资源描述
钢结构模拟测试（C） 一、单项选择题（将每题正确答案的序号填入括号内，每小题2分，共计30分）1在结构设计中，失效概率与可靠指标的关系为（ ）。A 越大，越大， 结构可靠性越差 B 越大，越小，结构可靠性越差C越大，越小，结构越可靠 D 越大, 越大，结构越可靠2钢材的三项主要力学性能为（ ）。 A抗拉强度、屈服点、伸长率 B抗拉强度、屈服点、冷弯性能C抗拉强度、冷弯性能、伸长率 D冷弯性能、屈服点、伸长率3钢中硫和氧的含量超过限量时，会使钢材（ ）。 A变软 B热脆 C冷脆 D 变硬4钢材在低温下，冲击韧性（ ）。 A提高 B降低 C不变 D不能确定5钢材的疲劳破坏属于（ ）破坏。 A弹性 B塑性 C脆性 D低周高应变6摩擦型连接的高强度螺栓在杆轴方向受拉时，承载力（ ）。 A与摩擦面的处理方法有关 B与摩擦面的数量有关 C与螺栓直径有关 D与螺栓的性能等级无关7高强度螺栓摩擦型连接与承压型连接相比，（ ）。 A承载力计算方法不同 B施工方法相同 C没有本质区别 D材料不同8在钢梁底面设有吊杆，其拉力设计值为650kN（静载），吊杆通过节点板将荷载传给钢梁，节点板采用双面焊缝焊于梁下翼缘，=10mm，=160MPa，则每面焊缝长度为（ ）。 A240mm B250 mm C260mm D270mm9图所示为高强度螺栓连接，在弯矩M的作用下，可以认为中和轴在螺栓（ ）上。 A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 410一宽度为、厚度为的钢板上有一直径为的孔，则钢板的净截面面积为（ ）。 A BC D11a类截面的轴心压杆稳定系数值最高是由于（ ）。 A截面是轧制截面 B截面的刚度最大 C初弯曲的影响最小 D残余应力的影响最小12轴心受压构件发生弹性失稳时，截面上的平均应力（ ）。 A 低于钢材抗拉强度B达到钢材屈服强度C 低于钢材比例极限D 低于钢材屈服强度13保证工字形截面梁受压翼缘局部稳定的方法是（ ）。 A设置纵向加劲肋 B设置横向加劲肋C采用有效宽度 D限制其宽厚比14梁的支撑加劲肋应设置在 （ ）。A弯曲应力大的区段B剪应力大的区段C上翼缘或下翼缘有固定作用力的部位D有吊车轮压的部位15单轴对称截面的压弯构件，一般宜使弯矩（ ）。A绕非对称轴作用 B绕对称轴作用C绕任意轴作用 D视情况绕对称轴或非对称轴作用二、判断题（正确的划“ ”，错误的划“ ”每小题2分，共计30分）1正常使用极限状态包括影响结构、构件和非结构构件正常使用或外观的变形，影响正常使用的振动，影响正常使用或耐久性能的局部损坏。（ ）2计算结构或构件的强度，稳定性以及连接的强度时，应采用荷载设计值，而不是标准值。( )3试验证明，钢材的疲劳强度主要与构造状况、应力幅和循环荷载重复次数有关，而与钢材的强度关系更明显。( )4承受动力荷载重复作用的钢结构构件及其连接，当应力变化的循环次数n次 时，应进行疲劳验算。( )5 承压型高强螺栓连接只依靠被连接板件间强大的摩擦阻力承受外力，以摩擦阻力被克服作为连接承载能力的极限状态。( )6钢结构设计规范规定角焊缝中的最小焊角尺寸，其中t为较厚焊件的厚度。( )7构件上存在焊接残余应力会增大结构的刚度。( )8螺栓排列分为并列和错列两种形式，其中错列可以减小栓孔对截面的削弱，但螺栓排列松散，连接板尺寸较大。 ( )9设计轴心受力构件时，轴心受压构件只需进行强度和刚度计算。 ( )10轴心受压构件板件过薄，在压力作用下，板件离开平面位置发生凸曲现象，称为构件丧失局部稳定。( )11构件的长细比是回转半径与计算长度之比。 ( )12梁的抗剪强度不满足设计要求时，最有效的办法是增大腹板的面积。( )13工字形截面简支梁，当受压翼缘侧向支承点间距离越小时，则梁的整体稳定就越差。 ( )14偏心受压柱铰接柱脚只传递轴心压力和剪力，刚接柱脚除传递轴心压力和剪力外，还要传递弯矩。( )15框架的梁柱连接时，梁端采用刚接可以减小梁跨中的弯矩，但制作施工较复杂。 ( )三、简答题（每小题8分，共计24分）1简述钢材塑性破坏和脆性破坏。2抗剪普通螺栓有哪几种可能的破坏形式？如何防止？3设计拉弯和压弯构件时应计算的内容？ 四、计算题（共计16分）如图所示：已知焊缝承受的斜向静力荷载设计值kN，偏心e为20mm，角焊缝的焊脚尺寸，实际长度，钢材为Q235B，焊条为E43型（=160N/mm2）， 取122。验算图所示直角角焊缝的强度。公式：； ；图1试题答案及评分标准（供参考）一、单项选择题（将每题正确答案的序号填入括号内，每题2分，共计30分）1B2A3B4B5C6C7A8C9C10D11D12C13D 14C15A二、判断题（正确的划“ ”，错误的划“ ”每小题2分，共计30分）1（）2（）3（）4（）5（）6（）7（）8（）9（）10（）11（）12（）13（）14（）15（）三、简答题（每题8分，共计24分）以下是各个简答题的要点，可根据具体情况酌情给分1简述钢材塑性破坏和脆性破坏。答：塑性破坏是由于变形过大，超过了材料或构件可能的应变能力而产生的，而且仅在构件的应力达到钢材的抗拉强度后才发生，破坏前构件产生较大的塑性变形；脆性破坏前塑性变形很小，甚至没有塑性变形，计算应力可能小于钢材的屈服点，断裂从应力集中处开始。2抗剪普通螺栓有哪几种可能的破坏形式？如何防止？答：螺栓抗剪连接达到极限承载力时，可能的破坏形式有四种形式：栓杆被剪断；螺栓承压破坏；板件净截面被拉断；端板被栓杆冲剪破坏。 第种破坏形式采用构件强度验算保证；第种破坏形式由螺栓端距2d0保证。第、种破坏形式通过螺栓计算保证。3设计拉弯和压弯构件时应计算的内容？答：拉弯构件需要计算强度和刚度（限制长细比）；压弯构件则需要计算强度、整体稳定（弯矩作用平面内稳定和弯矩作用平面外稳定）、局部稳定和刚度（限制长细比）四、计算题（共计16分）以下是本题的答案要点，可根据具体情况酌情给分解：将F分解为垂直于焊缝和平行于焊缝的分力 （2分） （2分） （2分） （2分） （2分） （2分） （2分）直角角焊缝的强度满足要求（2分）Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basket-balls range in size from 28.5-30 in (72-76 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in mens games measures 29.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a womens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, composition, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the balls bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 49-54 in (1.2-1.4 m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft (1.80 m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere commands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two half-bushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismith (1861-1939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismiths five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players; the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the organization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players; smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 10-20 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismiths original players were Canadians, and the game spread to Canada immediately. It was played in France by 1893; England in 1894; Australia, China, and India between 1895 and 1900; and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948; its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were ruled official in 1949. The rule-setters came from several groups early in the 1900s. Colleges and universities established their rules committees in 1905, the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a set of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there were two professional sets of rules. A Joint Rules Committee for colleges, the AAU, and the YMCA was created in 1915, and, under the name the National Basketball Committee (NBC) made rules for amateur play until 1979. In that year, the National Federation of State High School Associations began governing the sport at the high school level, and the NCAA Rules Committee assumed rule-making responsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the Armed Forces, with a similar committee holding jurisdiction over womens basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The womens game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resemble the mens game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably become the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the womens game by recognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. The first professional mens basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a per-game basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the ever-changing players on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was organized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was organized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game; under these premises, the two joined to form the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. A rival American Basketball Association (ABA) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the NBA for college talent and market share for almost ten years. In 1976, this league disbanded, but four of its teams remained as NBA teams. Unification came just in time for major television support. Several womens professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the Womens Professional Basketball League (WBL) and the Womens World Basketball Association, before the WNBA debuted in 1997 with the support of the NBA. James Naismith, originally from Al-monte, Ontario, invented basketball at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. The game was first played with peach baskets (hence the name) and a soccer ball and was intended to provide indoor exercise for football players. As a result, it was originally a rough sport. Although ten of Naismiths original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first five-man teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine nets but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the nets were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Nonetheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would barnstorm into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were played in arenas with chicken wire separating the players from fans, thus the word cagers, others with posts in the middle of the floor and often with balconies overhanging the corners, limiting the areas from which shots could be taken. Until the late 1930s, all players used the two-hand set shot, and scores remained low. Basketball in the 1920s and 1930s became both more organized and more popular, although it still lagged far behind both baseball and college football. In the pros, five urban, ethnic teams excelled and played with almost no college graduates. They were the New York Original Celtics; the Cleveland Rosenblums, owned by Max Rosenblum; Eddie Gottliebs Philadelphia SPHAs (South Philadelphia Hebrew Association); and two great black teams, the New York Renaissance Five and Abe Sapersteins Harlem Globetrotters, which was actually from Chicago. While these teams had some notable players, no superstars, such as Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, or Red Grange, emerged to capture the publics attention as they did in other sports of the period. The same was true in college basketball up until the late 1930s, with coaches dominating the game and its development. Walter Doc Meanwell at Wisconsin, Forrest Phog Allen at Kansas, Ward Piggy Lambert at Purdue, and Henry Doc Carlson at Pittsburgh all made significant contributions to the games development: zone defenses, the weave, the passing game, and the fast break. In the decade preceding World War II, five events changed college basketball and allowed it to become a major spectator sport. In 1929, the rules committee reversed a decision that would have outlawed dribbling and slowed the game considerably. Five years later, promoter Edward Ned Irish staged the first intersectional twin bill in Madison Square Garden in New York City and attracted more than 16,000 fans. He demonstrated the appeal of major college ball and made New York its center. In December 1936, Hank Luisetti of Stanford revealed the virtues of the one-handed shot to an amazed Garden audience and became the first major collegiate star. Soon thereafter, Luisetti scored an incredible fifty points against Duquesne, thus ending the Easts devotion to the set shot and encouraging a more open game. In consecutive years the center jump was eliminated after free throws and then after field goals, thus speeding up the game and allowing for more scoring. In 1938, Irish created the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in the Garden to determine a national champion. Although postseason tournaments had occurred before, the NIT was the first with major colleges from different regions and proved to be a great financial success. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) created its own postseason tournament in 1939 but did not rival the NIT in prestige for some time. The 1940s saw significant changes for college basketball. Players began using the jump shot after Kenny Sailors of Wyoming wowed the East with it in 1943. The behind-the-back dribble and pass also appeared, as did exceptional big men. Bob Kurland at Oklahoma A&M was almost seven feet tall and George Mikan at DePaul was six feet ten inches. While Kurland had perhaps the better college career and played in two Olympics, he chose not to play professional ball, whereas Mikan became the first dominant star in the pros. Their defensive play inspired the rule against goal tending (blocking a shot on its downward flight). Adolph Rupp, who played under Phog Allen, also coached the first of his many talented teams at Kentucky in that decade. However, in 1951, Rupp and six other coaches suffered through a point-shaving scandal that involved thirty-two players at seven colleges and seriously injured college basketball, particularly in New York, where four of the seven schools were located. While the game survived, the NCAA moved its tournament away from Madison Square Garden to different cities each year and the NITs prestige began to decline. Professional basketball remained a disorganized and stodgy sport up until the late 1940s, with barnstorming still central to the game and most players still using the set shot. In 1946, however, hockey owners, led by Maurice Podoloff, created the Basketball Association of America (BAA) in the East to fill their arenas, but few fans came, even after Joe Fulks of Philadelphia introduced the jump shot. The BAAs rival, the National Basketball League, had existed since the 1930s, had better players, like Mikan of the Minneapolis Lakers, Bob Davies of the Rochester Royals, and Dolph Shayes of the Syracuse Nationals, but operated in much worse facilities and did not do much better at attracting audiences. In 1948, Podoloff lured the Lakers, Royals, and two other teams to the BAA and proposed a merger of the two leagues for the 19491950 season. The result was the National Basketball Association (NBA), with Podoloff its first commissioner. The seventeen-team league struggled at first but soon reduced its size and gained stability, in large part because of Mikans appeal and Podoloffs skills. Despite the point-shaving scandal, college ball thrived in the 1950s, largely because it had prolific scorers and more great players than in any previous decade. Frank Selvy of Furman and Paul Arizin of Villanova both averaged over forty points early in the decade, while Clarence Bevo Francis of tiny Rio Grande College in Ohio amazed fans by scoring 116 points in one game while averaging 50 per game for a season. The decade also witnessed some of the most talented and complete players ever. Tom Gola at LaSalle, Bill Russell at San Francisco, Wilt Chamberlain at Kansas, Elgin Baylor at Seattle, Jerry West at West Virginia, and Oscar Robertson at Cincinnati, all had phenomenal skills that have since been the measure of other players. And in 1960 one of the best teams ever, Ohio State, won the NCAA title led by Jerry Lucas and John Havlicek. Professional basketball underwent major changes in the 1950s that helped increase its popularity. In 1950, Earl Lloyd, from West Virginia, played for the Washington Capitols and became the first African American to play in the NBA. In 1954, Danny Biasone, owner of the Syracuse Nationals, persuaded the NBA to institute the twenty-four-second shot clock, requiring a team to shoot within that time. This eliminated the slow pace that had long prevailed in the pros and made the NBA more exciting. Teams now scored one hundred points a game regularly. The le
展开阅读全文