CATTI三级笔译综合能力讲义.doc

第一节 考试内容介绍、定语从句讲解、练习及译法第一部分 考试介绍一、考试题型词汇和语法部分 50题 25分 25分钟阅读理解 50题 55分 75分钟完型填空 20题 20分 20分钟二、考试要求掌握本大纲要的英语词汇；掌握并能够正确运用双语语法；具备对常用问题英语文章的阅读理解能力。三、笔译综合能力试题的基本类型第一部分词汇和语法部分可分为三大部分：词汇选择（Vocabulary and Grammar）1-20难度大约在四级左右；词语替代（Vocabulary Selection）21-40主要找出和划横线部分相同意思的词汇，难度在4级到6级之间；改错（Error Correction）主要有词汇和语法的两种错误。第一部分考察的内容主要为近义词的辨析、短语介词和动词词组的搭配；语法点主要包括定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句、虚拟语气、非谓语动词等等。在其后会分专题来讲解。第二部分阅读理解共5篇，字数在每篇150-450字之间，绝大多数在250字左右，每篇有5到10题，不定量。题材广泛，选题多样。类似于四级以上难度和题型，但是和专业四级题型更加相似。第三部分为开放性完型填空，20空，共20分。题材广泛，选题多样。难度和专业四级等同。四、基本复习策略综合能力课程作为三级笔译必修的课程，主要是考察学生对于英语基本知识的了解，特别是对双语习惯的掌握，为了能够更好地为实务课程打下坚实的基础，所以希望每一位同学都不要对这门课程产生掉以轻心的念头。根据个人经验，我个人推荐以下几个复习的策略：第一、要对大纲的词汇做到十分熟悉，这种熟悉不是简单地认识，而是要学会使用，特别是在没有字典的帮助之下可以迅速而准确地判断搭配。第二、对于语法结构的重视，但凡是学翻译就必须要对语法结构有着深入的了解，这种了解不是简单地会划分句子成分，而是将每个句子如何组合，这将决定你实务中的句型翻译的关键。第三，阅读能力要强。任何考试都是得阅读者得天下，咱们的综合能力考试也不除外。包括实务考试，如果文章内容没有弄明白，那么对文章的翻译肯定是不行的。以上三点经验之谈，仅供参考。第二部分 定语从句的讲解、练习及译法1that和which用法比较：1) which用于非限定性定语从句中。e.g.: He said he was busy, which was not true. 他说他很忙，那是假的。We dont want to enter the house, which is very cold. 我们不想进房间，因为太冷了。2) which用于介词后做宾语。e.g.: The room of which windows are opposite to the room is large. 窗户正对着海的房间很大。The chair in which you are sitting is made of iron. 你坐的椅子是用钢做的。3) that一定用于“不（不定代词作先行词时）止（“只是”only修饰先行词时）最（形容词最高级修饰先行词时）两（先行词同时出现人和物）序（序数词修饰先行词时）”五种情况。e.g.: All that you need is help. 你所需要的是帮助。A lot of things and children that are full of the car were lost in the district. 装满了车的东西和孩子们在这个地区失踪了。That is only thing that I want to know. 那是我唯一想知道的事情。The last book that you bought is that I wanted to buy. 你买的最后一本书是我想买的。What is the size of the largest map that you have seen before? 你以前见过的最大的尺寸的地图有多大？2定语从句的种类定语从句可分为非限定性定语从句（描绘性定语从句）和限定性定语从句。e.g.: They dont like that person who is noisy. 他们不喜欢那个吵闹的人。*非限定性定语从句（描绘性定语从句）和先行词关系紧密，不可省略。e.g.: They dont like that person, who is noisy. 他们不喜欢那个人，因为他太吵闹了。*限定性定语从句和先行词关系疏松，用逗号和主句隔开，可以省略。它翻译时，相当于一个状语从句。译法：1定语从句的前置合译法：On the whole, such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.译文：总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一些孩子的态度相同；他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。 2定语从句的前置合译法与后置分译法：Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate response will experience greater intellectual development.译文：行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took roots in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.译文：希腊人认为，语言结构与思维能力过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。3定语从句的溶合变译法；This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature; actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work.(48 words)译文：这种假设是依据这样的一种谬论：人的本性中存在天生的惰性。而实际上，除了特别懒惰的人以外，几乎没有人愿意挣只相当于最低生活维持费的钱，也没有人愿意饱食终日、无所事事。定语从句翻译练习：1. Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具有个性的人; 他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。2. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。3. They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.对于以往几代人来说, 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段, 而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动, 因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。4. The number of the young people in the United States who cant read is incredible about one in four.大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。（前置译法）第二节 语法及词汇练习、定语从句长难句分析及翻译、阅读理解讲解第一部分 语法及词汇练习第二部分 定语从句长难句成分分析及翻译练习5. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and entertaining. 人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到既有教育意义又有娱乐性的层出不穷的新节目。（后置译法）6. Taking his cue from Ibsens A Dolls House, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husbands treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself; she must have economic rights to survive.易卜生的剧作玩偶之家中的女主人公娜拉离家出走, 因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示, 从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己, 她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。（句首译法）7. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. 那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。（倒装、定从使用）8. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis. 随着爆发出来的运动的结束，再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高，使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态，直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢，被肝脏转化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下来又会（部分）传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 。9. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy. 虽然古特曼承认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的偏爱在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制。10. This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests，may have derived from West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. 古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻（union with close kin）的禁止。第三部分 阅读理解的基本理念（见PPT）第三节 非谓语动词，练习及其译法，阅读理解讲解及练习第一部分 阅读理解题目练习：When my first child was born, my mother-in-law said to me: Motherhood is a wonderful just as long as you remember that A Mothers Place is in the Wrong. No matter what you do, your children will blame you.Sine that time, almost nine years ago, I have carefully monitored mothers and their growing offspring to verify this maxim, and found that indeed it contains much truth.If, on the other hand, a mother sends her little lamb to the local neighborhood school, the little lamb will grumble tears later that his parents did not give a fig for education and that is why he was illiterate and on the dole. If a woman has a job, her children will speak mournfully of the experience of being latch-key kids who never knew what it was to come home to the joy and security of mum baking bread in the kitchen.If she considers it to e best to end the marriage, they will accuse her of causing them parental deprivation syndrome and obligation them to grow up in a one-parent situation.Truly, a mothers place is in the wrong place-and, yea, it goes on even unto the third generation. When your children encounter trouble or difficulties as adults, in their own marriages or in their personalities, whom do you blame? Youve got it in one: Mother.1. Having thought about her mother-in-law advice, the author _.A was inclined to doubt the advice B interviewed women whose children had grown up C decided to put the advice to the test D asked adults about their children 2. The passage suggests that the local schools _.A make children feel insecurity B have a poor educational record C allow children too much freedom D are for the children of suburban cabbages3. According to the passage, a woman who divorces her husband will _.A be backed by her children B be blamed by her childrenC usually blame her husband D soon lose the childrens affection4. It can be concluded from the passage that mothers _.A are willing to take the blame B are blamed unfairly C can not be blameless D cannot avoid blame The worldwide consumption of bakery food products is increasing. Many populations that formerly relied solely on rice or coarser grains as their main source of carbohydrates show a preference for compounded bakery products as new industry and increased incomes make them more widely accessible. Japan is an outstanding example of countries following this trend. The United States has shown a steady downward trend in per capita consumption of cereal-based foods for many years, and the consumption of sweet bakery foods, such as cakes or pastry, has been increasingly displacing bread consumption. Probably 95% of the white bread sold in the United States is enriched with thiamine, niacin, and iron, and about 30 of the states have laws requiring white bread enrichment. Formerly, calcium and vitamin D were frequently added to enriched bread, but lack of consumer demand and questionable nutritional benefit led to gradual phasing out of these enrichments. India has attempted to encourage consumption of protein-enriched bread, with some success. Except for research projects, little has been done in other countries, however. In areas where bakery products comprise a large proportion of the diet, they could provide an ideal vehicle for nutritional supplementation. The need for better quality in the daily diet occurs mostly in the developing counties, where carbohydrates foods - usually cereals - are the basic components of the diet and therefore the logical protein carriers.1. Japan is used in this passage t illustrate a fashion in many countries _.A to enrich bread B to invest more in food industry C to increase consumption of bakery foodsD to increase a reliance on rice and grains2. Because of little demand and questionable value _.A calcium and vitamin D are no longer added to bread B cereal-based foods are being replaced by bakery products C rice and coarser grains being replaced by bakery products D little has been done to encourage consumption of enriched bread 3. According to the passage, popular cereals could be the best way in developing countries to _.A supplement the diet B displace rice consumption C increase reliance on carbohydrates D phase out necessary bread enrichments 4. From the passage, we learn that there is a worldwide trend towards _.A enriching the nutritional value of bread B increasing the consumption of protein C using bakery products as a source of carbohydrates D using grains, such as rice, as a source of carbohydrates 第二部分 非谓语动词难点讲解独立主格与非谓语动词：独立主格独立主格的结构一： 名词（代词）+ 分词 现在分词、过去分词Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _ it closely.A followed B following C to follow D being followedAll things _, the planned trip will have to be called off.A considered B be considered C considering D having considered独立主格的结构2：with + 名词（代词）+ 分词 句子当中作状语After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys _ to go to school.A to be encouraged B been encouraged C being encouraged D be encouraged非谓语动词非谓语动词的结构：分词（分词短语）句子的主语决定非谓语动词中的分词是用主动还是被动形式。如果是句子的主语发出动作，则使用现在分词；如果动作不是由句子的主语发出，则使用过去分词。43.No matter how frequently _, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.A performed B performing C to be performed D being performedperform vt. 表演，演出，演奏；to be performed 将要被演奏； being performed 正在被演奏；一些特殊的动词：第一个：remember 记住；62. I remember _ to help us if we ever got into trouble.A once offering B him once offering C him to offer D to offer him第二个：want 想要； 48. Your hair wants _. Youd better have it done tomorrow.A cut B cutting C to cut D being cut18. This room is so dirty that it wants _.A cleaning B to clean C being cleaned D cleaned第三个：mean 意味； 25. Theres a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _ trouble. A making B to make C to have made D having made练习：41.It is not difficult to _ the idea that machines may communicate information to us.A) admit B) receive C) accept D) convince（C）42.I have not the least _ of hurting your feelings.A) concept B) intention C) mind D) purpose（B）43.As the shortage of certain metals approaches, others must be found to take their _.A) share B) place C) role D) shape（B）44.The new power station is reported _ within three years.A) to have completed B) to have been completed C) having Been completed D) to complete（B）45.Mary is in bed with a fever and she cant hope to _ the cold in a few day.A) get over B) get away C) get off D) get out（A）46.Although the weather was very had, the buses still ran on _.A) list B) plan C) schedule D) arrangement（C）47.The situation today is obviously quite different from _ it was only 50 years ago.A) what B) which C) when D) such（A）48.Soon, Americans hope, the rains will return and ease the hardship _ U.S. farmers.A) faced B) faces C) facing D) to face（C）49.Ever since the family moved to the suburbs last year, they _ better health.A) could have enjoyed B) have been enjoying C) had enjoyed D) are enjoying（B）50.It is much easier to talk about social change than to _.A) bring it on B) bring it about C) burning it up D) bring it out（B）51.Jane was hit on the head by the robber and was knocked _.A) mindless B) unaware C) brainless D) unconscious（D）52.He likes doing some reading at home to the cinema.A) than to go B) than going C) more than going D) rather than to go（C）53._ neglecting our education, my father sent my brother and me to a summer school.A) Accused of B) Accusing of C) That he was accused of D) To be accused of（A）54.I bought a new house last year, but I _ my old house yet, so at the moment I have two houses.A) did not sell B) do not sell C) had not sold D) have not sold（D）55.She didnt regret paying 200 dollars for the bookcase. As a matter or a fact, she would gladly have paid _ for it.A) as much twice B) much as twice C) as twice much D) twice as much（D）56.By the time you get to Beijing tomorrow, I _ for Shanghai.A) am leaving B) should have left C) will leave D) have already left（B）57.It was essential that all the necessary documents _ to the presidents office being the end of this month.A) be handed in B) must be handed in C) should D) had been handed in（A）58.The car is quite _ of petrol.A) economic B) economical C) saving D) sparing（B）59.The traffic was very heavy; otherwise I _ here 50 minutes sooner.A) would be B) should be C) had been D) would have been（D）60._ his great wealth, he always remained a man of simple tastes.A) Except for B) With regard to C) Despite D) Although（C）61.The socks were too small and it was only by _ them that he managed to get them on.A) spreading B) extending C) lengthening D) stretching（D）62.Language can be defined as a tool by which human beings _ with one another.A) associate B) connect C) communicate D) correspond（C）63.As a small boy, he was slow _ learning to read and write.A) on B) with C) in D) about（C）64.Tony was _ a mile of the hotel when he ran out of petrol.A) within B) inside C) about D) off（D）65.It has been rather costly to install the machinery, but it will prove to be worth the money _.A) in the long run B) in conclusion C) at long last D) at the end（A）66.I dont know why he _ in the middle of a sentence.A) broke off B) broke out C) broke through D) broke away（A）67.Im sorry Andy didnt want to go to the conference. _ willing to go we would have paid all his expenses.A) Being B) Was he C) He had been D) Had he been（D）68.The minister was the person _.A) whom the state dinner was given in honour B) for whom the state dinner was given honourC) whose honour the state dinner was given D) in whose honour the state dinner was given（D）69.The young driver looked over the engine carefully lest it _ on the way.A) goes wrong B) would go wrong C) went wrong D) should go wrong（D）70.John had been working hard and _.A) so his brother had B) so had his brother C) so was his brother D) so his brother did（B）第三节 非谓语动词的译法1Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. （现在分词正常使用）即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。2Taking the train, the two friends arrived in Berlin in late October 1922, and went directly to the address of Chou-En Lai.他们两个人坐火车于1922年3月到柏林，立即去周恩来的住处。The farmer of 1800, using a hand sickle, could hope to cut a fifth of a hectare of wheat a day.在1800年，一个农民，使用镰刀，在一天内可望收割五分之一公顷小麦。3When Chou En Lais door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful.周恩来的房门打开时，他们看到的是一个身材瘦小、比普通人略高一点的人，两眼闪着光辉，面貌很引人注意，称得上清秀。4With the prices and house rents increasing rapidly, many young university graduates cannot earn their living, let alone support parents.随着物价和房租迅速上涨，许多年轻大学毕业生无法挣钱养活自己，更不用说赡养父母。5Situated at the base of the Mt. Lofty Ranges, Adelaide enjoys a Mediterranean climate.阿德莱德位于罗夫迪岭山麓，属地中海型气候。This area, noted for its beautiful scenery, was counted as one of the eight outstanding views of Beijing.附近风光秀丽，过去是燕京八景之一。6Ignoring the chair offered him, Chu Teh stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was.朱德顾不得来过来的椅子，端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十几岁的青年面前，用平稳的语调说明自己的身份。第四节 非谓语动词，长难句分析及翻译、阅读理解第一部分 语法及词汇练习北冥有鱼，其名为鲲。鲲之大，不知其几千里也；化而为鸟，其名为鹏。鹏之背，不知其几千里也；怒而飞，其翼若垂天之云。鹏之徙于南冥也，水击三千里，抟扶摇而上者九万里 庄子内篇逍遥游41.I cant understand how you _ these unpleasant surroundings.A) put out B) put down C) put up with D) put forward（C）42._ you decide to take up you should try to make it a success.A) Whatever B) Unless C) Whenever D) If only（A）43.If Harry did not attend the conference last night, he _ too much work to do.A) must have had B) must have C) had had D) had to have had（A）44.John often attends public lectures at the University of Oxford, chiefly _ his English.A) to improve B) improving C) to have improved D) improved（A）45.It was suggested at the meeting that effective measures _ to solve the problem.A) were taken B) be taken C) must be taken D) take（B）46.I am _ of your stupid conversation.A) annoyed B) worried C) angry D) tired（D）47.They are building the dam in _ with another firm.A) comparison B) association C) touch D) tune（B）48.Most parents encourage their children to take an active part in social events, _ those events do not interfere with their studies.A) lest B) though C) unless D) pr