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9A 期中语法小结反义疑问句Chapter3 ：Children who lived long ago were lucky, werent they, Lo?反意疑问句，即在陈述句之后附加一个附加简短问句，由附加问句对前面陈述的内容提出反问。这部分内容主要把握好以下几点： 一 附加问句的谓语形式 附加问句的谓语必须参照前面陈述部分的谓语形式，在人称、数和时态上与之保持一致。要注意“前肯后否”或“前否后肯”的原则，即：陈述部分用肯定句时，附加问句用否定形式（与not连用时要注意缩写）；反之陈述部分为否定句时，附加问句用肯定形式。(陈述部分含有否定词not, never, hardly, seldom，few, little, neither, no, no one ,nobody, nothing, none等时应视为否定句) 例1：We hear Jenny lives far from the school. She has lunch at school, _? A. is sheB. isnt she C. hasnt she D. doesnt she 例2：David had nothing for breakfast, _? A. does he B. did he C. didnt he D. had he 二 附加问句的主语形式 例3：Alice does her homework every day, _? A. do she B. does Alice C. doesnt Alice D. doesnt she 附加问句的主语一般用人称代词主格形式，Alice的人称代词主格是she。 例4：There isnt any chicken on the plate，_? A. is itB. isnt it C. isnt there D. is there there be结构后面的附加问句依然采用there be的问句形式。例5：Everyone knows the answer, _? A. is itB. isnt itC. dont they D. does he陈述部分主语是指“人”的不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he.例6：Nothing is serious, _? A. is itB. isnt itC. arent they D. is he陈述部分主语是指 “物”的不定代词everything, nothing, something, anything, 疑问部分主语用it。例7：This is my ruler, _?A. is itB. isnt itC. arent they D. are theyThose are their books, _?A. is itB. isnt itC. arent they D. are they陈述句的主语是指示代词this/that时，其附加部分的主语用it。 陈述句的主语是指示代词these/those时，其附加部分的主语用they.三 祈使句和感叹句的反意疑问句 肯定祈使句的反意疑问句其附加问句通常用will you, wont you, would you, can you, cant you, could you等。否定祈使句的附加问句一般用will you。以 Lets（注意不是let us）开头的祈使句的反意疑问句其附加问句用shall we。Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you（或wont you）? 例8：Dont smoke in the meeting room，_? A. do you B. will you C. can you D. could you 省去主语的否定祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。例9：Go with me, _?A. do you B. dont you C. do we D. wont you例10： Lets go and fly kites, _? Wonderful. A. will you B. shall we C. dont you D. do you 例11：Let us wait for you in the reading-room, _?A. shall we B. shant we C. will you D. do you例12：What a beautiful girl, _?A. isnt it? B. is she C. is it D. isnt she感叹句中，疑问部分用be +主语。四 反意疑问句的回答 反意疑问句的回答形式类似于一般疑问句，即yes后面无not, no后面带not。当反意疑问句为“前肯后否”时，yes仍译作“是”，no译作“不”。 例13：Cathy is reading an English magazine now, isnt she? _. She is busy cleaning the house. A. No, she isB. Yes, she isnt C. Yes, she is D. No, she isnt 当反意疑问句为“前肯后否”时，yes译为“是”， 而no译成“不是”。此题答案中的No译作“不是”， h she isnt相当于she isnt reading an English magazine now。 例14： He isnt a teacher, is he? _. He works in a bookshop. A. Yes, he isB. No, he isnt C. Yes, he isnt D. No, he is 要注意，当反意疑问句为“前否后肯”时，yes译为“不”， 而no译成“是”。此题答案中的No译作“是”， he isnt相当于he isnt a teacher。 五 反意疑问句的特殊形式 当陈述部分为复合句时，一般情况下，附加问句应同陈述部分的主句保持一致。 例15：He said that he wouldnt leave for Shanghai the next week, _? A. didnt he B. did heC. wouldnt heD. would he 例16：I think Kate liked singing at that time, _? A. dont IB. do IC. didnt sheD. did she 当陈述部分的主句是I think, I believe, I guess等时，附加问句应与其宾语从句保持一致。 倒装句倒装句分为：完全倒装： 整个谓语移至主语前面叫完全倒装。部分倒装： 只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前叫部分倒装。1.当以there, here, out , in , up , down, away 等表示方位副词开头的句子中，如果主语是名词，用完全倒装句，把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。谓语动词的形式由位于倒装句句尾的主语决定。主语是人称代词时，不用倒装。谓语动词多是表示“移动”意义的go, come, leave, be等。这类倒装句式一般只用一般现在时和一般过去时。例1：Our teacher came in.Here it is.Away went he.The bus comes here.The boys rushed out.2. 在“there + be”表示“存在”的句型中，用到装。例2：There is a tree in front of the building.3. so + 助/be/情态动词+主语。依附于肯定句，表前边的肯定情况也适合于后边的人，意为“也”。neither/ nor + 助/be/情态动词+主语。依附于否定句，表前边的否定情况也适合于后边的人，意为“也不”。nor /neither在倒装用法中的区别a.当主语不是同一个人或物时,nor和neither可互换,当主语是同一个人或物时,只能用nor. 例3：I dont know, nor do I care.我不知道,也不关心. b.当并列分句有两个以上时,只能用nor. 例4：You cant sing ,nor can I ,nor can she.你不会唱歌,我不会,她也不会.（1）这两种结构用来说明前面所说的情况同样也适用于后面的人或物，意思是“某人（物）也是这样”。这种结构中的助/be/情态动词在形式上与前句的谓语保持一致，而其单复数形式由后面的主语决定。如：例5：Lucy is a good student, _. 露西是好学生，丽丽也是好学生。If you wont go, _. 如果你不去，我也不去。注：so +主语+ 助/be/情态动词。依附于肯定句，强调前面肯定句的情况，意为“的确如此”。neither/ nor +主语+ 助/be/情态动词。依附于否定句，强调前面否定句的情况，意为“的确如此”。例6：-He is a student.-_.（的确如此/他的确是一个学生）例7：A：I dont like it.B: _.（你的确不如此/你的确不喜欢它）4. 表地点状语的介词短语放在句首，要用完全倒装句，不加助动词。谓语动词的形式由位于倒装句句尾的主语决定。谓语动词多是表示“存在”意思的be, lie, stand, exist等。例8：Under a big tree _, half asleep.A. did sat a fat man B. a fat man sat C. did a fat man sat D. sat a fat manA big supermarket lies south of the lake. On the floor were piles of old books, magazines and newspapers. 5. 含有否定意义的副词或连词(如not, seldom, little, hardly, never, rarely, nowhere, not until, not only but also, neither nor等)放在句首时 例9：The bell hardly had rung when the class began. = Hardly _.He cares little about his clothes. =Little _.Not only he is busy, but also I have a lot of work to do.Neither does he know nor cares he what happened6. only 及所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时，要用：only+ 状语+ be /助动词/情态动词+主语及其他例10：Only when he told me the news I know what had happened.Only in this way you can make progress in your English.感叹句感叹句通常由what, how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情。what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有1、How +形容词+ a/an +名词+主语+谓语，如：How clever a boy he is!2、How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语，如：How lovely the baby is!3、What + a/an+形容词+名词+主语+谓语，如：What a clever boy he is!4、What+ 形容词+复数名词+主语+谓语，如：What wonderful ideas (we have)!5、What+ 形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语，如：What noise they are making!6、How 还可以来感叹一个句子。如：How I love you!例1：_ nice weather ! Lets have a picnic. A. What B. What a C. How D. How a例2：这些花多么美丽啊！：_. _._.非谓语动词做宾语1一些谓语动词后只能接不定式to do，如would like to, want, wish, hope, decide, plan, expect, find, think, ask, tell, allow, get, encourage。2一些谓语动词后只能接动词原形do,如：why not do, why dont you do, had better(not)do, would rather do, could/would/will you please (not)do3一些谓语动词后只能加dong,如：have trouble/ problem/difficulty (in), spend(in), cant help完成实践值得忙（finish, practice, be worth, be busy）继续习惯别放弃（keep on, be used to, give up）考虑建议不禁想（consider, suggest, cant help, fell like）喜欢思念要介意（enjoy, miss, mind）4一些谓语动词后即可加to do 也可加doing,但意思不同，如：like / love / hate / dislike / prefer doing：like / love / hate / dislike / prefer to do：go on / stop doing：go on / stop to do：remember / forget / regret doing： remember / forget / regret to do： allow doing：allow to do： mean doing： mean to do：try doing：try to do：例1:课本P7-P11形容词和副词的比较急和最高级比较级的构成规则1单音节词形容词 （1）一般单音节词比较级和最高级在后面加-er和-est； 如：smallsmallersmallest shortshortershortest talltallertallest greatgreatergreatest （2）以不发音e结尾的单音节词比较级和最高级在后面加-r和-st； 如：largelargerlargest nicenicernicest ableablerablest（3）以一个辅音字母结尾而前面只有一个元音的词（即在重读闭音节：辅音元音辅音），先双写词尾辅音字母再加-er和-est，如：bigbiggerbiggest hothotterhottest fatfatterfattest 2双音节词 （1）以“辅音字母y”结尾的双音节词， 把y改为i，比较级加-er，最高级加-est； 如：easyeasiereasiest heavyheavierheaviest busybusierbusiest happyhappierhappiest （2）有几个少数双音节形容词，即可加 er 和-est，又可加more 和 most构成比较级和最高级。这些双音节词是common, handsome, polite, quiet, wicked,pleasant, cruel, stupid, tired 和以-ow, er, le结尾额词如：clevercleverercleverest narrownarrowernarrowest tiredmore tiredmost tired （3）其他双音节词和多音节词直接在比较级和最高级前面加more和most；如：carefulmore carefulmost careful pleasedmore pleased most pleased 3三个音节以上的形容词和副词都在前面加more和most如：beautifulmore beautifulmost beautiful differentmore differentmost different easilymore easilymost easily 4.不规则形容词和副词的比较级和最高级good/well-better-bestbad/badly/ill-worse-worstmany/much-more-mostlittle-less-leastfar-farther-farthest 或further-furthestold-older-oldest 或elder-eldest比较级的用法1. adj./adv的几个常考句型:(1)肯定句中：A+ as+ adj. + as + B：例1：This book is as new as that one.(2)否定句中：A+ as / so+ adj. + as + B：例2：这本书不如那本新。_.(3) 表示“A 是B的倍”是，用“A+ 倍数 + as + adj. + as + B”结构（一倍:once,两倍:twice，三倍以上:数字+times）例3：我们的学校是他们学校的三倍大。_.（4）too + adj./adv + to： adj./adv.+enough to +v：足够.而能做某事 so +adj./adv.+that从句： such +adj + n +that从句：例4：他年纪太小还不能上学。_._._._. 2. adj. /adv 的比较级和最高级的用法(1)“A + V. + adj./ adv.比较级 + than + B” 意思为“A比B更”。 例5：This tree is taller than that one. 这棵树比那棵树高。 注意： 在含有连词than的比较级中，前后的比较对象必须是同一范畴，即同类事物之间的比较。 例6：莉莉的房间比我的大。_.在比较级前面使用much，表示程度“强得多”。 例：A watermelon is much bigger than an apple._. 有表示程度的副词much ,a little , a bit ,a lot ,even ,still ,a great deal of, far ,by far ,any ,rathr等词。 very, quite一般只能修饰原级，不能修饰比较级。 例7：今天比昨天冷得多。_. 为了避免重复，在从句中常用the one, that, those等词来代替前面出现过的名词。其中the one 代替可数名词单数，the ones 或| those 代替可数名词复数，that代替不可数名词。例8：The weather in Tianjian is colder than _ of Guangzhou in winter.A. one B. that C. those D. these(2). 表示两者之中选择“哪一个更”时（即：含有or的选择疑问句），用句型“Which/Who + V.+比较级，A or B?”。例9：Which is bigger, watermelon or apple? 回答：_.谁做的更好，Tom 还是Tim? Tom. _.表示在三者或三者以上进行选择时，用句型“Which/Who + V. + the +比较级，A , B or C?”。例10：那座城市最漂亮，北京、上海还是广州？_.(3) 表示“两者之间比较的一个(of the two)”时，常用 the + 比较级。例11：Mary is the taller of the twins._.诺基亚是这两个手机品牌中较受欢饮的那个。_. 表示“最的之一”时，用 “one of the + 最高级”或者是句子中有表示范围的词或短语。如：of the three, in our class等，该最高级后面的名词要用可数名词复数。例12：周杰伦是最受欢迎的歌星之一。_.撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。_.(4)“比较级 + and + 比较级”或“more and more +原级”表示“越来越” 如13：It becomes warmer and warmer when spring comes. _.风越来越大。_. “the +比较级, the+比较级”，表示“越越”。 例14：The more money you make, the more you spend. _.越快越好。_.(5). 表示倍数的比较级用法： . A + be +倍数+ times +as +原级+ as+ B. 例15：Asia is four times as large as Europe. 亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。_.Our school is twice as big as yours. 我们学校是你们学校大一倍。_. A + be +倍数+ times + the + 形容词对应名词形式+ of + B. 例16：_._. A + be + times +比较级+ than + B. 例17：_._.（6）.最高级前可加序数词表示“第几最.”。例18：黄河是中国第二长河，是世界第五长河。_.现在完成时构成：have/has+done用法：1、已完成：动作发生在过去，到现在已经结束，但是影响或结果至今仍然存在。（一般过去时：动作发生在过去，到现在已经结束，但是不强调影响或结果。）* 以already(用于肯定句)和yet(用于否定句和疑问句)为标志 He has already got her help.他已得到她的帮助。He has just seen the film.他刚刚看过这场电影。He hasnt come back yet.他还没有回来。* 以ever和never为标志This is the best film I have ever seen.这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。He has never been to Beijing.他从没有到过北京。2、未完成：动作发生在过去，一直持续到现在，也许还将持续下去。与未完成用法的区别在于：1）动作还未完成，谓语动词必须是延续性动词2）for+一段时间 since+过去一个时间点/表过去的时间状语从句注意： 1)现在完成时不能单独与明确的过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday,last week, three years ago 等; 往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用 2)不能与when连用9A 期中课堂练习一、基础知识与运用A)单项填空从A、B、 C、 D中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。1Who has _ marks in English，Wang Lin，Zhang Fang or Li Hong? 一Li HongAgood Bbetter Cbest Dthe best2Have you _ joined in a dragon boat race? Yes，I haveAnever Bstill Cseldom Dever3. The air in mountain areas is _ that in big cities.A. as fresh as B. fresher than C. as dirty as D. dirtier than4. _ many students in China ever _ to a westerner before?A. Are; speaking B. Do; speak C. Did; speak D. Have; spoken5. Computers, however, are actually _they were five years ago.A. so cheap as B. cheaper than C. so expensive as D. much expensive than6. Im not hungry because I _lunch already.A. have B. had C. am having D. have had7. You _ ever saw computers years ago, but now they are everywhere.A. sometimes B. usually C. hardly D. almost8. Alice _ eat meat so that he can keep herself from getting too fat.A. rarely B. always C. nearly D. carefully9. Some people think that CD-ROMs will soon be _ books.A. as more popular as B. the most popular than C. so popular as D. more popular than10. Which ocean is _, the Atlantic or the Pacific? - The pacific.A. deep B. deeper C. deepest D. more deeper11. Jim is good at math, but his physics is _.A. worse B. worst C. better D. best12. The movie Batman and Joker is _one that Ive ever seen.A. more exciting B. more excited C. the most exciting D. the most excited13. How is your father? I _ him for a long time. He is fine, but busy.A. dont see B. hadnt seen C. didnt see D. havent seen14. Mum, could I have an MP3 like this?Certainly, we can buy_ one, but as good as this.A. a cheap B. a cheapest C. a cheaper D. the cheapest15. Isnt Jim back yet?No, but I think he _in half an hour.A. returned B. will return C. has returned D. returns16. What a funny person_! We all like talking with him.A. is it B. is he C. it is D. he is17. Peter hardly had time for concerts at that time, _? A. wasnt he B. was he C. didnt he D. did heA. So do I.B. And listen to this!C. Well, except fishing.D. I love the seashore.E. we can stay in a little cabin by the beach.F. Look at me, please.G. Neither do I.B)补全对话从方框AG中选出可以填入对话空白处(16-20)的最佳选项。18. A：This one looks great! _B: Me too .The sun the sandthe ocean!19. A: _ What do you think of sailing, swimming ,windsurfing, and fishing?B: Oh, Tom! They sound fantastic. I really like all those thingsA: Yeahme, too.20. B: _. To be honest, I hate fishing, but I love all the others. 21. A: Hey! Look at this! We can stay in a big hotel or _B: You know ,I really dont like those big hotels.22. A: _ Lets stay in a cabin. Itll be much nicer right beside the ocean.二、完形填空My feelings about science have really changedI never used to 23 science，but last year I changed schoolsand the science 24 at my new school are excellentThe science facilities(设备) are very good，with laboratories that have all the latest equipmentOur chemistry teacher，Mr Longford，takes us to public science lectures(讲座) about four times a term，and these are 25 very interesting，as the lecturers are people who have made real discoveries in 26 area of scienceThe fact is，Canada has 27 first-class scientistsIn the last twenty years，seven Canadian scientists have 28 the Nobel Prize! The Nobel Prize is the highest scientific prize，so we should be very 29 of thatIm becoming more and more interested 30 physics，and have decided that I want to study it at universityIm going to try go to 31 Montreal or Ottawa University，as both 32 supposed to have good Physics DepartmentsMy parents are quite surprisedThey always thought I would become an English teacher!23Ahate B1earn Cfinish Denjoy24Ahelpers Bworkers Cteachers Dstudents25Asometimes Bseldom Chardly Dalways26Aour Btheir Cyour Dthose27Afew Bmany Cno Denough28Aseen Blost Cwon Ddreamed29Aafraid Bcareful Cshort Dproud30Ain Bwith Cat Dfrom31Aneither Beither Cboth Donly32Ahave Bhas Care Dis三、回答问题In different countries around the world，people become adults(成年人) at different agesBeing an adult means having the right(权利) to do certain things such as get a part-time job，vote(选举权)，get married，or get a license to driveIn many countries，sixteen or eighteen is the age at which a person becomes an adultYoung men and women at this age can get a part-time job，and begin to receive an income(收入) of their ownThey no longer have to depend on their parents for money all the timeIn many parts of North America，sixteen is also the age when one can get a drivers license；in England，it is seventeenIn the United States，Canada，and the U. K. ，young people have the right to vote at the age of eighteenWith this right also comes dutyFor young people to use their right to vote wisely，they must have an understanding of the needs of society，and they must also learn how politics(政治观点) workNot everyone would agree that it is a good idea to give all of these rights to people when they are too youngThe question is，how young is too young?33How old does a people become an adult in many countries?34An adult has the right to do certain thingsPlease give an example35At what age can one get a drivers license in England?36In which countries do young people have the right to vote at the age of eighteen?37Does everyone agree to give all the rights to people when they are too young?四、综合阅读People say that a dog is“mans best friend”In the case of Jack Scott and his dog Max，the saying is (A)_ trueJack bought Max as a puppy after his wife died ten years ago(B)自从那时，Max has been his only friendIn the village where they live they are seldom seen apartOne day last year，Jack took Max for a walk in the hillsHe (C)noticed an unusual plant growing halfway down a steep slope(陡坡)As he climbed down to take a closer look，he fell and hit his head on a rockMax ran down and licked Jacks face，but he did not moveThe dog ran straight back to the village，barking loudlyOne of Jacks neighbours，Bill Jones，went out to see (D)_ was wrong“Wheres your master?”he askedMax pulled Bills trousers，as if (E)he was trying to pull him alongThen he let go and took a few steps along the road to the hillsHe stopped，looked at Bill and barked againBill knew that Max wanted him to follow him They (F)set off together，and Max led Bill to where his master layBill called an ambulance(救护车)，and a few hours later Jack woke
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