初中英语句子成分结构.doc

英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解英语中的词可以根据词义、语法功能和形式特征分为十大类，即名词noun(n.):人或事物的名称。例：girl, history代词pronoun(pron.)：代替名词，数词等。例：they，it形容词adjective(adj.)：表示人或事物的特征。例：brave，small副词adverb(adv.)：表示动作特征或性状特征。例: nicely,very动词verb(v.)：表示动作或状态。数词numeral(num.)：表示数目或顺序。冠词article(art.)：用在名词前，帮助说明其意义。介词preposition(prep.)：用在名词，代词前说明与别的词的关系。连词 conjunctions(conj.)：用来连接词与词或句与句。感叹词interjection(interj.)：表示说话时的感情或口气。一、英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解：（一）句子成分1.主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、主语从句和短语等来担任。The sun rises in the east. （名词） He likes dancing. （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）2.谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。We study English. He is asleep. 3.表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four! You dont look it. （代词）Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）To wear a flower is to say “Im poor, I cant buy a ring. （不定式）The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）（常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）,taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉） .It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.The door remains open. Now I feel tired.4.宾语：1）动作的承受者-动宾I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词）How many do you need? We need two. （数词）We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks.3） 双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.5.宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。We elected him monitor. （名词） We all think it a pity that she didntcome here. （名）We will make them happy. （形容词） We found nobody in. ( 副词 )Please make yourself at home. 介词短语） Dont let him do that. （省to不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式）Dont keep the lights burning. （现在分词） Ill have my bike repaired. （过去分词） 6.主补：对主语的补充，全称为主语补足语。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.7.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词）We belong to the third world. （数词）He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there is my old friend.(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）8.状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., 或句子。表示时间、地点、原因、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。 （以下例句按上述顺序排列）I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meeting-room.The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well.He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well. （二） 句子结构简单句的五个基本句型1.主语 不及物动词 She came/ My head aches. 2.主语 及物动词宾语 She likes English.3.主语 系动词 表语 She is happy4.主语 双宾动词间接宾语 直接宾语 She gave John a book.5.主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语 She makes her mother angryThe teacher asked me to read the passage. There +be 句型 There are some books on the desk.There lies a book on the desk. Exercises ： 分析下列句子成分1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you3. All of us considered him honest. 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.5. He broke a piece of glass. 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city翻译练习：主谓结构 （ 主语 不及物动词 ）1、You should study hard.2、She went home very late yesterday evening.练习：1、This box weighs five kilos. 这个盒子重五公斤。2、I lived in Beijing five years ago. 五年前我住在北京。主谓宾结构 （主语 及物动词 宾语 ） 1、I wrote a letter last night. 2、I want to talk with you this afternoon.练习：1、All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。2、He did not know what to say. 他不知道说什麽好。主系表结构 （主语 系动词表语 ）1.My brothers are all college students. 2In winter, the days are short and the nights are long.2. Mrs Brown looks very healthy. 4At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist.练习：1、树叶已经变黄了。 The leaves have turned yellow.2、这个报告听起来很有意思。The report sounds interesting.双宾语结构 （主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语）1.Mr Johnson taught us German last year.2.Grandma told me an interesting story last night.练习：1、 请你给我弄一本新的，好吗？ Will you please get me a new copy?2、我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？ Shall I call you a taxi?复合宾语结构 （主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 ）1.We call her Alice. 2.His parents named him John.练习：1、学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。 The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.2、我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。I thought it no use talking with that manThere be 句型1.There isnt going to be a meeting tonight.2.There was only a well in the village.练习：1、铃响了。 2、一周有七天。 二、英语句子种类讲解：按照句子的用途，英语句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。按照句子的结构，英语句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。中考对句子的考查主要集中在以下几个方面：1. 陈述句的构成形式及基本用法；2. 祈使句的构成形式及基本用法；3. 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法；4. 由what, how引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别对于各种从句的用法我们在后面分别论述。(一.) 陈述句的构成形式及基本用法1. 陈述句： 陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表达说话人看法（包括肯定和否定）的句子。通常用降调，句末用句号“.”。 Tom has a new car. The flower isnt beautiful.2. 陈述句否定式的构成(1) 如果肯定陈述句的谓语部分含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词be，则只需在这些动词后加not即可构成否定式。He is playing the guitar.（肯定）He is not playing the guitar.（否定）We can get there before dark.（肯定）We cant get thee before dark.（否定）(2) 如果陈述句的谓语动词是实义动词，而其中又没有情态动词或助动词时，则需根据人称和时态在该实义动词前加dont, doesnt或didnt。同时把该实义动词变为原形。He plays the violin well.（肯定）He doesnt play the violin well.（否定）She won the game.（肯定）She didnt win the game.（否定）(3) 如果句子是there be结构或谓语动词是have（有），除了be和have之后加not之外，句中如果有some要变为any。例如：There is some water in the cup. There is not any water in the cup.He has some books. He has not any books.(4) 除not以外，否定词no, never, nothing, nobody, few等也可构成否定句。例如：There is something wrong with his bike. There is nothing wrong with his bike.I have seen the film. I have never seen the film.(二.) 祈使句的构成形式及基本用法祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议、号召等的句子，谓语动词用原形，句末用感叹号“！”或句号“.”。朗读时一般用降调。1. 肯定的祈使句：（1）祈使句主语是you时，you常省略，但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种强烈的情绪时可以有主语或称呼语。Be quiet.You be quiet!（2）“Do+祈使句”表示一种强烈的感情或请求，do起强调作用。Do come back at once!Do be careful.（3）please用在祈使句中可以表示一种客气的语气，但please用在句末时，必须用逗号与其余部分分开。Open the window, please.（4）Let引导祈使句时，后面需跟上人称代词或称呼语，人称代词一般只用第一、第三人称。Let Jack wait a minute.Lets go to school.（5）在祈使句中，Lets和 Let us是有区别的。Lets包括说话者，而Let us不包括听话者在内。这点从反意疑问句时可明显看出。Lets go skating, shall we?（表示内部的建议）Let us try again, will you?（表示向别人发出请求）2. 否定祈使句通常以Dont或Never开头。其结构通常是：“Dont(Never)+动词原形+其他成分” 例如：Dont do that again!Never leave todays work for tomorrow!Dont be late next time!(三.) 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法1. 一般疑问句：（1）一般疑问句的肯定形式一般疑问句一般是指以助动词、情态动词、be动词或have（有）开始，通常要求以yes，或no来回答的疑问句，一般疑问句读时通常用升调。Do you know Mr. Smith?Can you swim?（2）一般疑问句的否定结构 在一般疑问句的否定结构中，把副词not放在一般疑问句的主语之后。但如果用not的简略形式-nt，则须将-nt与一般疑问句句首的be, have，助动词或情态动词写在一起。在实际运用中，一般都采用简略式。Are you not a football fan?Arent you a football fan?Will she not like it?Wont she like it? 与汉语不同的是，英语一般疑问句否定结构的答语是否定还是肯定，全由答语的否定或肯定来决定。若答语是肯定的，则用yes加肯定结构；若答语是否定的，则用no加否定结构。Arent you a football fan? 你不是足球迷吗？Yes, I am. No, I am not.Wont she like it?Yes, she will. No, she wont.2. 特殊疑问句特殊疑问句由“疑问代词或疑问副词+一般疑问句”构成，句子一般用倒装语序，但如果主语是疑问代词或由疑问代词修饰时，用陈述句的语序。特殊疑问句不能用yes或no回答，读时用降调。例如：Who is on duty today?How long have you been in Beijing?What time do you get up every morning?What must I do now?常用的特殊疑问句询问内容疑问词或句型例 句回 答职业， 身份whatWhat is your father?He is a doctor.姓名或关系whoWho is that boy?He is Jack.He is my brother相貌特征whatlike?What is she like?What does she look like?She is beautiful.目的whatfor?What did they come here for?To attend a meeting.原因whyWhy did they come here?Because they have a meeting to attend.天气howwhatlike?How is the weather today?What is the weather like today?Its fine.颜色what color？What dolor is her skirt?Its red.服装尺寸what sizeWhat size does he wear?He wars 40.几点钟what timeWhat time is it?Its 7:30.星期几what dayWhat day is today?Its Tuesday.几号，日期what is the date?What is the date today?Its May 2.年龄（多大）how oldHow old is he?He is 38.持续多长时间（多久）how longHow long have you been here?For five months.长度（多长）how longHow long is the bridge?Its 500 metres.距离（多远）how farHow far is it from here to the zoo?Its 6 kilometres.频度（多经常）how oftenHow often do you come back?Once a week.时间经过（多快）how soonHow soon will she arrive?In an week.数量（多少）how many（可数名词）how much（不可数名词）How many jackets do you have?How much coffee do you want?Three.Two cups.价格how muchHow much is it?How much does it cost?Five dollars.高度（多高）how tall（人，树）how high（山，建筑物）How tall is she?How high is the tower?Shes 1.73 metres.Its 450 metres.3. 选择疑问句：选择疑问句是说话者提出两种或两种以上的不同情况，让对方选择回答的疑问句。其结构是“疑问句+选择部分”。选择部分由or连接，or前面的部分读升调，or后面的部分读降调。选择疑问句不能用yes或no回答，而必须具体的选择答复。Is your bag yellow or black? Its black.。Would you like some tea or coffee? Either will do.。Which do you like better, singing or dancing? I like dancing better.4. 反意疑问句：反意疑问句(tag question)又叫附加疑问句，是在陈述句后，对陈述句所叙述的事提出的疑问。其基本结构有两种：一 “肯定陈述句+简略否定问句”；二 “否定陈述句+简略肯定问句”。 反意疑问句的前后两部分在时态，人称和数上都要保持一致。It looks like rain, doesnt it?He doesnt need to work so late, does he?（1）肯定的陈述句后跟否定的附加问句，否定的陈述句后跟肯定的附加问句。I am your teacher, arent I?He didnt study hard, did he?（2）当反意疑问句是“否定陈述句+肯定附加问句”时，英语与汉语的回答习惯存在差异。英语回答时只看实际情况，若答语的具体内容是肯定的就用“Yes+肯定结构”，答语的具体内容是否定的就用“No+否定结构”，而译成汉语时，则必须把yes译“不是”，把no译成“是的”。-You wont be away for long, will you? 你不会离开太久，是吗？ -Yes, I will.不，我会离开很久。 -No, I wont.是的，我不会离开很久。 -I dont think shell come by bike, will she? 我认为她不会骑自行车，会吗？ -Yes, she will.不，她会骑自行车来。 -No, she wont.是的，她不会骑自行车来。即：对反意疑问句的回答，是根据事实，而不是根据问题的提法。He isnt a doctor, is he ? (他不是医生，是吗？)Yes, he is . (不，他是医生。)No, he isnt. （是的，他不是医生。）（3）陈述部分的主语是this, that时，疑问部分的主语多用it;陈述部分的主语是these, those时，疑问部分的主语多用they。 This is a dictionary, isnt it? Those are shelves, arent they?（4）陈述部分是there be结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。 There is something wrong with your watch, isnt there? There will not be any trouble, will there?（5）陈述句中含有not, no, hardly, neither, never, few, little, tooto等否定词或具有否定意义的词时，疑问部分常用肯定形式。如： Few people knew the news, did they? Tom has never been to England, has he?（6）如果陈述句的主语是something, nothing, anything, everything 等不定代词时，反意疑问部分的主语多用it。（7）如果主语是lm，后反意部分用arent l l m late , arent l?Attention:简短问句的否定形式，要用缩写形式，不能出现not，主语要用人称代词不能用名词.Her mother is a doctor , isnt she?There is a book on the desk, isnt there?Fill in the blanks:1、The boy is Japanese, _he?The book isnt interesting, _ it?He knows a lot about English names, _ he?The girl doesnt like apples, _ she?There are two birds in the tree, _ there?The man came to China last month, _ he?2、(1)Youre a farmer, _ _?(2)The weather isnt fine, _ _?(3)Kate came here last month, _ _?(4)I dont think Tom is at home, _ _?(5)There werent enough nuts, _ _?(6)Theres a pen in the pencil-box, _ _?(7)The man had bread for lunch, _ _?(8)Mary can speak little English , _ _?(9)Nothing is wrong with the watch, _ _?(四.) 由what, how引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别感叹句是表示喜、怒、哀、乐以及惊异等感情的句子。句末用感叹号“！”，读时用降调，感叹句往往由what或how引导，what修饰名词，how修饰形容词，副词或动词。1. what引导的感叹句：（1）what + a/an +形容词+单数可数名词+陈述句（主语+谓语）What a beautiful city it is!What an interesting story she told!（2）what+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+陈述句（主语+谓语）What expensive watches they are!What terrible weather it is!2How引导的感叹句：（1）How+形容词/副词+陈述句（主语+谓语）How cold it is! How hard he works!（2）How+陈述句（主语+谓语）How he loves his son!How I miss you!（3）How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+陈述句（主语+谓语）How tall a tree it is! （4）上述两种感叹句可以互相转换。例如：What a clever boy he is!How clever the boy is!What a cold day it is!How cold it is!【实例解析】1. _ useful computer it is!A. What B. What a C. What an D. How2. -_ is it from Jiaxing to Hangzhou?-Im not sure, but it takes about ninety minutes to get there by bus.A. How many B. How often C. How much D. How far3. -_ will it take us to get there by bus?-About two hours.A. How soon B. How often C. How long D. How quick 4. -Help! There is a snake near the house.-_ afraid. It will go away later.A. Dont B. Not C. Dont be D. Be综合练习一. 单项填空1. -Excuse me, _ is the nearest bookshop?-Go down the street and turn left at the second corner.A. how B. what C. where D. who2. -_ is it from our school to the Bell Tower?-About half an hours bus ride. Shall we go and visit it?A. How long B. How often C. How far D. How much3. -Linda had nothing for breakfast this morning, _?-No. She got up too late.A. had she B. hadnt she C. did she D. didnt she4. -The room is so dirty. _ we clean it?-Of course.A. Will B. Would C. Do D. Shall5. -_, sir?-Size 41, I thinkA. What size do you need B. What can I do for youC. How do you like this shirt D. Whats the matter with you6. -_ good weather! Why not go out for a walk?A. What B. How C. What a D. How a7. -Its a nice car. _ have you been in it?-Just to Shanghai.A. How much B. How long C. How soon D. How far8. -_ to the United States?-No, never, but I went to Canada a few years ago.A. Have you been B. Have you goneC. Did you go D. Will you go9. -_ were you away from school last year?-About two weeks.A. How often B. How soon C. How long D. When10. -_ do you want?-I want a CD of popular songs.A. Which CD B. How many CDsC. What CD D. How much11. _ is your mother, a teacher or a doctor?A. What B. Which C. Who D. whose12. -_ is your mother today, Jim?-She is much better.A. How B. What C. Where D. How old13. -_he _ at this school last term?-Yes, I think so.A. Didstudy B. DoesstudyC. Wasstudy D. Didstudied14. -_ did you begin to learn English?-Three years ago.A. When B. Why C. Where D. What15. -_ do you write to your pen-friend?-Once a week.A. How long B. How soon C. How far D. How often16. _ nice flowers! Where did you pick them?A. How B. What C. What a D. How a17. The sick mans allowed to take a walk in the garden every day, _?A. is he B. isnt he C. has he D. hasnt he18. _ cross the road before the traffic lights turn green.A. Not B. Wont C. Dont D. Doesnt19. He found nothing in the room, _?A. doesnt he B. does heC. didnt he D. did he20. You havent changed your mind, _?A. do you B. are youC. have you D. did you二. 句型转换（按要求改写下列句子）1. Bruce bought a dictionary yesterday. (改为否定句)Bruce _ _ a dictionary yesterday.2. Mr. Smith does morning exercises every day. (改为一般疑问句)_ Mr. Smith _ morning exercises every day?3. Allan will go back to England by plane next month. (就划线部分提问)_ _ Allan go back to England next month?4. There are some apples on the table. (改为否定句)There _ _ apples on the table.5. When she sees you, she will tell you the news(就划线部分提问)_ _ she tell you the news?6. Uncle Wang likes making things. (改写为否定句)Uncle Wang _ _ making things.7. Ann returned the book to the library yesterday. (改为一般疑问句)_ Ann _ the book to the library yesterday?8. Our city is very beautiful. (改为感叹句)_ _ our city is!9. He has worked in this school for five years. (就划线部分提问)_ _ has he worked in this school?10. Both of them are my best friends. (改为否定句)_ of them _ my best friend.11. They are happy to see each other. (改为感叹句)_ _ they are to see each other!12. The exam begins at nine. (改为一般疑问句)_ the exam _ at nine?13. He was playing basketball at four yesterday afternoon. (就划线部分提问)_ _ he _ at four yesterday afternoon?14. He had nothing for breakfast. (改为反意疑问句)He had nothing for breakfast _ _?15. She doesnt think I can surf on the Internet. (改反意疑问句)She doesnt think I can surf on the Internet, _ _?16. Hes put the tree in the hole? (改为一般疑问句)_ he _ the tree in the hole?17. How useful the book is! (改为陈述句)It is _ _ useful book.18. The population of Australia is about 19,500,000. (就划线部分提问)_ _ population of Australia?19. The meeting will start in ten minutes. (就划线部分提问)_ _ will the meeting start?20. Dont tell him to come to my office. (改为肯定的祈使句)_ _ to come to my office.