可作状语。但分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语；而独立主格结构做状语时，前面的名（代）词就是这个结构的逻辑上的主语，它和句子的主语不保持一致性。如：Seen from the sky, the mountain is very small.Everything considered, I prefer the first plan.4. 英语中有一部分分词短语，它独立存在，没有自己的逻辑主语。这些分词短语已成为固定的习惯用语，常被看做句子的插入语，常见的有：generally speakingstrictly(honestly/frankly/roughly/broadly) speakingconsideringjudging from/bytalking all/everything into consideration5. 现在分词和过去分词的区别1) 语态上不同：现在分词表主动，所修饰的人或物时分词动作的执行者；过去分词表示被动，所修饰的人或物时分词动作的承受者。如：I heard someone closing the door.I heard the door closed.2) 时间上不同：现在分词表正进行，过去分词表完成的动作。如：falling leaves fallen leaves3) 特殊分词的分词用法：英语中和很多与感觉有关的及物动词，其现在分词表示主动意义，即“令人有某种感觉”；过去分词含有被动意义，即“人被引起某种感觉”。如：moving moved disappointing - disappointedexciting excited surprising surprised有些及物动词的过去分词表示被动意味并不强，它主要表示的是一种状态或结果。如：I found him seated at the back of the classroom. (= I found him sitting)6. have sb. do sth/get sb. to do sth. 使/让/叫某人去做某事have sth. done.= get sth. done have sb./sth. doing 使/让某人/物持续地做某事get sb./sth. doing 使某人/物开始行动起来The teacher had us read/ got us to read the text aloud.Youd better have/get your hair cut.He managed to get the horse running.
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