高三英语第一讲分词生学版.doc

高三 英语 秋季班 第一讲 分词（学生版）分词有现在分词（the Present Participle）和过去分词（the Past Participle），在句中充当定语、表语、补语和状语。I. 分词的形式现在分词 doing 过去分词 doneII分词的时态和语态一般式被动式完成式完成式被动否定式现在分词doing过去分词done分词的一般式doing 表示分词动作与句子的谓语动作同时发生或者略早于谓语动作。分词的完成式having done表示分词动作早于主句谓语动作发生，两个动作之间有明显的时间间隔。 Eg. He hurried home, _ (look) behind at times. _ (hear) the noise, they ran out to see what was happening._ (tell) many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. _ (open) the door, she saw her room broken into. _ (show) around the museum, we hurried to the bus station._ (never operate) a computer, he met with a lot of difficulties._ (realize) he was wrong, he apologized to his teacher.注意：分句中一些明显的标志，如：_, _等，这时往往会用分词的完成式。III分词的句法功能:1. 作表语：现在分词作表语: 一般表示主动或主语的性质和特征, 意思是“_”, 主语多数情况是sth.过去分词作表语: 一般表示被动或说明主语情感心理上的感受, 意思是“_”,主语多数情况是sb.Eg. The scene was so _(frighten) that everyone present was too _(frighten) to take a glance at it. Myraincoat was _ (break), somyclotheswerewet, which is quite _(embarrass).2. 作定语：A. 现在分词表示 _ 的动作；过去分词表示 _ 的动作。_ water 沸水 _ water 开水_ country 发达国家 _ country 发展中国家_ leaves 正在飘落的树叶 _ leaves 落叶_ sun 升起的太阳_ sun 徐徐上升的太阳B. 表示情感心理的Vt的分词可修饰名词作前置定语。Eg. He told us the _ (exciting, excited) news.The _ (exciting, excited) pupils jumped with joy.注意: 过分除修饰sb.以外,还可修饰表示神态、声音等的名词, 说明主语的心理状态。Eg. He had a _ (terrifying, terrified) look in his eyes.The boy answered in a _ (disappointing, disappointed) voice.C. 作定语时的位置单个分词前置, 分词短语后置, 修饰代词时后置单个分词作定语时，一般放在它所修饰的名词前； 分词短语作定语时，一般放在它所修饰的名词后； 分词在修饰由some/any/no + thing/body/one所形成的不定代词或those时后置 单个分词前置Eg. a neighboring town中文：_an unexpected guest 中文：_例外: These plastic bottles used can be recycled. (有时单个的分词放在分词后面,用于强调动作)Do you know the number of books ordered? 分词短语后置（分词短语作定语相当于_）Eg. I dont know the doctor_ (seat) at the back.The goods _ (import) from abroad yesterday remain in good condition. 分词修饰由some/any/no + thing/body/one所形成的不定代词或those时,分词放在这些词之后Eg. Those _ (laugh) are considered impolite.Anyone _(swim) will be punished.D. 作定语时, 要注意分词所表示动作的发生时间: 表示正在进行的动作Eg. Tell the children playing (= _) there not to make too much noise. These grammar rules being taught now （= _） are very important. 表示经常性动作或现在/当时的状态Eg. I used to live in a room facing (= _ ) south. 表示已经完成的动作Eg. This is a school built (=_) 100 years ago. 过去分词表示被动、完成注意：有些情况下，一般不用现在分词短语作定语，而用定语从句Eg. The man who came this morning is our headmaster. (过去时)Is there anyone who can answer this question?Those who have finished their work can go home now. (完成时)牢记：现在分词完成式不能用作定语修饰名词。Eg. The builders having completed the hotel were given prizes. ( )改为: The builders _ the hotel were given prizes.请区分：the performances being put on at presentthe performances put on yesterdaythe performances to be put on tomorrowE.分词和动名词修饰名词时的意义区别:a swimming boya swimming poola walking stick a walking dictionary,running water running track3. 作宾语(主语)补足语：以下V. 后可跟分词作宾语补足语：see, watch, hear, feel, find, notice, observe, catch, have, get, keep, leave, make, etc.复习：分词与不定式作宾语补足语的区别Eg. see the man climbing over the wall doing _see the man climb over the walldo _see the boy jumping with joydoing _ see the boy jump onto the stage do _Eg. His lecture got us _ (think).He got his bike _ (repair) just now.He watched the bed _ (carry) out of the door.He felt a great weight _ (take ) off his mind. 他感到心头如释重负。How would you like your hair _ (cut)?The teacher raised his voice to make himself _(hear).4. 作状语：相当于_A. 作时间状语：Eg. _ (hear) the bad news, they couldnt help crying.When/ While _ (take) around the city, we were deeply impressed by the citys new look.While/When (I was) _ (wander) through the square, I caught sight of a snake-charmer._ (finish) his work, he went home.B. 作原因状语：Eg._ (be poor), he could not afford to travel abroad. _ (encourage) by his heroic deeds, they worked harder._ (lose) in thought, he almost ran into a post._ (frighten) by the big forest fire, the animals all ran away._ (not know) her address, we couldnt get in touch with her._ (never be) to the city, he soon got lost._ (not receive) his letter, I decided to call him up.C. 作方式/伴随状语：Eg. She watched the film, _ (weep ) and _ (sigh). The teacher stood there, _ (surround) by a lot of students.D. 作条件状语：Eg. _ (give) another chance, I would have done the job far better. (If) _ (play) all day, you will waste your valuable time.E. 作结果状语：Eg. The hunters fired, _(shoot) one of the wolves. The bus was held up by the snowstorm, thus _ (cause) the delay.区别: 分词表示意料之中，自然而然的结果；不定式表示意外的结果Eg. He hurried to the station, only _ (find) the train had left.F. 作让步状语：Eg. Though _ (rain) heavily, it cleared up very soon.Though _ (tell) of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.分词作状语时, 需注意事项:A. 分词短语作状语时,它的逻辑主语通常应是_ :_ (see) from the hill, the city is beautiful._ (see) from the hill, you can see the whole city.B. 分词短语的位置:一般来说,时间,原因,条件,让步等分词短语多放在句首;而表结果,伴随的分词短语放在句尾.Eg. Finding the door locked, Tom went home. (表_)Tom went home, finding the door locked. (表_)C. 连词问题Eg. _(turn) around, I saw him glare at me._(turn)around, and you will see him.IV独立主格结构分词结构带有自己的逻辑主语，不看主句的逻辑主语。Eg. The train _ (come) in, they formed a line. = When the train came in, they formed a line.It _ (be) Sunday, there was no school. = Because it was Sunday, there was no school.Weather _(permit), we will have the party in the garden. = If weather permits, we will have the party in the garden.The job _(finish), we went home straight away.= After the job was finished, we went home straight away.综合卷II. Grammar and VocabularySection A 语法语篇专项练习一（1）When Frida kahlos paintings were on show in London, a poet described her paintings _1_ “a ribbon around a bomb”. Such comments seem to suggest kahlo had a big influence on the art world of her time. Sadly, she is actually a much bigger name today than she was during her time. Born in 1907 in a village near Mexico City, Kahlo suffered from Polio(小儿麻痹症) at the age of seven. Her spine (脊柱)become bent as she grew older. Then, in 1925, her back was _2_( break) in several places in a school-bus accident. Throughout the rest of her life, the artist had many operations, but _3_ was able to cure the terrible pain in her back. However, the accident had _4_ unexpected side effect. While _5_(lie) in her bed recovering, Kahlo taught herself to paint.In 1929, she got married to Diego Rivera, another famous Mexican artist. Riveras strong influences on Kahlos style can _6_(see) in her early works, but her later works from the 1940s, known today as her best works, show _7_(little) influence from her husband.Unfortunately, her works did not attract much attention in the 1930s and 1940s, even in her home country. Her first one-woman show in Mexico was not held _8_ 1953. For more than a decade after her death in 1954, Kahlos works remained largely _9_(unnotice) by the world, _10_in the 1970s her works began to gain international fame at last. （2）Allen goes everywhere with Brigitta Anderson, a 54 year-old secretary. He moves around her office at work and goes _1_(shop) with her. “Most people dont seem to mind Allen,” says Brigitta, who thinks he is wonderful. “He is my fourth child,” she says. She may think of him and treat him that way, buying his food, paying his health bills and his taxes, but in fact Allen is a dog.Brigitta and Allen live in Sweden, a country where everyone is expected to lead _2_orderly life according to rules laid down by the government, _3_also provides a high level of care for its people. This level of care costs money.People in Sweden pay taxes on everything, so they arent surprised to find that _4_(own) a dog means yet more taxes. Some people are paying as much as 500 Sweden kronor in taxes a year for the right to keep their dogs, and the money is spent by the government on dog hospitals and sometimes _5_(medicine) treatment for a dog that falls ill. However, most such treatment is expensive, so owners often decide to pay health and even life insurance for their dog.In Sweden dog owners must pay _6_any damage their dog does. A Swedish kennel club official explains _7_this means:_8_ your dog runs out on the road and gets hit by a _9_(pass)_car, you, as the owner, have to pay for any damage _10_(do )_to the car, even if your dog has been killed in the accident. Section B A. campaign B. noted C. focus D. careful E. releasedF. fall G. trend H. dead I. major J. extendedWASHINGTON (Reuters) - The U.S. unemployment rate probably rose in October as employers stepped up hiring only slightly, underscoring President Barack Obamas vulnerability in next weeks presidential election.Employers likely added 125,000 jobs to their payrolls last month, according to a Reuters survey of economists. That would be up from 114,000 in September, but would _41_short of what is needed to quickly cut the jobless rate.Indeed, economists expect the unemployment ratea key_42_ in the neck-and-neck race for the White House to tick up by a tenth of a percentage point to 7.9 percent, reversing part of a surprise drop seen in September.The Labor Departments closely watched report, which will be _43_at 8:30 a.m. (12:30 GMT) on Friday, will be the last _44_report card on the economy before Tuesdays presidential election, which pits（使竞争）President Obama against Republican Mitt Romney.If economists are right, it will show the eighth straight month of dull job growth, a worrisome_45_ that would likely reinforce the Federal Reserves resolve to keep easy money policies in place until the economy shows more vigor.The weakness in overall economic growth momentum has _46_into the last quarter of the year, said Millan Mulraine, an economist at TD Securities in New York.Romney has made the nations feeble jobs market, which has caused Obama a lot of trouble since he took office in 2009, the centerpiece of his_47_. The latest Reuters/Ipsos daily tracking poll showed Obama and Romney in a _48_heat.Still, the report could provide fodder for both candidates. Some economists have _49_an increase in the jobless rate might have a silver lining if it is driven by Americans pouring into the labor market to restart job hunts. III. Reading ComprehensionSection A Although one might not think so from some of the criticism of it, advertising is essential to the kind of society in which people in the United Kingdom, and a very_50_ proportion of the world at large, live. Advertising is necessary as a_51_ of communicating with others, of telling them about the goods and services that are offered, and of which most of them would never _52_to hear at all if it were not for advertising. And advertising helps a great deal to promote a _53_standard of living. In talking about advertising, one should not think only _54_a commercial on television, or an advertisement in the newspapers or periodicals. In its widest_55_, advertising includes a host of other _56_such as packaging, shop displays, andin the sense of communicationeven the spoken word of the salesman. _57_, the roots of advertising are to be found in the market place. For many years it was thought that it was enough to _58_goods and supply services. It is only more _59_that it has become increasingly understood that the production of goods is a waste of resources _60_those goods can be sold at a fair price within a _61_time span. In the competitive society in which we live, it is essential that we go out and sell what we have to offer, and advertising plays an important role in this respect, whether selling at home or in _62_markets. Approximately 2 percent of the UK gross national product is spent on advertising. But it must not be thought that this advertising tries to sell goods to consumers who do not want them. Of course, advertising does try to attract the interest of the _63_consumer, but if the article when _64_does not match up to the standards that the advertising suggests that it will, it is obviously exceedingly unlikely that the article will sell well.50. A. enjoyable B. considerable C. agreeable D. knowledgeable 51. A. dataB. proportion C. means D. messages52. A. getB. put C. find D. avoid53. A. demandingB. raising C. creating D. rising54. A. in honor ofB. in case ofC. in terms of D. in favor of55. A. sense B. sure C. levelD. extent56. A. conferencesB. activities C. matters D. actions 57. A. Of allB. And all C. Among all D. After all58. A. protestB. program C. process D. produce59. A. quickly B. immediately C. recently D. totally60. A. unless B. though C. until D. when 61. A. inevitableB. comfortable C. reasonable D. available 62. A. country B. import C. jobs D. export63. A. financial B. potential C. essential D. social64. A. presented B. purchased C. responded D. respectedSection B(A)14 days from just 2,090 Fully inclusive from the UK Price cover international airfares, departure taxes, fuel charge, local transportation all meals, entrance fees, guides, daily tours and visas for the UK citizens. Days 1-3: UKShanghai Fly to the great city of shanghai and in the evening sample traditional shanghai food. Visit the beautiful YU Garden, Old Town. Shanghai Museum, cross the Great Nanpu Bridge and tour the Pudong area. Also explore Xintiandi with its 1920s style Smkomen buildings and end your stay in shanghai with an amazing Huangpu river evening tour. Days 4-7: ShanghaiYangtze River Tour Fly to Yichang and change （approx: one hour）to board your Yangtze River ship for the next four nights. Enjoy a tour of the three Gorgee Dam（三峡大坝）before sailing on the grand Yangtze River, passing through the impressive Three Gorges. We take a side trip to the lesser Three Gorges or travel up the Shennong Stream in a peapod boat and enjoy various shore trips along the way. Day8: ChongqingChengdu Get off in Chongqing and drive to Chengdu for an overnight stay. Day9-10: ChengduXian Visit the famous Panda Reserve to see the lovely animals. We then fly to the historic city of Xian for two nights stay and enjoy traditional Shuijiao. Next day, explore one of the most important discoveries of the 20th centurythe Terracotta Warriors（兵马俑），followed by the ancient City wall and a performance of Tang Dynasty dancing. Day11-13: XianBeijing Visit little wild goose pagoda and see the ancient objects at the well-known Shanxi provincial museum before walking through the lively militia Quarter to see the Great Mosque. Later fly to Beijing for three nights stay and try Peking Duck. During our stay in Beijing, we stroll through Tiananmen Square to the Forbidden city, the largest and best preserved collection of ancient buildings in China, and visit the summer palace. Next day we take a walk on the Great wall, tour the unique Temple of Heaven and enjoy an attractive Chinese Acrzibatio show. Day14: BeijingUK Fly back to the UK, arriving home later the same day filled with happy memories. 65. The underlined word sample in the passage probably means_. A. buy B. reserve C. taste D. make 66. The first and last scenic spots they visited in Xian are_. A. the Terracotta Warriors and the Great Mosque B. the Terracotta Warriors and shanghai provincial Museum C. little wild goose Pagoda and Great Mosque D. Little wild goose Pagoda and the Muslim Quarter67. Which of the following is TRUE according to the ad.? A. The tourists will have to pay extra for fuel and meals. B. The tourists will visit the 1920s Shikumen buildings in Beijing. C. The tourists will take a side trip to the Three Gorges Dam during the tour. D. The tourists will stay in Beijing for three nights before leaving for the UK. 68. The ad. is mainly intended to_. A. encourage the British to travel in China B. attract the British to traditional Chinese food C. offer service of booking air tickets to tourists D. provide the British with a better understanding of Shanghai (B)There are two factors which determine an individuals intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individualthe sort of environment in which he is reared. If an individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable.The importance of environment in determining an individuals intelligence can be demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and Mark. Being identical, the twins had identical brains at birth, and their growth processes were the same. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster homes. Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities. Mark was reared in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. He was read to as a child, sent to good schools, and given every opportunity to the stimulated intellectually. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence. Marks I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and forty points higher than his identical brother. Given equal opportunities, the twins, having identical brains, would have tested at roughly the same level.69. According to the passage, the average I.Q. is _.A. 85 B. 100C. 110 D. 12570. This passage suggests that individuals I.Q. _.A. can be predicted at birth B. is inherited from his parents C. stays the same throughout his life D. can be increased by education71. This passage can best be titled _.A. Measuring Your Intelligence B. Intelligence and Environment C. The Case of Peter and Mark D. The Introdu