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Unit 5Task 1【答案】A.1) More than 38 million people2) Ms. Stanecki is an UN AIDS Senior Adviser. She says that some of the fastest growing epidemics can found in Asia.3) Intravenous drug use.4) Anti-AIDS drags are widely available there. This has made some people pay less attention to the danger of becoming infected with HIV.B. 1) F 2) F 3) F 4) TC. worsening, five million, Africa, 25 million, one million, increase, political and financial, have access, one in five, more than half【原文】 A new report by the UN AIDS organizations finds the global AIDS epidemic is worsening. The agency says more people in all regions around the world are becoming infected with HIV, the virus which causes AIDS. UN AIDS reports that significant progress has been made in providing treatment for larger numbers of AIDS victims and in achieving greater political and financial commitments in the fight against the fatal disease. Despite this, the report says none of these efforts has been enough to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS. Last year, the report notes five million people became newly infected with HIV. That is more people than any previous year. Currently, it says, more than 38 million people are living with the disease. UN AIDS Senior Adviser Karen Stanecki says Asia, with 60 percent of the worlds population, is home to some of the fastest growing epidemics in the world. In 2003 alone, she says, more than one million people became infected with HIV.“Equally alarming, we have only just begun to witness the full impact of AIDS on African societies as infections continue to grow and people are dying in large numbers. The scale of the problem in Africa is well documented, with over 25 million infections. If we dont act now, 60 percent of todays 15-year-olds will not reach their 60th birthday.”The report says the Caribbean is the hardest hit region in the world after Africa. It also finds the HIV/AIDS epidemic is continuing to expand in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, mainly due to intravenous drug users. UN AIDS says infections also are on the rise in the United States and Western Europe. It blames this largely on the widespread availability of anti-AIDS drags, which it says has made some people in these wealthy countries complacent. UN AIDS Director of Monitoring and Evaluation, Paul De Lay, acknowledges that around the world prevention programs are reaching fewer than one in five people who need them. Nevertheless, he says there has been a dramatic increase in prevention activities for young people and several other successes as well. In Africa, for instance, 60 percent of children have access to AIDS education both in primary and secondary schools. That is a huge increase from the late 1990s. In highly vulnerable groups like sex workers, we are seeing a real success story in Africa. 32 percent of sex workers that are identified have access to HIV prevention and there is a large increase in condom use in this population. The report says global spending on AIDS has increased greatly, but, more is needed. It estimates $12 billion will be needed by next year, and $20 billion by 2007, for prevention and care in developing countries. The United Nations says AIDS funding has increased sharply in recent years, in part due to the US governments global AIDS initiative. But it says still globally less than half the money needed is being provided.Task 2【答案】A.1) 40,000, addicted, nature, nurture2) wont, addict, prone3) genetic, fixed, fated4) regulations, implicationsB. 1) a) 2) b) 3) a)C.1) Human genes are all under close study in laboratories.2) It implies that insurance companies or employers might take advantage and discriminate against those who have been identified as being at high risk.【原文】Mary Gearin: Welcome to the lab. Like it or not, were all in the Petri dish now as more scientists than ever look for the cause of our habits lying hidden in our genes.Dr. Whitfield: The advances in DNA technology mean that techniques can be applied to this type of research which werent possible before and which give the prospect of what you might call an explosion in outcomes in actual findings that we can use.Mary Gearin: Its a detective story with an unknown number of villains. We havent established how many of our 40,000 genes may leave us more likely to be addicted, but some scientists do believe theyve confirmed a laypersons principlethat were about half nature, half nurture.Dr. Whitfield: The conclusion at the moment is that genetics accounts for about half the variation in liability to a number of kinds of addiction and that environmental influences, or just the random things that happen to us as we go through life, account for the other half. Mary Gearin: Of course, genes wont determine who will or wont become an addict, only those who are more prone to becoming one. Listen to a reformed smoker and a leading researcher in the field, Wayne Hall.Wayne Hall: I think we really do have a task in front of us to educate people that “genetic” doesnt mean fixed, immutable, unchangeable, fated. It still leaves plenty of room for human decision, choice and capacity to influence and change behaviour.Mary Gearin: Wayne Hall is pushing for regulations to deal with the ethical implications that have inevitably surfaced.Wayne Hall: If we were able to identify people in advance as being at high risk because they possessed a set of genes, then that might have adverse effects on them in terms of the way others in their social environment treat them. It might have effects if insurance companies take account of that information or employers and so on.Mary Gearin: But would addicts take any more responsibility for their own actions? Our distinctly unscientific sample of smokers told us: not really. If a test came out, would you have yourself tested to see if you had that gene?Julie: Honestly, probably not.Mary Gearin: Would you want your kids to take that test to perhaps ware them off smoking if they had that gene as well? John Mackay: Only if they become problem smokers Id probably suggest it, yeah. Otherwise I wouldnt worry about it.Task 3【答案】A. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)B. 2. 3. 5. 7. 9. 10. 12. 13.C.1) elementary school teacher, frustrations, peers, taught, learnt2) high EQ, adults, children【原文】Claire Nolan: Hi. This is Claire Nolan.Bill Rodney: Any Im Bill Rodney. Today well be discussing EQnot IQ. EQ: emotional intelligence. Weve been hearing a lot about EQ lately, and in fact you might have seen Daniel Golemans best-selling book about it in the bookstore. Your emotional intelligence quotient seems to include both intra- and interpersonal relationshipsin other words, how well you handle your own emotions, and how well you respond to others.Claire Nolan: Yes, but Bill, thats not exactly a new idea, is it? I meanI know a lot of old proverbs about thinking before you act, and that kind of thing.Bill Rodney: Thats true, but the term itself is a new one, and it shows that people have realized, the way you control your feelings is just as important as your educationmaybe even more important. But whats really interesting and the focus of todays session is: Can you learn EQ? Well be talking to three people todayall educators, in their own wayto get their perspective on it. Our first guest is Betty Cortina. Betty, youre an elementary school teacher. Do you really think that some kids have higher EQs than others?Betty Cortina: Oh sure! Even at five or six years old, some of the kids tend to be much more patient and easy-going than others. And then others are prone to shout and make a big fuss. I mean, I dont want to make it sound as if its bad to be spirited, or anything, but if you cant control your emotions, even at that age, you can have a lot of problems.Bill Rodney: Like what?Betty Cortina: Well, if you cant deal with setbacks, you dont make progress; and if youre always impatient, your peers dont like you.Bill Rodney: Can you give us an example?Betty Corrina: Sure. One example is how kids deal with frustration. Imagine a child who is having trouble doing a math problem. She gets frustrated with the problem, throws her pencil down, yells angrily, This is a stupid problem! I hate it! Another child, with a higher EQ, might be able to handle the situation better. She might try different ways to approach the problem, or ask for help, and so on. And she will be more successful because she wont let her negative feelings get in the way of her task.Bill Rodney: I guess I can understand that, but my question is: Can you learn to have a higher EQ? Lets see, our next guest is Jim McDonald. Do you want to respond to that question? Jim McDonald: Yes. Well, as you know, I run management training programs for a bank here in the city, and I agree this EQ idea is definitely important. Lets face it: When the going gets tough, its much better for an employee to have a positive, enthusiastic attitude than to dwell on failures. But what I find is that some people just take life in stride and other people dont. I mean, of course you can point them in the right directionthats what I try to do in my seminarsbut some people never learn to improve their EQ.Betty Cortina: No, I disagree. Kids can be taught to have patience and not to give up when things go wrong. They learn to respond well to their emotions. They learn how to sit still and listen, and how to respect others. And I dont believe we are born with a high emotional intelligence quotient. I think we have to learn those skills.Jim McDonald: Okay, so maybe you can teach children, but frankly, I dont see how adults can ever change. I mean, I work with a lot of managers, and the good ones are sharp, perceptive people who respond well to change. I dont think the others can learn that.Bill Rodney: Why not?Jim McDonald: Well, part of the problem is that people with a low EQ have a difficult time seeing how their behavior affects other people. They see no reason to change. Their behavior has negative effectsfor themselves and for othersbut they dont see it that way. They tend to blame other people for the problems they are having. People like this just dont work well with other people. Id say they have a lower EQ and theyll probably never adjust their behavior.Task 4【答案】A.1) Marriage counsel/Psychologist.2) Yes.3) With help, he learned to see that his wifes success was also his success instead of his failure.B.1) T 2) F 3) T【原文】Bill Rodney: Our third guest, Ian Davis, is a marriage counselor. Ian, from the perspective of a marriage counselor, can adults change their EQs?Ian Davis: Yes. I am a psychologist and I work with couples, married couples, who are having problems. From what I can see, some people, adults, I mean, can change their EQs.Bill Rodney: How so?Ian Davis: Well, I think that the key to keeping a relationship together is learning to empathize with your partner.Bill Rodney: Did you say empathize?lan Davis: Yes, its crucial. Couples who have successful relationships try hard to understand each others feelings. First, you have to put yourself in your partners shoes. That makes it easier for you to make allowances for your partners weaknesses. You have to learn to control your reactions even when you feel angry or resentful.Bill Rodney: So youre saying people can learn those things? Dont you think that, as Jim said, some people have it and some dont?Ian Davis: No, I disagree strongly with what he said. I do see people change. If I didnt think people could change, Id be in a different line of work!Bill Rodney: Im not quite sure I understand what youre saying. Tell us about someone youve seen acquire a higher EQ.Ian Davis: Well, let me tell you about a case I saw recently. I had some clients, a husband and wife, a few months ago, and the wife had gotten a promotion at work. Now the husband was happy for her, of course, but he also felt a bit jealous. He felt like a failure because he hadnt gotten a promotion at his job.Bill Rodney: So what happened to them?Ian Davis: Well, the husband had to learn to swallow his pride and put aside his negative feeling. I told him to concentrate on the good thing that had happened to his wife instead of thinking about himself. With practice, he was able to see that her success was also his success, not his failure. I really think he raised his own EQ by doing that.Bill Rodney: Thank you, Ian. And Ill remember to keep EQ in mind. Maybe I can get a little better it! And thank you, Betty and Jim, for joining us today.Task 5【答案】A.Shelley Travers Linda Jenkins Ray IshwoodWhat medical problem did he/she have?BackacheWartArthritis How did the doctor treat him/her?Giving her testsRecommending an operationGiving him injectionsWas the experience satisfactory?No No No Did the patient get better later?YesYes Yes What was/might be the cause of the problem?Hard desk chairStress Cold and rainy weatherB.1) He should have asked some questions, like what kind of work she did, or how long she spent at the computer every day.2) Acupuncture.3) They have to be more careful before they recommend operations.4) He tends to get better when its warmer.C.Column 1 Column 2Linda Jenkins Atlanda, GeorgiaShelley Travers Eugene, OregonRay Ishwood New York City【原文】Bill: Good morning, everyone. This is Bill and the show is Body Talk. Todays topic is problems with doctors. Now, who hasnt had a problem with a doctor? Call in and tell us yours. Our number is 1-800-555-BODY. That didnt take longheres our first caller now. Hello, this is Bill and youre on Body Talk! Shelley Travers: Morning, Bill. This is Shelley Travers, calling from New York City. Thanks for taking my call. I just want to say how important I think it really is for a doctor to listen to a patient.Bill: Tell me about it! So, Shelley, what happened to you?Shelley Travers: Well, I was getting these really bad, shooting pains in my back. I couldnt sleep at night or anything. So I went to my doctor, and he examined me and had me do all these tests and things. And I even had to go into the hospital for some X-rays. But after all thatI mean, I took off a lot of time from workthey told me there was nothing wrong with me. I was thinking about trying alternative medicine and going to a chiropractor when a co-worker. Im a secretary. Bill: What was that, Shelley? I didnt catch all of what you said. You mean, you were in serious pain., the doctors tests didnt show anythingyou were going to go to a chiropractor.Shelley Travers: Well, yes, thats right. Awful, right? But a co-worker said, You know, your desk chair is too hard. If you sat on a soft cushion that might make your back feel better. Anyway, she was totally right. So then I felt really mad, because, I mean, I had taken all that time from work to see the doctor, but all I really needed was a cushion!Bill: So, your doctor hadnt really listened and asked the right questions, right, Shelley?Shelley Travers: Yeah, thats right. He never asked me what kind of work I did, or how long I spent at the computer every day. If he had asked some questions, he probably wouldnt have sent me for all those tests!Bill: Sure sounds like your doctor wasnt much help. But, Im glad the cushion worked. Thanks, Shelley. Bye, now. Hi, Bill here. Youre on Body Talk.Linda Jenkins: Hi there, Bill. My name is Linda Jenkins, and Im calling from Atlanta, Georgia. I want to tell you what happened to me Its kind of embarrassing thoughBill: Ah, go ahead. Linda, Dont be embarrassed. Were listeningLinda Jenkins: Well. ah. Okay. I had this big wart on my foot. It got so bad that I could hardly.Bill: Sorry to interrupt you, Linda. What did you say?Linda Jenkins: A wart, you know, a hard lump. Kids get them on their hands all the time, but I got one on the bottom of my left foot. So, my doctor said Id probably need an operation to remove it. Burn it off, or something. He really scared me!Bill: So, you were scared, but did you take his advice?Linda Jenkins: No, actually, I didnt. But I was just desperate, because, you know, I could hardly walk. So, I decided to try acupuncture.Bill: Wait a minute. I didnt catch that. What did you say?Linda Jenkins: I tried acupunctureI went to an acupuncturist. And you know, she really listened to me and got me to change my diet and get more rest. She said the wart was probably a reaction to stress. I had been working late a lot. Eventually, the wart cleared up. I really think that doctors have to be more careful before they recommend operations. Sometimes theres a much simpler treatment. I mean, if doctors put themselves in their patients shoes, they might not be so quick to start cutting!Bill: You know, Linda, youre absolutely right! I couldnt agree with you more! Thanks for sharing your story with us. Good-bye, and good luck! Hello, youre on Body Talk.Ray Ishwood: Hello, Bill. Ray Ishwood, calling from Eugene, Oregon.Bill: How are you doing, Ray?Ray Ishwood: Fine, Bill. Ah, well., heres my story. For several years, Ive had arthritis in my hands and wrists. This winterit was so cold and rainythe pain got really bad. My doctor gave me a series of injections, really painful, to my hands. He said that in a few weeks I would feel better.Bill: Well, did you? Did those painful shots help?Ray Ishwood: Well. I dont really know. I mean, Im feeling a lot better now, but I think its because of the warmer weather. I tend to get worse when its cold and rainy outside. So, I dont think that the shots were that much help. And they were very painful. I just dont want to continue with them if they dont really make much of a difference.Bill: Youre probably right, Ray. Well, Im glad youre feeling better, and thanks for calling Body Talk.Task 6【答案】A. 1) c) 2) b)B. veracts, immune system, reaction, the sting, blood pressure, breathe, medicineC. A. immune system,B. red, itchy eyes, runny nose, difficult breathingC. 1. Normal2. Allergic 【原文】Today I think we are ready to start talking about allergies, and about allergic reactions. In the first part of my lecture, Im going to explain what an allergic reaction is. Then I will try to describe what an allergic reaction to a bee sting is like. In the second part of my lecture, Im going to talk about allergy testing and allergy shots. Ill explain one way the testing is done. Ill also tell you how and why allergy shots are given. Thats a lot to cover, so lets begin. What is an allergic reaction? Well, an allergic reaction is really an action of the immune system in the bodyan action of the immune system in your body. The immune systems job is to protect you, to make antibodies to protect you from things that are dangerous to your health. In an allergic reaction, however, your body makes antibodies to something that isnt really a problem for the body that is, its not usually a problem for someone without an allergy. For example, milk and cats hair and dust are usually not dangerous to humans. But, for some reason, your body might produce antibodies to milk or to cats hair or to dust. Your body is trying to protect you from these things. When the immune system does this, it is, in a sense, working too hard. The result is a fight. The fight is between your antibodies and the milk you drank or the cat hair or the dust you breathed in. You know your body is having a fight because you sneeze, or you have red, itchy eyes and a runny nose, or you feel tired, or you ma
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