名词介词专题.doc

（一）名词概述名词用来表示人或事物的名称。名词可分为专有名词和普通名词，普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词有单复数形式，不可数名词没有复数形式，也不能与不定冠词连用。在考试命题中，主要是考察可数、不可数名词的区分，以及量词修饰的使用。考试的题型主要是选择题和词性转换。另外，名词的所有格也是重要的考查部分，主要是区分s和of的用法。（二）基础知识梳理1. 名词复数形式的构成1）规则变化（1）一般名词后面加s。如：month-months，bird-birds。（2）以s，ss，x，ch，sh结尾的名词，后面加es。如：bus-buses，boss-bosses，box-boxes，match-matches，brush-brushes。（3）以o结尾的名词，有的加es，如：patato-patatoes，mango-mangoes，tomato-tomatoes；有的加s，如：radio-radios，zoo-zoos，piano-pianos。（4）以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i再加es。如：factory-factories，city-cities。以元音字母加y结尾的名词，直接加s，如：toy-toys，day-days。（5）以f或fe结尾的名词，变f或fe为v再加es。如：knife-knives，wolf-wolves（例外：roof-roofs，chief-chiefs），scarf-scarfs或scarves。2）不规则变化（1）改元音字母，构成复数。如：man-men，woman-women，foot-feet，fisherman-fishermen，tooth-teeth，mouse-mice（例外：German-Germans，walkman-walkmans,human-humans）。（2）单复数形式一样。如：sheep-sheep，Chinese-Chinese，Japanese-Japanese，deer-deer，fish-fish。（3）词尾变化。如：child-children。（4）只有复数形式，无单数形式的名词。如;clothes，trousers，glasses，shoes。（5）以man和woman构成的复合名词变复数时，要采用双复数形式。如：man tourist-men tourists，woman teacher-women teachers。2. 名词的数量表达可数名词：用数词直接修饰，如：one book，three watches，200 years；与量词连用，量词与所修饰名词都要用复数形式，如：three pairs of shoes，hundreds of years；与模糊数量词连用，如：a few relatives，some people，many boys，a lot of/lots of computers，a large number of students。不可数名词：与量词连用，量词有复数形式，而不可数名词不能有复数形式。如：two loaves of bread，a bottle of water；与模糊量词连用，如：some work，a little milk，much advice/time/money，a lot of/lots of news，a large amount of information。模糊数量词修饰可数名词，有如下几个：many，a few，few，a large number of。模糊数量词修饰不可数名词，有如下几个：much，a little，little，huge amounts of，a great deal of。模糊数量词既可以修饰可数名词又可以修饰不可数名词，有如下几个：some，any，a lot of，lots of，plenty of，enough。3. 名词所有格1）表示有生命的名词所有格（1）单数名词加s，如：Peters bag。（2）词尾有s或es的复数名词加“”，如：the teachers office。（3）不以s或es结尾的复数名词后仍加“s”，如：Childrens Day。（4）表示时间、距离，如：todays newspaper，two hours walk。2）表示无生命的名词所有格，用of+名词所有格，如：the front gate of the CityHall，a map of China。3）表示有生命的名词所有格，也可用of+名词所有格，如：a friend of mine，a book of janes，a friend of Marys sisters。【注意】Peter and Marys desk 表示“彼得和玛丽合用的桌子”Peters and Marys desks 表示“彼得和玛丽各自的桌子”名词语法经典例题1.Tomorrow Im going to my_. Its a _.A aunt.five minutes walk B aunts.five minutes walkC aunt.five minutes walk D aunts.five minutes walk2.A computer is one of the greatest_in this century.A inventors B inventions C invitations D invention3.We havent_homework to do today.A many B a lot of C few D much4.Mr. Black is a teacher full of_.Yesterday he told us his_in the U.S.A experience.experience B experiences.experiencesC experience.experiences D experiences.experience5.Three hours_enough for a_boy to read books.A is.ten-year-old B are.ten-year-oldC is.ten-years-old D are.ten-years-old6._that pair of new_expensive?A Is.shoe B Are.shoeC Is.shoes D Are.shoes7.Linda, Ive bought many_. Now lets make the birthday cake.A fresh eggs B chocolate milkC frozen food D rice dumplings8.The two_are my_.A womans doctors.girls friends B women doctors.girls friendsC woman doctors.girl friends D women doctors.girl friends9.Mr. Lin often gives us_by e-mail.A some good information B some good informationsC good informations D a good information10.These are_houses.A Wang and my uncle B the Wangs and my unclesC the Wangs and my uncle D the Wangs and my uncles11.People waste_water every day.A a large number of B a huge amount ofC many D quite a lot12.They tended(照顾)_, and buried(埋葬)_.A wounded.dead B the wounded.deadC the wounded.the dead D wounded.the dead13.We are_.They are_.A Chinese.Germen B Chinese.GermanC Chinese.Germany D Chinese.Germans14.Did you have a lot of_last weekend?A funny B funnies C fun D funs15.Which is wrong?_A How many cartons of milk are there on the tables?B How much carton of milk is there on the table?C How many cartons are there on the table?D How much milk is there on the table?答案及解析1【解析】 答案是D。在表达五分钟的路程时用名词所有格，虽然时间属于无生命但表达时间、距离、国家所有格时就用s或s形式，又因为五分钟的表达为five minutes是复数，它的所有格只要后面加就可以了,那么排除B，C答案，根据题意“我要去舅妈家”而不是“去舅妈”，因此又排除A。2【解析】 答案是B。上面四个选项中，A是发明家，C是请帖，从句意看不对。由于句中有one of.结构，可以判断出空格中要填名词的复数形式，这样就否定了D。因此，本题答案为B。3【解析】 答案是D。much修饰不可数名词，many和few修饰可数名词，a lot of即可修饰不可数名词也可修饰可数名词。homework是不可数名词，因此答案A、C不对，又因为本句是否定句，而a lot of只能用在肯定句中，故正确答案为D。4【解析】答案是C。experience有两个中文意思，“经验”和“经历”。当表达经验时，是不可数名词，表达经历时，是可数名词。根据题意，布莱克先生是一个教学经验丰富的老师，因此此处应选experience。而后面表达他告诉我们他在美国的一些经历，是可数名词，故应选experiences。5【解析】答案是A。表达一个10岁男孩可以是a boy of ten或a ten-year-old boy。在C、D答案中year后面多加了s,故都不对。容易混淆的是three hours作主语时的单复数，我们知道3小时是表示时间的概念，不管是几小时都作不可数名词，因此本题选A。6【解析】答案是C。鞋子是表示复数性的名词，一双鞋的表达为a pair of shoes，这样可以排除答案A、B。又因为数量表达为一双，故谓语动词用单数is而不是are。7【解析】答案是A。many修饰可数名词，而B、C中的milk和food是不可数名词，都可排除。根据题意“我们要去做生日蛋糕”，因此需要买的东西应该是新鲜的鸡蛋而不是饺子，故选A。8【解析】答案是D。以man和woman构成的复合词变成复数时，要采用双复数形式，即女医生们表达为women doctors，这样可以排除A、C，而以girl和boy构成的复合词变成复数时，只要把后面的合成词变成复数就行了，女朋友们表达为girl friends。故D是正确的。9【解析】答案是A。information是不可数名词，它既没有复数形式，故可确定B、C不对；也不可以用具体的数量a来表达，因此D也不对。some可以修饰可数和不可数名词，因此A是正确答案。比较常用的不可数名词还有news、work、advice、music、weather等。10【解析】答案是D。空格中应填名词所有格，表达某人的房子。在表示“王家”时，应在定冠词the之后接姓的复数Wangs；在表示“王家的”时，the Wangs后面加“”，这样就成为the Wangs，而表达“我舅舅的房子”就简单多了。因此选D。11【解析】答案选B。A和C答案都是修饰可数名词，由于本句中water是不可数名词，因此排除A、C答案。D答案表达不准确，修饰名词时必须是用a lot of结构，a lot只能修饰动词，并放在动词之后，如：Thanks a lot；Help me a lot。12【解析】答案是C。一些形容词加定冠词the，可以作名词使用，表示具有这一特征的一类人或事物。如：the young 年轻人，the old 老人，the rich 有钱人，the poor 穷人。13【解析】答案是D。本题考查专有名词Chinese和German的复数形式。Chinese“中国人”的单复数形式相同；而German“德国人”的复数形式是Germans。这种不规则的专有名词还有Japanese，deer，walkman，human。14【解析】答案是C。本题考查fun和funny的用法。fun的意思是乐事、有趣、乐趣，是不可数名词，它没有复数形式，故D项是干扰项；而funny意思是滑稽可笑的，是形容词性质的，不可能去y加es变为复数，故B项也是干扰项。根据句中修饰语a lot of，因其后应跟名词，因此选C。15【解析】答案选B。一盒牛奶表达为a carton of milk，谓语动词用单数；两盒牛奶表达为two cartons of milk，谓语动词用复数，因此A项正确。C项问的是桌上有几个纸盒，纸盒是可数名词，谓语动词用复数，也正确。D项问桌上有多少牛奶，牛奶是不可数名词，谓语动词用单数，也是正确的。所以只有B项存在错误。强化练习(一) 中译英1.今天的报纸2.去他兄弟家3.孩子们的新书包4.中国的教育5.很多有用的信息6.一群鹿7.小明的几个同学8.20分钟的车程9.一张我父亲本人的照片10.我阿姨的房子11.三双新鞋12.几百辆自行车13.大量的牙齿14.房间的门15.几把刀16.一张世界地图17.儿童节18.许多德国人19.上海的天气20.五英尺深的洞(二) 用适当的名词填空1.Most_can sing this popular song. (Germany)2.Its my_to help you with English. (please)3.During his_from me, I was busy inside and outside. (absent)4.He bought three_of bread for breakfast. (loaf)5.The_are all tall and strong. (speech)6.Lu Xun was one of the most famous_at that time. (write)7.Some of people have good_. (memorize)8.Please tell me the_. (true)9.The_of the people on the plane surprised us a lot. (die)10.I have got Toms_. (invite)(三) 选择题1.There is no_in the room.A chairs B cotton C desks D books2._room is very nice.A Toms and Johns B Toms and JohnC Tom and Johns D Tom and John3.There is_bread in my fridge. Please buy_on your way home.A a little.some B a little.anyC little.some D little.any4.The park is only_walk from our school.A ten-minutes B ten minutesC ten minute D ten minutes5.Thanks for your_. _helpful.A advices.Theyre B advices.ItsC advice.Its D advice.Theyre6.-What are those women?-They are_.A policewomans B policewomen C women policeman D woman policewomen7.A friend of_will come to see_tomorrow.A me.mine B mine.me C my.me D mine.mine8.Your trousers_too dirty. You must have_washed.A is.it B are.it C are.them D is.them9.How many_did they buy yesterday?A rice B bag of rice C bags of rices D bags of rice10.Nowadays_are not always made of_.A glass.glass B glasses.glass C glass.glasses D glasses.glasses参考答案(一) 中译英1.todays newspaper 2.go to his brothers3.childrens new schoolbags 4.Chinese education5.much useful information 6.a group of deer7.a few classmates of Xiao Mings8.twenty minutes ride9.a photo of my father10.my aunts house11.three pairs of new shoes12.hundreds of bikes13.plenty of teeth14.the door of the room15.a few knives16.a map of the world17.Childrens Day18.many Germans19.Shanghais weather20.a five-foot-deep hole(二) 用适当的名词填空1.Germans2.pleasure3.absence4.loaves5.speakers6.writers7.memories8.truth9.death10.invitation(三) 选择题1.B2.C3.C4.D5.C6.B7.B8.C9.D10.B1、sport、game、match、race 的区别：sport通常指“户外运动”，以锻炼为主，概念较大；game意思是“运动、比赛”，不管户内户外还是脑力体力，指以胜负为主的运动；match意为“竞赛、比赛”，多指正式比赛；race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.（全世界的人都喜爱运动）The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.（2008奥运会将在北京举行）（被动句）Our school football team won theleaguematch（联赛）。（我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军）They were strong and won the boat race.（汤他们很棒，赢得了划艇比赛）2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别：festival“节日”，指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动；holiday（假日、休息日），指法定假日或风俗习惯，复数可以表示一个较长的假期；vacation“假期”，指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.（上海电视节将在下个月举行）Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.（星期天是个假日，多数人不工作）What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?（在暑期你打算做什么事情？）3、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别：journey指在陆地上（或海上或空中）进行的长途旅行，不知终点，含有辛苦的意思；tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行，强调游览多处，常用来指观光等；trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行，如出差度假等；travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行，尤其指到国外，没有明确目的地，也作不可数名词，指旅行这一行为。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.（他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行）He has gone on a walking tour.（他步行观光去了）He took several trips to Shanghai last year.（去年他去了上海好几次）Did you go to Santiago（圣地亚哥） during your travels?（旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗？）Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.（在密林里边穿行是很危险的）4、sound、noise、voice的区别：sound指各种声音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.（街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠） / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.（突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫） / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.（因为感冒的缘故，这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音）5、fish的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时，用fish,单复数相同；fishes 指许多种类的鱼；fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. （池子里有很多种类的鱼）I prefer fish to meat.（与肉相比我更喜欢鱼名词专项练习题21Would you like _ tea?No，thanks.I have drunk two _.Amany；bottles of orangeBsome；bottles of orangeCmany；bottle of orangesDsome；bottle of oranges2Taking a walk after supper is a good _.So it is.It keeps us healthy.Aevent Bhabit Crule Dreason3All the _ teachers and the _ students are having a football game on the playground.Amen；boy Bman；boysCmen；boys Dman；boy4Mum，I want to buy an iPhone 5s for a change.Well，I think there is no _.Its almost the same as an iPhone 4s.(2014，宁波)Areason Banswer Cneed Dway5You look so young，Madam！How old are you?Aha！Its a _.(2014，杭州)Asuggestion Breason Csecret Dproblem6Who is the man in the blue car?He is _ father.AKates and Marys BKate and MarysCKates and Mary DKate and Mary7There was a food accident in that school.About 20 _ were ill，but no _ were lost.Achild；lives Bchildren；livesCchildren；life Dchild；life8Mom，could you pass me some more _？ Its delicious.OK.Here you are.Apaper Bapples Ccarrots Dbread9Can you see the picture clearly?Yes.There are many _ in it.Aflower Bgrass Cfish Dcar10Ill give you _ to do the work.OK.Atwo weeks time Btwo weeks timeCtwo week time Dtwo weeks time11Mary，have you come up with a good _？Not yet.Aadvice BideaCnews Dinformation12I want to write to my grandmother.Please pass me _.Atwo piece of paper Btwo piece of papersCtwo pieces of paper Dtwo pieces of papers13There are ten _ in our school.Two of them are from the countryside.Awoman teacher Bwoman teachersCwomen teacher Dwomen teachers14Look at the man over there.He is _.AJim father friendBJims father friendCJim fathers friendDa friend of Jims fathers15John and Jack will go to the _ to see the new action movie tonight.Aconcert BcinemaClibrary Drestaurant16Which _ do you like best，yellow，blue or red?Red.Asize Bshape Ccolor Dstar17May I speak to Tina Brown，please?Sorry，Im afraid youve got the wrong _.Away BplaceCnumber Dtelephone18Lee is new in Nanchang.Maybe he needs a _ for sightseeing.(2013，南昌)Awatch Bticket Cmap Dnotebook19When Peter comes，please ask him to leave a _.(2014，呼和浩特)Anotice BsentenceCinformation Dmessage20Look at the nice _！ Ive decided to wear it to the party.(2013，大连)Adoll Bcup Cposter Ddress21There are some _in Dayton Art Museum.For example，no food or drinks is allowed here.(2014，温州)Ajobs Brecords Crules Dpaintings22Its reported that many Chinese children are taking piano lessons.But quite a few have little _in it and some even hate it.(2014，宜昌)Ainterest Brelation Cattention Dsituation23Do you often play_ tennis after school?No，I dont like sports.I often play_guitar.(2014，丹东)Aa；the Bthe；/ C/；the Dthe；a24Whos the girl over there？(2014，贺州)Julia，she is a student of _.Amy fathers Bmy fatherCmy fathers Dmy fathers答案1-5 BBACC 6-10BBDCB 11-15BCDDB 16-20CCCDD 21-24CACD介词概述介词是一种虚词，在句子中不单独作任何句子成分。它是一种表示名词和句中其他词之间关系的词。它常和名词、动词、形容词等搭配，构成固定短语，表示不同意 思。介词还可以与名词构成介词短语，表示方位、方向、时间、地点、方式、原因等。这些介词短语在句中可充当定语、状语、补语等。20002005年的中 考中主要考了形容词与介词的搭配：如：be famous for；表示时间的介词，如：at night；动词与介词的搭配，如：arrive in/have dinner with sb.；表示方式、手段的介词，如：by phone/in English.（二）基础知识梳理1名词与介词的搭配a bit of有一点儿 a couple of两个、几个a kind of一种、一类 cover an area of占地面积have pity on sb.怜悯某人 huge amounts of大量的make friends with与交朋友 make fun of拿开玩笑meet the needs of迎合.的需要one after another一个接一个；连续地play a trick on捉弄 the week after next下下周2动词与介词的搭配agree with sb.同意某人的意apologize to sb. for sth.为某事向某人道歉arrive at/in a place到达某地 ask for请求、寻求be covered with被所覆盖 be made of由制成be made up of由组成 belong to属于break into破门而人、闯入 call on拜访care for照顾、喜欢 carry out执行check in办理登机 come across被理解；遇见come from出生于、来自 come on跟我来、走吧communicate with与交 cut down砍倒deal with= do with处理 depend on= rely on依靠、依赖die of因病而死 dream of梦见dress up穿着、打扮 eat up= finish off吃光、喝完、吞噬enter for报名参加 fall off从跌落fill in填充、填写 find out找出、查明、了解get along/on with进展、与相处 get in the way挡道get in进入、收集 get on上车get off下车 get rid of摆脱get ready for为作准备 get to到达get tired of对感到厌倦 go in for参加、从事于、酷爱 go ahead先走、向前走；去吧go for a swim去游泳go on a diet实行节食 go over复习go on with继续做某事 grow up长大、成长hand in上交 hear from收到的来信hear of听说 help sb. with sth.帮助某人做某事hold on等等（别挂电话） hold up举起hurry off匆忙离开 joinn参加、加入keep. from使不做 keep in touch with与保持联系keep off阻挡；不让接近 knock over撞倒、撞翻later on过来；后来 laugh at嘲笑learn., from向学习 leave for动身去let out放出 line up整队；排成行live on靠为生 look after照顾；照料look at看；观看 look for寻找look forward to期待着 Look like看上去像；显得look out of从朝外看 look up查寻；抬头看make out辨认出 make up ones mind下决心meet with遭遇 operate on sb.为动手术pay for付钱 pick out拾起play with玩弄 point at指向；指着point out指出 praise sb. for sth.为某事表扬某人prefer. to(比起来)更喜欢 prepare for准备protect. from保护免受 pull down推倒put off延期 put on穿；戴上；上演put out伸出 put up举起；挂起run after追捕；追踪 run away逃跑search for搜寻；搜查 see off为送行sell out售完 set out/off for出发去；起程去set up建立；设立 shake hands with与握手share with与分享 show off炫耀show sb around带某人参观 shut up住口speed up加快速度 stop.from阻止做take away拿走 take care of照料take charge of负责；管理； take hold of抓住take in吸入 take off脱掉（衣物等）；起飞take out取出 take part in参加take up开始从事 talk about谈到talk to/with与.谈话 tell. from区别；分辨think of想起；想到 think over仔细考虑throw away扔掉 tie up捆绑try on 试穿 turn down（把音量）调低turn into变成 turn off关掉（电灯、电视、收音机等）turn on打开（电灯、电视、收音机等） turn over翻车；翻阅；翻身turn out结果是；证明是 wake up醒来；叫醒wait for等待；等候 write down写下work out算出；制定出3.形容词与介词的搭配be afraid of害怕 be angry with生气be bad for有害于 be busy with 忙于be careful with小心 be different from与不同be familiar to为所熟悉be famous for以而闻名be fond of爱好be good at/poor at擅长于/在方面比较差be interested in对感兴趣 be keen on喜爱be late for迟到