2012年成人高考专升本英语同义词辨析.docx

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2012年成人高考专升本英语同义词辨析forbid ban prohibit都含“禁止”的意思。forbid系常用词, 指“命令某人不做某事”, 如:The doctor forbids him to smoke.医生禁止他吸烟。ban 语气较重, 指权威机关“正式禁止”, 含“严厉谴责”之意,只能用事物作其宾语, 如:Ban atomic and nuclear weapons! 禁止原子武器和核武器!prohibit指“通过法律或政府法令禁止”, 如:The soldiers were prohibited from leaving camp after dark.天黑后士兵不准离开营房。permit allow let都含“准许”的意思。permit 和 allow 在许多情况下可以通用, 但它较 allow 正式, 含有“积极地、从正面地允许”的意义, 如:They dont permit you to smoke.他们不允许你抽烟。allow 指“并不反对”或“不加阻止”, 偏重“默许”或“听任”, 含义较消极, 如:The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint.他所采取的行动,根据怨言的性质,而有所不同。modify 主要用来表示有局限性的“改变”,当用于事物时,它所表示的“改变”,在程度上要大于 alter, 在用于人的态度时,它仅仅表示略加修饰,并不含有很大的变化The industrial revolution modified the whole structure of English society.工业革命变革了英国的整个社会结构。change alter vary都含“改变”的意思 .change 指“使改变得与原物完全不同”或“使发生以新代旧的变化”,如:The appearance of the town is quite changed.这个城镇的外观变化颇大。alter 指“局部的、外表的变化, 但特点不变”, 如:This coat should be altered.这件外套应该改改。vary 指“不规则或连续地改变”, 如:Customs vary with the times.习俗随时代而异。keep retain withhold reserve都含“保持”、“保存”的意思。keep 系常用词, 指“使继续下去”“使较长时期地置于不脱离控制、掌握、照料或变化之下”, 如:keep the room clean.保持室内清洁。retain 较正式, 强调“继续保持”, 特指“保持使不失去或被夺走”, 如:He has managed to retain most of his fortune.他设法保存了他的大部分财产。withhold 强调“保留”、“隐匿”, 指“阻止其离去或泄漏”, 如:Fear made him withhold the truth.恐惧使他不敢说实话。reserve 指“为一目的保持, 或保存一段时间”, 如:A great future is reserved for you.光明的前程在等待着你。remain stay都指“继续停留”或“继续保持某种状态、关系或行动。”remain 常可与stay 互换, 但它强调“继续停留于一处或保持原状态、情况性质而不改变”, 如:This place remains cool all summer.这个地方整个夏天都凉爽。stay强调“某人物继续留在原地而不离开”, 如:He stayed to see the end of the game.他一直呆到比赛结束ability,capacity,faculty,talent,skill,competence,aptitudeThese nouns denote the qualities in a person that permit or facilitate achievement or accomplishment.这些名词都表示某人具有取得进步或成功的素质。Ability is the power,mental or physical,to do something:Ability 是指智力或体力上具有做某事的能力:To make a fortune some assistance from fate is essential. Ability alone is insufficient (Ihara Saikaku)。“要致富,光靠能力是不够的,还得看机遇” (伊哈拉。塞科古)。Capacity refers to an innate potential for growth,development,or accomplishment:Capacity 指天赋的,如生长、发展或成功的潜力:Not by age but by capacity is wisdom acquired(Plautus)。“智慧的获得是依靠才能而不是年龄” (普洛提斯)。Faculty denotes an inherent power or ability:Faculty 指内在的力量或能力:An unerring faculty for detecting hypocrisy is one of her most useful attributes.能无误地看出伪善的能力是她身上最有用的特征之一。Talent emphasizes inborn ability,especially in the arts:Talent 强调天生的才能,尤其是在艺术方面:There is no substitute for talent.Industry and all the virtues are of no avail (Aldous Huxley)。“勤奋及其他的品质都不能弥补天分的不足” (阿尔多斯。赫胥黎)。Skill stresses ability that is acquired or developed through experience:Skill 强调由经验而获得或发展的能力:The intellect,character and skill possessed by any man are the product of certain original tendencies and the training which they have received(Edward L. Thorndike).“任何人的知识、性格和能力都是由起初的兴趣加上后来接受的训练而得到的。” (爱德华L.桑戴克)。Competence suggests the ability to do something satisfactorily but not necessarily outstandingly well:Competence 指能做到使人满意但并不一定特别出众的能力:The concerto was performed by a violinist of unquestioned competence but limited imagination.小提琴家所演奏的协奏曲毫无疑问是出色的,但是缺乏想像力。Aptitude implies inherent capacity for learning,understanding,or performing:Aptitude 暗指内在的学习、理解和表演的才能:Even as a child he showed an unusual aptitude for mathematics.甚至孩童时他就显露出非同一般的数学才能形容词 complete 和 perfect 虽然都有“完全的”含义,但并非同义词,在许多情况下它们只是词义相近而已。complete 的含义是“完整无缺的”、“圆满的”He is a complete stranger to me.我一点也不认识他。(可以和 perfect 换用)Before long,the noise dropped completely.不久,那轰鸣声就完全消失了。perfect 不仅可表示“完整无缺”、“完全”或“纯粹”,而且含有“完美无缺”、“匀称”或“健全”的含义,总之它可以表示“尽善尽美”。由上可见, perfect 可以表示 complete 的含义,而 complete 只能表示 perfect 的一部分含义。 但是, a complete stranger 和 a perfect stranger 没有什么差异,complete happiness 和 perfect happiness 都表示了“美满的幸福”。But as they soon discovered,disguises can sometimes be too per fect.正象他们不久就发现的那样,化装效果有时可能太完美无缺了。It is a perfect alibi.这完全是在开脱罪责。Its a perfect stranger here.我在这里完全是个陌生人。(可以换用 complete)注:perfect 的同义词有 whole,entire,complete 的同义词有 full,plenary.complete,close,end,finish,conclude,terminateThese verbs mean to bring or to come to a natural or proper stopping point.这些动词都是指达到一个自然或适当的终点。Complete suggests the final stage in bringing an undertaking to fruition:Complete 暗指取得成功的最后一步:Nothing worth doing is completed in our lifetime (Reinhold Niebuhr).“我们这辈子连一件有意义的事也没完成” (莱因霍尔德。尼泊赫)。Close applies to the ending of something ongoing or continuing:Close 指正在进行的事件接近终点:The orchestra closed the concert with an encore.交响乐团在再来一次的欢呼声中结束了音乐会。If there is a further falloff in ticket sales,the play will close.如果门票销售进一步下跌,这个剧目就会停演。End emphasizes finality:End 强调结果:We ended the meal with fruit and cheese.我们最后吃的是水果和奶酪。Where laws end, tyranny begins (William Pitt).“哪里没有法制,暴政就从哪里开始” (威廉姆。皮特)。Finish is sometimes interchangeable with complete:Finish 有时可与complete互换.close 比较普通,有时可以和shut互换使用,但它更强调“不让某人或某物进入或通过”的意思,有时有“不接纳”的意思,但通常表示“关闭”这一动作Its Sunday,so all the shops are closed.今天是星期天,所以这些店铺都关门了。I felt sure I would never be able to close the case again.我肯定没有办法再把箱子关上了。shut 与 close 的含义差别在于,shut仅表示“关闭”之状态,不包含“不让进入”或“不接纳”的意思As soon as he opens the gate from the outside,he comes into the garden and waits until the gate shuts.它一旦从外面把门打开,便走进园子里等着关门。在某些习语中,只有 shut 而不用close.Shut up!住口!He found every road to the accomplishment of his desire shut against him.他发现通向实现自己愿望的所有道路都被堵死了。He shut his eyes to the severs reality.对于这严峻的现实,他是闭着眼睛不肯看的。accompany attend escort convoy意思都含“与人结伴同行”或“伴随某物”。accompany 指“与人结伴, 做伴”, 常含有彼此之间关系平等之意, 如:He -nied her to the theater.他陪她去剧院。attend 意为“随侍”、“随从” 等解, 如:Some students attended Prof. Jones on a field trip.一些学生随琼斯教授去野外郊游。escort 和 convoy 意为“以警卫等身份陪伴”, 如:This merchant ship was convoyed by a destroyer.这艘商船由一驱逐舰护航。escort 还指礼节上的“尊重或献殷勤”, 如:He escorted a lady to a party.他陪一位女士赴宴。accurate correct exact均含“正确的”意思。accurate 表示“准确的”,精确的“,指”通过努力, 使事情达到正确“, 如:She gave an accurate account of the accident.她对事故做了准确的描述。correct 为一般用语, 指“正确的”, 如:He gave correct answers to the questions.他对这些问题提出了正确的答案。exact 表示“确切的”,“精确无误的”,指“与事实完全相符”, 如:His answer is quite exact.他的回答完全正确。enough,sufficient,adequate这三个词都表示“足够的”或“充分的”。其中只有enough可以用作副词或名词,含义仍为“足够的”。enough和sufficient在含义上几乎没有差异,只是enough的用法较多,这两个词都表示“完全满足需要,而且既不多余,也不缺少”。adequate虽然也表示“足够的”、“充分的”,但是和另二词之间有着比较明显的细微差异,因为这个词的内涵是:对于必不可少的东西在数量上应当是合理的、公平的或不苛刻的。Five men will be quite enough (or sufficient). 这句话说的是:5个人就十分充足了, 再多给一个人就没有必要了His wages are adequate to support three people. 这句话说的是:他的工资够养活3个人的。即这些钱养活3个人够得上一般生活水平,并不苛刻。可见其差异非常细微。词义差别越细微,表意越准确。例如:“我为他干了3小时的活,他付给我20英镑。我觉得那20英镑的工钱是足够了的”。这两句话在英译时,其中的“足够的”必须用adequate,因为这里说的“足够”包含了“公平、合理”的意思。故这两句可译为:I worked for him three hours,and he paid me 20 pounds. I think the 20 pounds are adequate for my work. 此外, 应注意下面例句中enough的各种用法I like to be a professional singer,but I dont think I have a good enough voice.我想当个职业歌唱家,但是我觉得我的嗓子不够好。A day may begin well enough,but suddenly everything seems to get out of control.一天的开端可能好得很,但突然一切似乎都失去了控制。The currents of air that the walls of the ship direct upwards,as well as in line of its course are enough to give the great bird with its immense wings sufficent sustenance and progress.沿着船壁向上引导的以及与航行方向一致的气流足以给这种长有特大翅膀的大鸟以充分的支撑力和前进力。Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another,but he has never managed to get enough money to have the church clock repaired.我们的牧师老是为这事或那事筹募款项,但是从来也没能募集到足够把教堂大钟修复起来的钱。The problem set for society is not the virtues of the type so much as its adequacy for its function,and here grave difficulties arise. He refuses to consider sufficiently the wants of the customer,who must buy,not the thing he desires but the thingthe English Gentleman wants to sell. He attends inadequately to technological development.向社会提出的问题,与其说是这号人的德行问题,毋宁说是他们是否能胜任其职责的问题,于是便出现了严重的困难。他们不肯充分考虑顾客的需要,顾客不得不买的不是自己想要买的东西,而是英国绅士所要卖的。他们对技术的发展并不给予充分的注意。The majority of the patients attending the medical outpatients departments of our hospitals feel that they have not received adequate treatment unless they are able to carry home with them some tangible remedy in the shape of a bottle of medicine,abox of pills,or a small jar of ointment,在医院门诊部就医的大多数病人认为,如果他们不能带一些实实在在的药物,如一瓶药水、一盒药丸、一小瓶药膏回家的话,他们就没得到充分的治疗enough sufficient adequate意思都含“充分的”、“足够的”。enough 系常用词, 常可与 sufficient 互换,它除表示“足以满足需要的”外,还含有“数量很多使人感到心满意足的”的意思,如:We have enough money to spend.我们有足够的钱花。sufficient 用于正式文体中,指“分量或数量足以满足需要的”, 如:The food is sufficient for a week.食物足够一周用。adequate 指“足够符合特定(有时可指最低)的资格、分量、才能等”着重“符合一个客观要求或标准的”,如:To be healthy one must have an adequate diet.一个人想要健康,必须有足够的规定饮食。advance promote progress proceed都含有“前进”的意思。advance 指“向某一目标或方向前进的运动或效果,并常强调前进的终点”,如:Our soldiers advanced bravely against the enemy.我们的士兵勇敢地向敌人挺进。promote 作“提升”解时可与advance 通用;它强调“促使某种事业向前发展以达到预期的结果,并侧重于对该人或事物(尤指公开性质)的赞助和鼓励”,如:John was promoted advanced from a clerk to a manager.约翰由职员晋升为经理。A sound forest economy promotes the prosperity of agriculture and rural life.完善的森林经济可以促进农业和农村生活的兴旺与繁荣。Each passenger is allowed twenty -five kilogrammes of luggage.每位旅客允许携带二十五公斤的行李。let 是三个词中最不正式的, 较口语化, 而语意最弱, 指“给予可能或同意”, 有时含“难以阻止或限制”之意, 如:Let him wait.让他等一等。Let,allow,permit,grant这组动词都有“允许”或“让”的意思。let 是个普通词,常要求复合宾语,在不定式作宾语补足语时,总省去不定式符号to,有时在一定的上下文中可省去宾语补足语:let, allow这两个动词都有“让”或“允许”的意思,仔细研究后可以看到许多情况下,这两个词并不能通用。let 所表示的“允许”含有“不阻止”(notto prevent)的意思Lets go into the garage and have a look at it.咱们到汽车修配厂去看看吧。She said her future husband would not let her make another film.她说她的未婚夫不会让她再拍电影了。(此句用would not let,意思是“阻止”)When the bull got close to him,he clumsily stepped aside to let it pass.当公牛接近了他时,他笨拙地向一旁一闪,把公牛让了过去。Then he sits and barks until someone lets him out.然后它坐着吠叫,直到有人把它放出去为止。The third baseman let the ball roll between his feet.第三名垒手让球从他的两只脚之间滚了过去。而allow所表示的“允许”含有“容忍”(forbearance of prohibition)的意思Please allow me to introduce Mr Brown to you.请允许我把布朗先生向你介绍一下。Now we are not allowed to touch it.现在是不让我们碰一碰它的。注:let somebody do something(让某人做某事)作宾语补足语的不定式省去to,而allow somebody to do something(让某人做某事)作宾语补足语的不定式带to.allow与permit也可以用于allow(permit)somebody to do something的句子结构, 但也可以要求简单宾语或表示行为的名词作宾语。这三个词都能表示“没能阻止”或“不去阻止”,但是let并不包含allow和permit所共有的这层含义:有能力、有权威不去禁止或不去防止某事,有时表示由于笨拙疏忽而放过去The teacher allows too much noise in the classroom那位老师听任教室内有过分的嘈杂声。He should have known that the police would never allow this sort of thing.他应该知道,警察是不会允许这种事情的。The dogs have greater freedom too,for they are allowed to wander outside their enclosure.那些狗也有了较大的自由,因为允许它们在栅栏外面到处跑跑。而permit又不包含allow的这样一层含义:克制着自己不去禁止,而allow却不包含permit的这样的含义:同意或者默许We do not allow (or permit) gambling.我们不允许赌博;grant 所表示的“允许”包含这样的意思:上级就下级的要求,把自认为是一种恩惠或权利给予别人He requested that the premier grant him an internview.他要求那位总理接见他一次。Permission was granted and a policeman accompanied him to a call-box.获得了许可后,一名警察陪他来到公用电话亭。composed of men of the same nationality or who spoke a common language.法令指出连队应当尽可能地由同一民族的人或操同一语言的人组成lift raise elevate都含“举起”的意思。lift 指“用体力或机械力把某物从地面举到一定的高度”, 如:She can lift a pail of water from the ground.她能把一桶水提起来。raise 与Lift 可换用, 但着重“垂直高举”或“将物件由较低处移至较高处的适宜位置, 以发挥应有的作用”, 如:raise a flag.升旗。elevate 指“提高(嗓子、思想等)”, 如:Good reading elevates the mind.阅读好书可使思想高尚。lift,raise,rear,elevate,hoist 这组动词的一般含义是“提起”,“举起”。lift 强调“提升很重的或者抬起比较重的东西”,当用于比喻时,可以指雄伟高大的建筑物或大山的“高耸入云”The dish now had to be lifted vertically because one edge was resting against the side of the canal.现在必须垂直着提升馅饼盘,因为盘的一边靠在运河的侧面上。raise 在用于“提升”的意义时,可包含费力也可能不包含费力,但总带有“垂直”提升的意思;在用于比喻时,可以表示喂羊家畜、家禽,照料农作物的生长,募集资金,抬募军队,养育儿童等there was tremendous excitement on board when a chest was raised from the bottom当从海底提上来一只箱子时,船上出现了极为兴奋的场面。Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another.我们的牧师老是在为这桩或那桩事募款。rear和raise在文学语言中常互换使用。在表示养育儿童时,rear 为美国南方各州惯用词She bore three children and reared (or reaised) two of them.她生过三个孩子,养大了两个。elevate 一般具有lift和raise的含义,但elevate 常用于抽象概念的提高,如“提高文学鉴赏力”,“提高情操”等Good reading elerates the mind.读好书可以提高情操。hoist 尤指“以机械提升重物”The cargo was soon hoisted into the ship.贷物很快就被吊进船舱。change,alter,vary,modify这组动词的一般含义是“改变”或“变化”。change 是通用词,它有两层基本含义:“变”和“换”。“变”可以指和原来的样子或性质稍有不同,也可以指有本质的差异。At first,she decided to go to the police,but fearing that she would never see Rastus again-the letter had made that quite clear-she changed her mind.起初,她决定去警察局,但是她由于担心再也见不到拉斯特斯了-那封信说得相当清楚-她改变了主意。He then changed into overalls and spent the next eight hours as a dustman.然后他换上工装裤,作为清洁工人度过接下去的八小时。alter 所表示的“改变”只是细节的,或外表的变化,并不表示本质的改变。如:把一件衣服改小一些或只把衣袖稍放肥一些,但衣服的式样仍然不变,这时用alter便很确当He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be alltered.他可以温和地指责一个官员,或者甚至建议议会修改法律条款。vary 一般表示转换、变易、增生所致的“变化”或“不同”
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