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教育精品资料高考英语阅读理解如何提高速度一、进行快速阅读的必要条件 进行英语快速阅读的必要条件是：基本知识、语言基础、阅读技能、快速阅读不是一种孤立的能力，它必须以了解一定的基本知识为先决条件，以具备一定的词汇和基本语法为基础，还要掌握一些重要的阅读技能。如果没有语言基础，阅读材料通篇都是生词，语法难点很多，即使掌握了一些快速阅读的技能，要快也快不了。反之，如果只有语言基础知识，而没有阅读技能，要想读得快，读得多，也是不可能的。但是，如果对材料的内容缺乏基本常识，即使语言基础好，并具备阅读技能，也不可能“快读”，只能“慢读”。基本知识主要是指的是所涉及英语的专业知识，没有一定的专业知识，要想把内容理解透是有相当大的难度的。语言基础知识主要指词汇量和句型结构。要有一定的词汇量。这包括两部分，一是公共部分，二是专业部分。我认为公共英语部分至少要达到4，000个单词量，而专业部分最好要有1，500个词汇量。要有一定的句型分析能力。英语文章最大的语法难点是句型，句型中的难点是定语从句。一个句子很长，往往是由于定语从句连环套在作怪，定语中套着定语。这样的连环从句表达专业概念非常严谨，却给我们阅读带来困难。因此，我们要能够进行层次分析，准确把握各从句之间的关系，才能提高阅读速度。同时，要了解词性的变化，名词的动用和动词的名用。至于时态等其它的语法现象对我们具备一定语法知识的参试人员来说，基本上构不成多大障碍。二、快速阅读的重要性 所谓的阅读能力主要是指精读和泛读能力。然而，英语阅读中，速度是人们最普遍关心的问题之一。在实际工作和生活中，百分之八十至百分之九十的阅读一般都是快速阅读、通过快速阅读，我们可以更广泛、更大量地阅读资料，猎取知识，增长见识，开阔眼界。通过大量阅读，频繁地接触语言材料，可以自觉或不自觉地学到或掌握大量的词汇和语汇，进一步熟练阅读技术，提高阅读能力，培养阅读兴趣和习惯。三、快速阅读的速度与理解的关系现在许多参试人员平时学习中对英语快速阅读的认识不足，他们无论看什么英文材料，都只注重理解而不注意阅读速度，因而阅读的效率、水平都难以提高。这样一来，处理好阅读速度和理解之间的平衡关系是我们值得认真对待的一个实际问题。速度太快，理解上往往出现很大的困难；速度太慢，又浪费很多的时间和精力。在处理这两者之间的关系中，我认为要分为三个阶段。第一个阶段是筛选阶段。在我们阅读文章的过程中，首先筛选出对我们有利用价值的。每分钟的阅读速度可达800个字符，重点放在文章的标题和每段的第一句和最后一句上，基本上可对文章的中心、作者的意图有个20-30%的了解。在此基础上，进入第二阶段，也就是快速阅读阶段。就是说对我们已筛选出的信息作进一步的遴选，每分钟的阅读速度可保持在500个左右字符，达到70%的理解，再从中挑选出对我们有重要参考价值的内容来，然后进入第三阶段，也就是精研阶段。这一阶段，要达到90%以上的理解，力求准确把握作者的观点，融会贯通，根据其利用价值进行取舍。本文主要讨论第二阶段，限于篇幅，对其它两个阶段不作过多陈述，但也可参照本文的观点。在提高阅读速度的初期，理解的降低是正常的，不必大惊小怪，只要继续以此速度读下去，就会发现理解会渐渐回升上来，达到原来速度时的理解水平。这里有一点必须注意，在理解水平还没有恢复到正常水平（至少要达到70%的理解）时，不要继续加快阅读速度。这二者的平衡在快速阅读的过程中是很重要的，不能过多的注意其中一项。我们应该明白，一分钟读400字符且达到了70%的理解比一分钟读200字符而达到90%的理解率效率高得多。理解了这一点，我们在阅读的过程中，就可以减少一些不必的担心，从而更好地提高自己的快速阅读的能力。四、阅读过程中的障碍 1.阅读行为习惯的影响在阅读过程中，我们要有意识地克服行为上某些不良的阅读习惯。（1）出声读。因为眼睛的移动速度比舌头动作快。出声读不但影响速度，而且会分散一部分精力去注意自己的发音。（2）逐字读。许多常见词，如功能词，不需停顿单独理解。（3）默读。虽然没有大声读出来，但在脑中一字字读，也会影响速度，分散精力。（4）指读。以手指挨个指着读，有碍理解和速度。除非手指飞速移动，引导眼睛快看。（5）回读。眼睛回向移动，寻找先前读过的信息，而不是继续读下去以获取完整的概念。2.阅读中心理因素的影响 阅读时，除了克服不良的阅读习惯外，还要注意克服一些影响阅读和理解程度的不良心理因素：（1）期望值过高希望一次阅读就掌握所读材料。这种急于求成的心理状态，不仅影响阅读时的心境，也使得视觉器官和大脑都不能集中于阅读过程本身，阅读的效果自然不好。（2）过度重视阅读方法和技巧由于阅读过程中过多思考阅读的方法、技巧等因素，而忽视了阅读材料及阅读本身的过程。从某种程度上讲，这会使我们注意力分散，阅读的兴趣自然大大减弱。（3）思想开小差对文字视而不见，翻了许多页，但脑子里仍一片空白。这样就降低了我们的注意力，影响了正常思维。五、快速阅读的方法面对繁杂的英语，要提高效率，就要有一定的方法。我认为唯有以泛读为基础，进行快速阅读的培养，才是一个行之有效的好方法。具体说来，要发现对自己有利用价值的信息，需要掌握如下方法：1.推测（prediction）阅读正文前，就标题（如果有标题的话）来合理推测资料的大概内容，也可在读了二、三段之后预测下段内容。这对快速理解和整体把握文章内容以及推测出生词的词义范围有积极的意义。因为英语单词一词多义现象太普遍了，一个单词在不同的专业领域往往含有不同的意思，甚至有的单词在同一专业领域在其意义的具体把握上也有细微的差别。2.关键词句（keywordsand topic sentences）在对文章的整体内容有了基本认识的基础上，我们学会抓主要的词句，找出段落中的主题句，从而正确领会文章的主要内容，并注意到是否对自己有利用价值。3.略读或浏览或跳读（Skimming）Skim有掠过的意思，又有从牛奶等液体上撇去的意思，转意为“快速掠过，从中提取最容易取得的精华”。用于阅读，或译为略读，或译为泛读，似乎都未把其细微的意思译出。而这种读法却包含有原词的所有意思快速读过去，取出读物中关键性的东西。因此，我们可以把这种读法理解为快速浏览课文，领会文章大意。一般而言，通过标题可知道文章的主题。对文章的首段和末段要多加注意，以便发现作者的观点。4.查阅（Scanning）Scanning的意思是扫读或查阅，是快读或速读的一种。Scan就是通常所说的“扫描”。其特点是快，但又要全部扫及。Scan这个词的词义似乎矛盾，它既可以理解为“仔细地审视”，也可以理解为“粗略地浏览”。这种情况倒成了扫读的绝好证明。从形式上看，扫读是粗粗地一扫而过，一目十行，但从读者的注意方面来看，却又是高度的集中，在快速阅读中仔细挑出重要的信息。因此，查阅可以理解为迅速找出文章中的有关事实细节或某一具体信息；有时要找出某一个单词或词组，如人名、地名、日期、价格等；有时要找出文中所述的某一特殊事件，而这一事件可能是由一个词或短语交代的。若不具备一定的能力，这样的细节恐不易发现。5.速度变换（Reading rate）我们要意识到阅读的速度是不均匀的。也就是说，即使同一个人阅读同一份材料，但由于阅读是一种有相当心理负荷的脑力劳动，因此在开始、中途和结束时的速度不可能一样。读物的体裁和难度不一样，阅读的速度也不同。我们不要过分焦虑自己的阅读速度，以免造成不必要的心理压力。随着速度的提高，理解的程度都有所降低，所以我们应认识到阅读文章时的速度是可以调节的，只有合适的速度才可能获得快速准确的阅读效率。6.阅读习惯（Reading Habit）从主观上要能克服注意力容易分散即所谓“思想开小差”的毛病，高度集中自己的注意力；从客观上克服各种无意中形成或由来以久的坏习惯，如摇头晃脑，抖动双腿，玩弄纸笔，念念有词等。这些“小动作”，也会分散注意力、影响思考，降低阅读速度。六、怎样培养快速阅读的技巧 读外文书籍要做到“一目十行”。1.视幅要宽 意思是每一眼看的词要尽量的多。我们阅读表面是用眼睛看，实际是用脑子读，眼睛只是起了照相机镜头的作用。努力使自己的眼睛变成“广角镜”，把尽可能多的词能一眼“尽收眼底”。2.视时要短 意思是第一眼和第二眼之间停顿的间隙要尽量短。我们阅读时，若视幅相同，谁的停顿时间短，谁就能读得快。3.意群要长即在每个视幅中不是让你把很多的单词都收进脑子，而是要善于从中摄取有意义的词组，这个有意义的词组就是意群。极慢的读者是一个字一个字地读，视幅就很窄，句子中间的停顿就多，而频繁的停顿必然妨碍正常的理解。快速阅读者是半句或一句句地读。视幅大大加宽，停顿的间隙少而短，获取的都是有意义的词组，因而理解全句或全段就能做到水到渠成。4.利用上下文猜生词充分利用上下文给出的线索，有些生词的意思是可以猜出来的。下面介绍一些基本方法： 1、通过构词法猜测词义 构词法是中学生必须掌握的语法项目之一，1999年，考试说明首次将它作为附表列出。平时同学们进行阅读训练时，要加强对构词法知识的实践，熟悉常见后缀的含义及派生、合成、转化法的特点，确定所构词的词性和语义。例如：With their shining brown eyes ,wagging tails ,and unconditional love ,dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence.(NMET2003,B篇）初看起来，unconditional和nonjudgmental非常生疏，细心观察，前者是condition加前缀un ,加后缀al而成，那就是“无条件的、绝对的”，后者是judge 加前缀non，加后缀ment，再加后缀al而成的，其意思一定是：没有判断力的。 2、通过文中的定义猜测词义 定义解释形式多种多样，有定语从句、同位语、并列句、英语释义法，有时用that is (to say),similarly, namely, in other words 等引出来，以补充说明。NMET95阅读理解A篇中的external fat (fat under the skin)和 internal fat ( fat inside the body wall ) 就是采用英语释义法，考查学生直接用英语思维的能力。在They are vertebrates, that is, animals that have back bones.一句中，从后半部分可以知道vertebrates的意思是“脊椎动物”。 3、通过文中的解释猜测词义 有时，生此刻通过文中所给的解释、注解来猜测出其含义这就求同学们在阅读中善于把握这些信息。例如：（1）“Glance ” is another way of saying look.句中的glance为我们没学过的生词，但我们通过这里的句型可以知其look的同义词，从而可猜出含义。（ 2 ）The film is too dull, that is, it is not interesting.文中dull以此刻通过释义not interesting得知其含义。 4、通过同义词或近义词猜测词义 有时，在行文中可能会出现某一词的同义词或近义词 ，这时我们就可以通过其同义词或近义词来猜测该生词的含义。例如：（ 1 ）Number ,such as 1,2,3,4,10,200,3000 are called whole number, or integers.句中的integers为生词但可通过文中的whole number知其integers的意义为“整数”。（ 2 ）The old woman has a strange habit to keep over 100 cats in her house. Her neighbors all called her an eccentric lady.通过上下文可知strange为eccentric的同义词或近义词,由此可猜出其含义为怪的,古癖的。 5、通过反义词猜词义 有时，在行文中会同时出现某一词的反义词，此时我们就可以通过这些词来猜测该词的含义。例如 ：（ 1 ） Be punctual when you are going to a party . Never be late .文中 punctual一词的含义，可通过上下文间的逻辑关系判定late为其反义词，既而猜出其意义为“准时的”。（2）He is a stupid boy .He isnt bright at all.通过下文的 bright可以猜出stupid的词义是“笨的、迟钝的”。 6、利用举例猜测词义 例如：Some missing ships carried cargo such as coal, oil and military supplies, while others carried only passengers.其中 cargo 为生词,根据句后面的列举部分: coal, oil and military supplies可以推测，cargo 指“煤，油等货物”。 7利用比喻关系进行猜测词义 The hot-air balloon took off. It was as buoyant in the air as a rose leaf in water. as.as用于同级比较，可知buoyant为形容词，把热气球升在空中比作玫瑰花在水中，可猜出buoyant是“漂浮的”意思。 8、利用经验常识猜测词义 通过逻辑推理，有时自身的生活经验及普通常识能帮助我们确定词义。因此，读者可凭借自己的直接或间接经验去推断词义。例如：The fire started on Sunday morning in the house of the King baker in Pudding Lane. The bake, with his wife and family ,was able to get out through a window in the roof.(NMET95)从语境“面包房失火，求生的本能驱使面包师及他的妻子与 family破窗而走。”可得知，这里的family 不包括妻子，而指孩子。词法切忌脱离具体语境而单纯根据自己的尝试进行猜测。而且，这类旧词换新义的现象应引起同学们的足够重视，必须根据语境做出判断，切不可想当然，当熟词对待。 9、利用上下文暗示猜测词义 例如：Tristan da Cunha ,a 38-sqare-mile island ,is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guiness Book of Records.(NMET2003,A篇）本句说明这是最远的一个什么岛，文章中紧随其后的一句说明远到什么程度，在后一句指出何时开始居住人，住了多少人。由此得知inhabited意为“有人居住的”。 10、利用音译法猜词义 近几年，高考阅读短文中出现最多最密集的词汇是人名、地名、动植物名、建筑名以及山脉、河流、岛屿、海洋等专有名词。对这类词，还有汉语中的外来词，如“logic”(逻辑)、“sofa”（沙发）“poker”（扑克）“bowling”（保龄球）等，常可通过音译（有的兼意译）来解决。当然，更多的词甚至不需要音译，只要明白是人名、地名，并能理出之间的关系即可。如NMET93短文A中的Marco Polo(马可波罗) ，短文D中的Sangre de Criston Montains和 Ortiz Mountains是两大山名。阅读理解模拟训练 A（words:364&192）People do not analyze every problem they meet. Sometimes they try to remember a solution from the last time they had a similar problem. They often accept the opinions or ideas of other people. Other times they begin to act without thinking. They try to find a solution by trial and error. However, when all these methods fail, the person with a problem has to start analyzing. There are six stages in analyzing a problem.First the person must recognize that there is a problem. For example, Sams bicycle is broken, and he cannot read it to class as he usually does. Sam must see that there is a problem with his bicycle.Next the thinker must define the problem. Before Sam can repair his bicycle, he must find out the reason why it does not work. For instance, he must determine if the problem is with the gears, the brakes, or the frame. He must make his problem more specific.Now the person must look for information that will make the problem clearer and lead to possible solutions. For instance, suppose Sam decided that his bike does not work because there is something wrong with the gear wheels. At this time, he can look in his bicycle repair book and read about gears. He can talk to his friends at the bike shop. He can look at his gears carefully.After studying the problem, the person should have several suggestions for a possible solution. Take Sam as an illustration. His suggestions might be: put oil on the gear wheels; buy new gear wheels and replace the old ones; tighten or loosen the gear wheels.Eventually one suggestion seems to be the solution to the problem. Sometimes the final idea comes very suddenly because the thinker suddenly sees something new or sees something in a new way. Sam, for example, suddenly sees that there is a piece of chewing gum between the gear wheels. He immediately realizes the solution to his problem: he must clean the gear wheels.Finally the solution is tested. Sam cleans the gear wheels and finds that afterwards his bicycle works perfectly. In short , he has solved the problem.41. What is the best title for this passage? A. Six Stages for Repairing Sams Bicycle B. Possible Ways to Problem-solving C. Necessities of Problem Analysis D. Suggestions for Analyzing a Problem42. In analyzing a problem we should do all the following except . A. recognize and define the problem B. look for information to make the problem clearer C. have suggestions for a possible solution D. find a solution by trial or mistake43. By referring to Sams broken bicycle, the author intends to _.A. illustrate the ways to repair his bicycle B. discuss the problems of his bicycleC. tell us how to solve a problem D. show us how to analyze a problem44. Which of the following is NOT true? A. People do not analyze the problem they meet. B. People often accept the opinions or ideas of other people. C. People may learn from their past experience. D. People can not solve some problems they meet.45. As used in the last sentence, the phrase “in short” means _. A. in the long run B. in detail C. in a wordD. in the endB（words:400&235） Turning on the TV, a wonderful scene comes to your eyes a group of men, tall, strong and handsome, and women, young, beautiful and attractive, too. Together they eat in the finest restaurants, traveling everywhere around the world by luxurious planes and pleasure ships. They are models. Do you envy them? What sort of life are models leading? Is it a wonderful life for a young lady or a young man?A few models are well-known actors or actresses who can make a lot of money only by showing themselves off in commercials. But the majority of them are just curious to see what it is like. Theyd like to be models just because they are attracted by what they imagine models earn a lot of money and lead a glorious life. This is true for those who are very successful. However, most models find it difficult to get work. Very few can earn enough to live on, and for all models their expenses are high. Their agents claim about 20% of the earnings, and no model will get very far without a clever agent. Besides, they have to buy good clothing. They also have to pay to travel to interviews and reach the places where the work is to be done. Interviews for a model job are known as cattle-markets in the modeling world, and not without a good reason. A top model can choose his or her work, demand and receive high fees and has his or her expenses paid. But for most models, the situation is quite different. And agent or employer inspects each model much as a farmer inspects cattle at a market. Intelligence, qualifications and personal characteristics count for little against good looks and tight figures. For all except the very few lucky ones, the life of a model is a continual search for work, trying to sell himself or herself in the face of fierce competition and, sometimes, not particularly moral standards on the part of some employers. Immigration officials at airport look suspiciously at a girl whose passport shows her occupation as “Model”, and these are men and women of considerable experience of the world. It comes no surprise to find that some models prefer to put “Secretary” or “Businessman” as their jobs in their passports. Modeling is a changeable world with great rewards for a tiny minority but not for the majority.46. For models, their good looks and tight figures are _, compared with their intelligence and qualifications. A. more important B. less needed C. less essential D. more looked down upon47. Which of the following can lead you to believe according to the passage? A. A models traveling expenses are usually paid by his employer. B. To be a model, good looks are the most important qualification. C. Most models have a fairly easy way of life with high pay. D. A model can hardly be successful without a good agent.48. Models often put “Secretary” or “Businessman” instead of “Model” in their passports because _. A. they want to avoid being stopped to sign their names by fans B. a person with the occupation of a model is easily attacked by black societies C. models are sometimes looked down upon D. secretaries and businessmen are free of custom duty49. What may be the authors attitude towards modeling? A. It is a worthwhile life for a young lady or a young man. B. He is in favor of young people to try modeling.C. Before being crazy about a model job, young people should be aware of the difficulties. D. It is a field in which everyone has a great chance to succeed.50. The underlined word “suspiciously” can most probably be replaced by _. A. doubtfully B. excitedly C. proudly D. sadlyC（words:281&217）So long as teachers fail to distinguish between teaching and learning, they will continue to undertake to do for children that which only children can do for themselves. Teaching children to read is not passing reading on to them. It is certainly not endless hours spent in activities about reading. Douglas insists that“ reading cannot be taught directly and schools should stop trying to do the impossible”.Teaching and learning are two entirely different processes. They differ in kind and function. The function of teaching is to create the conditions and the climate that will make it possible for children to devise the most efficient system for teaching themselves to read. Teaching is also public activity. It can be seen and observed.Learning to read involves all that each individual does to make sense of the world of printed language. Almost all of it is private, for learning is an occupation of the mind, and that process is not open to public scrutiny.If teacher and learner roles are not interchangeable ,what then can be done through teaching that will aid the child in the quest（探索）for knowledge? Smith has one principal rule for all teaching instructions. “Make learning to read easy, which means making reading a meaningful, enjoyable and frequent experience for children. ”When the roles of teacher and learner are seen for what they are, and when both teacher and learner fulfill them appropriately, then much of the pressure and feeling of failure for both is eliminated. Learning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are given the opportunity to solve the problem of leaning to read by reading.46The problem with the reading course as mentioned in the first paragraph is that _.A. it is one of the most difficult school coursesB. students spend endless hours in readingC. reading tasks are assigned with little guidanceD. too much time is spent in teaching about reading47The teaching of reading will be successful if _.A. teachers can improve conditions at school for the studentsB. teachers can enable students to develop their own way of readingC. teachers can devise the most efficient system for readingD. teachers can make their teaching activities observable48The underlined word“ scrutiny” most probably means“_”.A. inquiry B. observationC. control D. suspicion49According to the passage, learning to read will no longer be a difficult task when _.A. children become highly motivatedB. teacher and learner roles are interchangeableC. teaching helps children in the search for knowledgeD. reading enriches childrens experience50The main idea of the passage is that _.A. teachers should do as little as possible in helping students learn to readB. teachers should encourage students to read as widely as possibleC. reading ability is something acquired rather than taughtD. reading is more complicated that generally believedD（words:348&282）TAIBEIIncreasing numbers of Taiwanese students are joining the islands “China rush”, seeking education on the Chinese mainland According to official Chinese figures, the number of Taiwanese students admitted into college and postgraduate（研究生）programs on the mainland totaled 461 in 1996, 928 in 1997 and 839 in 1998Although no latest official numbers were available,” Net big. Com Said this number had risen between 30 to 50 percent annually in the past two years with well over 1000 entering mainland campuses last year. The Internet site, based in the Chinese city of Shenzhen, provides education service and information on Chinese mainland college and universities. “Many Taiwanese believe a Chinese education giving more knowledge about the people and culture in the mainland will increase their chances in the Chinese job market, Net. Com vice-president Ingrid Huang said“I believe it will give me hands-on experience in the business field in the Chinese mainland and a better understanding of the Chinese mainland people,” said Lydia Chang, a 19-year-old majoring in journalism at Shih Shin University. Chang plans to go on to get a masters degree in business administration in Shanghai, which she says offers the best environment for such studies. A journalism graduate student, surnamed Lin, at the National Taiwan University said he would like to study law on the Chinese mainland since “there will be better career prospects now that more Taiwanese companies are going there”. “They hope the children could build up connections which could later become useful in their business operations,” said Yang Ching-yao, professor of the Chinese mainland studies. A Netbig. Com survey showed the campuses favored by Taiwan students included Beijing, Qinghua and Renmin universities in Beijing, and Jinan and Zhongshan universities in Guangzhou. The most popular studies were law, business and Chinese medicine. At present, Chinese Taibei doesnt recognize diplomas earned in the Chinese mainland nor help with any inquiries about studying there. But recognizing the trend, education authorities are giving a final form to a policy accepting certificates（证书）from selected universities.51More Taiwanese students study on the Chinese mainland because _. ATaiwan will reunite with the mainland sooner or later Bthe fees asked for are lower than those of Taiwan Cwhat they have learned on the mainland will bring them a bright future Dthere are many famous universities for them to choose52Some business executives were sending their children to study in the Chinese mainland so that their children _. Acould receive better education Bcould learn more about the policy there Ccould do well in the business operations Dcould make more friends there53The underlined word “it” in the third paragraph refers to _. ANet big. Com Ba Chinese education on the mainland Cthe Chinese job market Dthe university54The author wrote the article to tell us _.Amore Taiwanese students are studying on the mainlandBthe number of Taiwanese students going to universities o
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