高考英语复习资料高考英书语面表达题型分析与解题.doc

高考英语复习资料 上海：刘伟忠编英语书面表达题型分析与解题 上海高考英语卷从1989年起增设了“写作”题型，字数要求为80-100字。96年起增至100-120字。2001年起定为至少120字以上。2004年起又定为120-150字。（实际超过150字也允许。）1989年-1995年写作题的分值为20分。96年起增至25分，并一直保持至今。不难看出，高考英语卷对高三学生英语写作能力的要求一直在提高，其分值在整份试卷中也占有相当比重。因此，考生必须对高考英语书面表达题的要求和测试目的有个全面的了解，并且充分重视英语写作的训练，学习和掌握一定的写作方法和技巧，以适应高考英语卷的写作考查。一、书面表达题的测试目的书面表达题是测试“写”的技能的重要题型，其目的是要测试考生的英语书面文字表达能力，具体目的可分为以下四点：1. 测试学生对英语常用语体格式及语言特点的了解和运用。2. 测试学生审题立意、条理层次、逻辑思维等方面的谋篇技巧。3. 测试学生用英语构思和表达思想情感的实际水平。4. 测试学生遣词造句、习惯表达、首尾呼应等英语行文的能力。 二、书面表达题的要求及预测2001年，教育部颁布了全日制义务教育普通高级中学英语课程标准，“标准”中规定了高中阶段6-8级目标中“写”的技能要达到的各项要求。按照有关方面的设想，中学8级英语水平将相当于目前大学非英语专业4级的水平。大学英语教学大纲对大学4级英语“写”的要求是：“能就一定的话题或提纲在半小时内写出120-150词的短文，能写短信和便条，表达意思清楚，无重大语法错误。”新近公布的2013年上海高考英语科的考纲，对“写作”的测试目标定为：“能根据题意写出内容充实、语言连贯、结构合理的作文”。对考生的写作能力提出了更为明确的要求。笔者对2014年上海高考英语书面表达题的题型作如下预测：英语书面表达题仍会以应用文、议论文为主，写作的话题一定贴近考生的学习和生活，人人都能有话说。 1. 议论文写作。要求考生根据所给的文字要点，或从图画、图例、表格提供的信息，就某热点事件阐述自己的观点、态度；或评述他人的态度、观点，然后给出自己的结论。 2. 应用文写作。要求考生根据文字或图表提供的信息，写出短文或信件。信件内容大致为： 向有关方面反映情况。如：向校长、报社、市长等反映污染、不文明行为、乱收费等现象。 与同学、朋友或笔友就某热点新闻、热门事件进行探讨。 向用人单位自荐或推荐某人求职等。三、书面表达题的解题步骤 英语书面表达题的解题关键是审题和谋篇，具体可分为五个步骤： 第一步：认真审题，明确要求。审题要弄清楚题目提供了哪些情景，对书写有哪些要求，然后确定短文的体裁和相应的表述方式。再定下文章使用的基本人称、时态、主要内容和情节，以及如何开头和结尾等。文章内容应充实，主题突出，详略得当。 第二步：确定主次，列出要点。在明确题目要求的基础上，将要点按顺序在草稿纸上列出，然后根据题意确定主次。列要点时尽量使用有把握的词组、句型、习惯表达，对次要内容一笔带过即可。观点表达应明确直接，切忌模棱两可。 第三步：扩展要点，连句成文。将列出的要点进行适当的扩展和补充，形成符合考题要求的短文。扩展包括添加贴切的开头、结尾；段与段之间自然过渡。对写好的句子适当地加一些表示并列、递进、因果、转折等关系的词语，使文章结构紧凑、内容连贯、词汇丰富。 第四步：复读短文，检查修改。检查修改应先整体、后局部地进行。先看格式、人称是否正确，开头结尾是否自然，内容要点有否遗漏，字数是否符合要求。然后查句子有无语法毛病、时态是否正确、用词和搭配是否贴切，以及单词拼写、大小写、标点符号是否正确等。 第五步：仔细誊写，保持整洁。把修改好的短文工整地写一遍。书面表达题是主观性试题，书写工整规范，不仅可以避免阅卷时的误判，而且整洁漂亮的卷面会给阅卷者以一目了然、舒坦的感觉，而产生好的效果。 四、书面表达题的备考建议 目前，英语书面表达题的要求还不是很高，写一篇120字以上的英语短文，就是要求你能围绕一个话题写上12-15个意思通顺、前后连贯的句子。考生在掌握了一定的词汇量和基础的英语语法后，应该能写出有一定质量的短文的。因此，对英语写作不要有畏难情绪。下面给你几条写作建议： 1. 掌握英语句子的结构、文章的段落、语篇的知识和技巧是写作的基础，写好了句子，就等于成功了一半。书面表达题要靠平时多练，从练习写句子开始，（多做些汉译英题目也有帮助）。靠临时突击是不行的。在能正确写出句子的基础上，组成短文。 2. 尝试给文章起个言简意赅的标题，让人一看就知道文章的主题，然后分三段行文。第一段：开门见山地提出自己的观点或论点。（3- 4行）第二段：对提出的观点、论点进行阐述，要条理清楚，并适当举些例子。（6- 8行）第三段：归纳、提升自己的观点、论点，如能表达展望则更佳。（3- 4行）注：每行平均以10个字计。按低限，三段12行，字数就可达120个。按高限，三段16行，160字也符合要求。 3. 平时勤于动笔，练习时可以由简到繁，循序渐进。开始时，先围绕一个话题写上三五句意思连贯的句子，再逐步扩展到十来句，形成短文，以达到“量”的要求。然后，在写作中注意形容词、关联词的使用。尽可能安排短句、长句、简单句、并列句、复合句的交错使用，使文章生动不单调，在“质”上符合要求。 4. 对课文或难度相当的阅读短文进行改写、缩写，也不失为培养“写”的能力的好方法。例如：将课文压缩成百来字的短文，或将课文进行变换人称的改写。也可以做一些各种话题的书面表达练习，写完后放上一周，再拿出来认真修改，也可以同学之间互相批改。 5. 读和写是紧密联系的，通过多阅读英语文章，可以培养语感和用英语进行思维的习惯。在阅读中也可以学到大量的英语语言知识、规范的表达方式、遣词造句的规律。阅读时，要理解好文章内容，还要注意做笔记或摘录。如抄下好的开头、结尾句，以及语言优美的描述性句子，为今后的写作积累语言素材。有些同学在英文写作时思路展不开，就是平时阅读量太少的缘故。 总之，只要勤读勤写、方法得当，你的英语写作能力一定会有大的提高。 五、英语写作中常用的关联词、短语及句型介绍：（一）、开篇用语： 1. Now, Nowadays, Nowadays in our society,. 如今，在我们社会中At present, Recently, Currently, 当前、当今 So far，到目前为止 2. With the development / rise / increase of, 随着.的发展/提高/增加, 3. It is a common phenomenon in our society that 这是我们社会中的一个普遍现象. As it is universally acknowledged that 这是大家所公认的（事） 4. From the picture, / cartoon (漫画)，we can see The picture shows usAccording to the chart (图表) / table (时间表) / illustration (图例),（二）、列举论点、事例：1. My reasons are as follows： 我的理由如下， In my opinion, 我的意见是 The following are my reasons： 下面是我的理由，One of the major reasons is , 主要理由之一是； 2. Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly, Finally, ( 注：不能用at last表最后一点 ) First, Besides, In addition, Moreover, Whats more , Finally, First of all, To begin / start with, First and foremost 首先，首要地3. In fact, As a matter of fact, 事实上 4. For example For instance, 例如、举例. 5. On one hand，on the other hand， 一方面，另一方面。 6. It is known to us all that , 众所周知（主语从句）= As we all know, . 同上（状语从句）= As is known to all, 同上 (非限制性定语从句) 7. But every coin has two sides, 任何事物都有两面性。 （谚语） Each one has his or her strong points, 人皆有长处。 （谚语）（三）、表语气转折： 1. However Anyhow, 不管怎样，无论如何， Therefore, Hence， 因此, 2. Meanwhile 与此同时, Furthermore 而且、此外， Nevertheless 然而、不过3. By the way, 顺便说一下 Generally speaking, 总的来说 In other words, 换句话说4. As long as So long as 只要； If necessary, 如果必要5. Because of, Due to, Owing to, Thanks to 因为、由于.（表原因）6. despite, in spite of 不管、尽管、任凭， As for， 至于.；就.方面来说；7. On the contrary 正相反, after all, 毕竟 8. There is no doubt that, Undoubtedly, It goes without saying 毫无疑问 9. To make things worse, 使事情更糟， Worst of all, 最糟糕的是 10. Consequently, 结果.， Eventually 终于、最后， Above all，最重要的是（四）、结尾用语： 1. All in all， 总的来说， On the whole， 总的看来， In conclusion， 总结、归纳一下、下结论， In a word， 总之，2. In short， 简言之 To sum up， 归纳、小结一下， In a nutshell， 概括地说， 3. As far as I am concerned, 如上所述Through above analysis， 通过上述分析 4. Last but not least = The last but not the least, 最后的但并非最不重要的，最后一点 5. It wont be long before 不久（用于展望）， It will be long before .很久六、实用句子集萃（一）开篇用句：1. Nowadays, with the development of science and technology / economy, more and more people have realized the importance of knowledge / science 如今，随着科技的/经济的发展，越来越多的人认识到知识/科学的重要性。 As the “knowledge economy” is rapidly taking shape, we need to learn modern technology in order to catch up with developed countries. 随着“知识经济”的迅速形成，要想赶上发达国家，我们就得学习现代科技。2. In recent years, the Internet is playing a more and more important role in our daily life. 近年来，网络在我们日常生活中正起着越来越重要的作用。 With the development of communication technology, the Internet has already been applied to every aspect of our daily life. 随着通讯技术的发展，因特网已应用在我们日常生活的各个方面。3. So far, computers have found applications in the field of industry, which has caused a surprising change in terms of the productivity.（注：in terms of 1）在.方面；2）根据、按照；3）以.的话） 迄今为止，计算机在工业领域中的使用使得生产发生了惊人的变化。 4. With the effect of the Partys policy of economic reform, there has been a great increase in economic growth, from which Chinese people have benefited a lot. 在党的经济改革政策的影响下，我国的经济有了很大的增长，中国人民从中获益不浅。 5. As the world economy becomes more and more globalized, we need to get contact with different people in different parts of the world. A good command of foreign language is increasingly important. 随着世界经济越来越全球化，我们需要与世界各地不同的人交往，掌握好外语变得日益重要。6. With the rise of peoples living standard, more and more citizens possess their own cars / flats. 随着人们生活水平的提高，越来越多的市民拥有自己的汽车/住房。 It is a common phenomenon in our society that almost every person has his own mobile phone or computer. 这是我们社会中的一个普遍现象，几乎每个人都拥有自己的手机或电脑。 7. The result from the study and research has shown / illustrated that people are becoming more and more concerned about the quality of their life. 研究和调查结果表明，人们越来越关心他们的生活质量。8. With the quick pace of modern life, city people pay little attention to taking care of their health. 随着现代生活节奏的加快，城市人很少注意、关心自己的健康。（二）展开议论或表态： 1. We should continue to open our door to the world so that we can learn advanced science and technology from the developed countries. 我们应该继续对外开放，这样我们就能向发达国家学习先进的科学技术。 2. The most important task for us today is to develop the national economy and improve the peoples living standard. / level. 今天，我们最重要的任务就是发展国民经济，提高人民的生活水平。 3. Many things contribute to success, the most important of which are your willpower, the courage, and the confidence. 一个人的成功取决于许多因素，而最重要的是：你的意志力、勇气和自信。 4. Once you have confidence in yourself, you are sure to make remarkable progress in your study. 一旦你对自己有了信心，你就一定会在学习上取得显著进步。Failure is also a type of learning if you can draw a lesson from it. 如果你能从失败中吸取教训的话，那失败也是一种学习。 5. There are many ways to solve the problem, but the following may be the most immediate and effective. 我们可以有多种方法解决这个问题，但下列方法可能是最快捷最有效的。As for me, I am in favour of the first idea / opinion. The following are the reasons for my personal views. （又：former前者，latter后者） 至于我，我同意第一个意见，下面是我个人的看法和理由。But I think, both opinions are reasonable if we can combine the two together, it will be better. 但是我认为这两种意见都有道理，如能结合在一起就更好了。（三）归纳观点：1. To survive and succeed in the 21-century, the cross-century talents should have good education backgrounds. 要在21世纪里生存而且有所成就，跨世纪人才应该是受过良好教育的人。 2. It goes without saying, without advanced science and technology, a country will have poor living conditions. 毫无疑问，没有先进的科学技术，一个国家将只能处于贫穷的境地。 3. Only by studying diligently now can we acquire enough knowledge to do more contributions for mankind in the future. 我们现在只有勤奋学习，学得足够的知识，将来才能为人类多作贡献。 4. We should study diligently; otherwise, wed be thrown out of the tide of society. 我们必须勤奋学习，否则，我们就会被时代潮流所抛弃。 5. More knowledge means more opportunities for better jobs and quicker promotion. 知识越多，找到好的工作的机会也就更多，个人的提升也就更快。（四）结尾用句：1. We should spare no efforts to build our motherland into a strong, modernized and harmonious one. 我们应该不遗余力地把我们的祖国建设成为一个强大的、现代化的、和谐的国家。2. With a population of 1.3 billion, China ought to make a greater contribution to human progress. 中国有十三亿人口，应该对人类进步作出较大贡献。3. Therefore, I am sure, our motherland will usher in an even brighter future. 因此，我确信我们的祖国必将迎来一个更加光辉的前程。4. Undoubtedly, it wont be long before Shanghai becomes a most developed, modernized city in the world east. 不容置疑，在不久的将来，上海必将成为一个高度发达、现代化的城市屹立在世界的东方。5. I am sure that our life will become more brilliant and colourful in the future. 我相信我们的生活在将来会变得更加辉煌、更加丰富多采。6. I should live up to the expectation people lay on me and make great achievements for our motherland. 我将不辜负人民对我的期望，为祖国取得更大成就。信件结尾的用句：1. All the ideas above are what I suggest. 上述所有的想法都是我要建议的。I hope what is mentioned above will be a helping hand for you. 我希望上述提到的建议将对你有所帮助。2. So far, the views above are all I want to say. If I come up with some new ideas I will write to you later. 至此，上述观点都是我想说的。如果有新的想法我会再写给你。七、范文：下列范文均选自历年上海英语高考卷、各区英语高考模拟卷中的学生佳作，具有较好的可模仿性。对正在复习迎考的高三学生有很强的指导性和实用性。希望你能学以致用，化别人的才智为自己的知识，在较短的时间内能自如地写出自己的好文章。1. 2013年上海秋季高考英语卷作文题上海博物馆拟举办一次名画展，现就展出场所（博物馆还是社区图书馆）征集公众意见，假设你是王敏，给上海博物馆写一封信表达你的想法。你的信必须满足以下要求：1. 简述你写信的目的及你对场所的选择； 2. 说明你的理由（从便利性，专业性等方面对这两个场所进行对比）。范文：To whom it may concern：Ive learned that an art exhibition is to be held and that youre collecting suggestions on its location. Im writing this letter to share with you my opinions. In my opinion, it is more advisable to hold the art exhibition in Shanghai Museum than in community libraries. My reasons are as follows.On one hand, it is more convenient for people to get to Shanghai Museum which is located in the center of the city. And the museum is much more spacious than community libraries, which provides visitors with a more comfortable environment for appreciating art.On the other hand, as a well-known museum, Shanghai Museum is more professional and experienced in holding art exhibitions. Its professional security guards and advanced facilities can better protect those famous paintings from being damaged or stolen.Therefore, I suggest the exhibition be held in the museum.Wang Min（148字）2. 2012年上海秋季高考英语卷作文题上周一，你在一所小学观摩了小女孩Amy所在班级的两堂绘画课（如图所示），回家后你用英语写了一篇日记，内容包括： 对两堂绘画课的具体描述； 你从中获得的启发。范文：My DiaryMonday, May 28thToday, I visited a primary school and had the chance to watch two different painting classes, in which a girl called Amy caught my eye.In one class, Amy was allowed to paint a large picture with her feet. She dipped some paint with her feet and drew the picture according to her own thought with great passion. In the next class, Amy was supposed to sit in front of the desk with a brush in hand and drew some simple and regular scenery. However, she looked more nervous than excited.From my perspective, the first painting class is more successful. To a small child like Amy, gaining fun in painting is more important. By painting in the first way, Amy was free from what is so called painting requests. She can draw whatever she likes and stretches her wings of imagination.In a nutshell, Amy told me the importance of protecting childrens interest and imagination. With their wings of interest and imagination stretched, they are bound to have fun and hold great passion for painting or anything else they like. （全文185字）3. 2011年上海秋季高考英语卷作文题假如你是启明中学（Ming Qi Middle School）的李明，想申请一个扶贫项目，帮助贫困地区的儿童。根据以下启事，写一封申请信（信中不能提到真实姓名和学校）。启 事国际儿童基金会将资助中学生开展扶贫项目，以帮助贫困地区的儿童。申请成功者将获得项目经费2000元。有意者请来信告知：1、你个人的基本情况；2、你对申请项目的基本设想；3、项目经费的使用计划。联系方式: 2011hopeicf.org 2011 范文：Dear sir,My name is Li Ming, a student of Qi Ming Middle School. Im writing to apply for the fund for the project helping the children in poor areas. Last year, I got an opportunity to visit a school in a mountain area. What I experienced stimulated my eagerness to do something for them. The following is my plan.There is a series of steps in my project. Of the top priority is our organizing an activity to introduce the living and learning conditions of kids in poor areas and thus to bring home to the public the urgency of immediate action to be taken to help them out, whether by donating money or by sending daily necessities from clothes to books. Besides, a video play will be shot to convey the wishes, cheers and encouragement from we city people to them. Whats more, I, along with my teammates, is planned to visit those kids, to play and chat with them, which is bound to establish a solid connection between us.If I were lucky enough to be granted the 2,000 yuan fund, a quarter of it would be spared for the traffic and so costs, while the rest would be added to the money collected to be donated contributing to modernizing and improving the teaching devices.Thanks for taking time to read my e-mail and Im looking froward to being part of your project. Yours sincerely, Li Ming （全文232字）点评：能根据题目要求，写出内容充实、主题突出、详略得当的作文，并注意写作的对象和文体要求。具有很好的语言表达能力，句子结构多样，词汇丰富。自然地使用了语句间的连接成份，全文流畅、结构紧凑。 4. 2010年上海秋季高考英语卷作文题下图是小学新生的课堂一角，对照你当时的上课情况，作出比较并谈谈你的感受。你的作文必须包括： 描述图片里学生上课的场景。 比较你同时期的上课情况。 简要谈谈你的感受。 范文：Look, the classroom is neat and clean. The kids are smiling, looking bright and cute. They are elementary school pupils, who are having a class with their teacher walking around. Everyone is raising their hands high, eager to answer the teachers questions. How lively the classroom is!I still have a good memory of my elementary school days. We sang songs and played games in class. However, instead of answering the teachers questions actively, we were nervous, afraid of making mistakes. Very often, we sat straight and looked at the teacher direct with our hands held behind. Obviously, the classroom lacked liveliness.I think pupils, especially little kids, are all curious and eager to learn. Not only are they looking forward to learning actively and independently, but also they want to learn in a relaxing and merry environment, thus the elementary school days will stay in their minds as a beautiful memory and an unforgettable experience. (全文156字) 5. 2009年上海秋季高考英语卷作文题某海外学校举办英语夏令营，开设了如下课程：园艺(gardening)，烹饪(cooking)，防身术(self-defence)，护理(nursing)。假如你是王跃华（不可以用自己的真实姓名），写一封申请信，报名参加其中一门课程的学习。信的内容必须包括：1. 你感兴趣的课程； 2. 你期望从这门课程中学到什么； 3. 为什么想学这些内容。范文：It is said that a summer camp is to be held by your school and a few courses are available to choose from. I am interested in gardening, in that I believe it features my character and personal benefits.During the learning period, I expect to gain some unexpected knowledge. A radical technique Id like to obtain is to know how to tell different species of plants and flowers apart. This helps me to have a clearer outlook of those in my garden. Furthermore, the proper cutting time and frequency to water are some other skills I want learn. A little knowledge concerning choosing suitable soil or the reasonable planting positions will also be a good choice. The main reason why I choose gardening is that I want to help my parents with their work in the domestic garden. In addition, I find that we students generally lack the knowledge of gardening, missing a chance to have a word with nature ,so that knowing the surroundings is imperative . Last but not least , by attending the course ,I will have a meaningful summer vacation ,and drowning myself between plants will by all means add a brilliant touch to my life. (全文199字)点评：考生能根据题目要求，详略得当地阐明自己的想法，尤其是写出了文章的重点“你期望从这门课程中学到什么，为什么想学这些内容”。语言表达基本正确、流畅，句子结构和用词多样性，体现了较高的语言知识水平。 6. 2008年上海秋季高考英语卷作文题你班将组队参加学校组织的集体舞比赛（group dancing competition），班长希望大家积极参与。对此谈谈你的想法。你的文章必须包括以下内容：你是否会参加比赛；你做出该决定的具体理由。满分作文Group dancing competition will be held in our school in a few days. Our class are going to make up a team. Many students want to take an active part in the competition, so do I.As we all know, group dancing is a kind of dancing which not only can create beauty but also can take exercise. It can make us work with one mind and get along well with each other. On the other hand, group dancing can create a lively atmosphere. After hard study, it can bring us relaxation, which reduces the tiredness. This will help us to make full preparations for our lessons. Moreover, in this way students may enjoy the music as well as do sports. Besides, we all have a sense of honor. We should earn the honor for our class if we put our heart into it.In short, we will participate in the activities enthusiastically, and make our society more harmonious and colorful. (全文161字) 点评：本篇作文考生能够准确地表达自己的看法，用较充分的论据来证明论点，论证到位，具有说服力。作者在写作过程中能正确运用掌握的词汇和习惯用语。注意长短句并用，还使用了定语从句、倒装句等，从而使语言富于变化，令人印象深刻。7. 2007年上海秋季高考英语卷作文试题 以“礼物”为主题写一篇作文。该文章必须包括以下内容： 1. 你送礼物的对象及所送的礼物； 2. 该礼物对他（她）可能产生的影响或带来的变化。满分作文Last Saturday morning, a mother received her first present from her only daughter, which really surprised her because it was her daughters birthday. Her present was a bunch of Carnation plus a letter. Here is the content of the letter:“Dear Mama,Thanks to you, I can live in this world, knowing what is love, what is a family. I used to get a present from you at my birthday party in the past 18 years, but this year I would like to give one to you instead.I still remember on a thundering day you sent me to have an exam, when I was just 7. The thunder and lightning was so frightening that I refused to leave you. But at last, I had to go and walked alone, I felt sad. However, when I returned back I saw you standing in the rain smiling at me. That was the first time I knew what was a Mothers love.Last Saturday I came to know that I was not your true daughter, which made me really upset and my world seemed to have changed. I began to refuse to face the reality, and I even didnt want to see you. I knew you were worried about me, but I didnt know what to do. But now I accept the truth and realize the deep love you gave me. You are my mum, my only mum. Thank you for giving me my second life from the bottom of my heart.Love you!Yours lovely, Lily (全文255字)点