从高考题谈不定式的时态和语态.doc

从高考题谈不定式的时态和语态 请看2002年高考试题第32题：Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains whether they will enjoy it.A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen析：选B。remain为系动词时，意为“仍然”、“继续”，remain后接不定式表示“有待于”。“remain to be seen”为一固定用法，it为形式主语，真正主语为whether引导的从句，see为及物动词，用被动。例如：It remains to be seen. We shall know later on. （情况仍未明，要看怎样发展。）How they will manage to cross the river remains to be seen.再看2002年33题：It is said in Australia, there is more land than the government knows .A. it what to do with B. what to do it withC. what to do with it D. to do what with it析：答案为C。本题考查的是疑问词+不定式做宾语。do为及物动词，所以do的宾语为what而with的宾语为it。在宾语从句中疑问词应置于从句之首，故A、D不正确，B错在do with是一个短语，应该为do.with sth. “利用做什么”的意思。例如：What shall I do with it?从这两道高考题可以看出，高考对不定式的考查不仅限于它的一般形式，而更多是进行式、完成式、被动式、否定式及疑问词+不定式等较复杂的形式。在做题时如果考生没有这些解题意识，就会觉得难度很大。现将不定式的时态和语态及特殊用语总结如下：一、不定式的一般式不定式的一般式即“to+动词原形”，表示动作通常是将要发生的事，发生在谓语动词之后，考生必须知道该空的不定式，所表示的动作式将要发生。例：We agreed here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. (1)A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met析：答案为C。agree to do sth.意为“同意做某事”用不定式的一般式，表示在agree之后的动作。The patient was warned oily food after the operation. (NMET96)A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating析：答案为C。be warned not to do sth.意为“警告某人不要干某事”。to eat在warn之后用一般式，且为否定形式，不定式的否定式是不定式前加“not”构成。二、不定式的进行式不定式进行式“to be+doing”表示正在进行的动作，与谓语动词同时发生。例：He pretended to be sleeping when his mother came in (sleeping与came in同时发生).He seems to have been struggling in the water for a long time. (从过去某一时间开始，一直延续了一段时间，并有可能还往下进行，用完成进行时。)三、不定式的完成式不定式的完成式即“to have+done”表示动作是在谓语动词之前发生的，逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语。例：Robert is said abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. (NMET99)A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying析：答案为A。从后一句中“studied in”可以看出，不定式的动作发生在谓语动词is said之前。Charles Babbage is generally considered the first computer. (NMET93)A. to have invented B. inventing C. to invent D. having invented析：答案为A。consider作“认为”解，后加不定式，invent发生在consider之后，故用完成式。四、不定式的被动式当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，要用不定式的被动语态。例：Little Jim should love to the theatre this evening. (NMET92)A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking析：答案为A。should(would) love to do sth.意为“愿意干某事”。因为他是要被别人带到剧院，所以要用不定式的被动式。Do let your mother know all the truth, she appears everything. (上海市2001)A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told析：答案为D。tell为及物动词，后面接宾语。因为在这个句子中tell没有宾与，所以要用不定式的被动式。又因为知道一切发生在告诉真相之前，所以用完成式。这句话的意思是“一定要把一切真相告诉你妈妈，她看上去已经全都知道了”。五、不定式的几种特殊形式1. 不带to的动词不定式在同一结构中若有两个并列的不定式，一般可省略后一个不定式前面的to。例：The teacher told the student to stand up and read the text.注：如果不定式具有强烈的对比意义，不可省略to。例：The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, not to make difficult.在“看”（see, look at, watch, observe, notice）、“听”（hear, listen to）、“感觉”（feel）以及使动词let, make, have后接不定式作宾语时，通常省略to，但变为被动结构时，不定时符号to要加上。例：I saw him play football in the street.Paul doesnt have to be made to learn, he always works hard.2. to代替整个不定式例：The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him . (NEMT95)A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to析：答案为A。not to=not to ride his bicycle in the street，为了避免重复，要用省略形式。如：“Would you like to visit the factory?”“Yes, Id like to.”这个句子中省略了do it.3. 不定式用在一些固定短语中例：Rather than on a crowded bus, he always prefer a bicycle. (NMET94)A. ride; ride B. riding; ride C. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding析：答案为C。句型prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.为固定结构。We were lost in the forest, to make things worse, it began to rain. (to make things worse为固定短语，意思是“更糟的是”)4. 疑问句+不定式例：Ive worked with children before, so I know what in my new job. (NMET2000)A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects析：答案为B，疑问句+不定式在句中作宾语。