高一英语语法：动词的被动语态.doc

高一英语语法（4）：动词的被动语态一、 常见的被动语态形式主动语态：A do B 被动语态：B + be + done + (by A)；A承受者；B执行者1. 以repair为例，写出以下时态的被动语态时 态一般进行完成完成进行现在过去将来过去将来2. 情态动词的被动语态（情态动词 + be + done）*被动语态的时态是通过助动词be来体现的，与其后的done无关。3. E.X.1) You _ (be, want) on the phone.有电话找你。2) The city _ (be, liberate) in 1949. 这座城市是1949年解放的。3) They _ (be,invite) to your party.他们将被邀请参加你的晚会。4) The car _ (be, repair). 车正在修理当中5) This book _ (be, translate) into many languages. 这本书已被译成多种语言。6) The worker said that the tree _ (be plant). 工人说要把树种上。7) The door _ (be, paint) then. 那时，那道门正在被刷漆。8) The work _ (be, finish) before dark.天黑前工作就完成了。9) The work _ (be, do) today. 今天应该完成这工作。10) His house _ (be, sell). 他的房子卖掉了。11) His house _ (be, sell) so that he doesnt have any house to live in. 他的房子已经被卖掉了因此他没有房子可住了。二、 被动语态的基本用法（承受者和执行者）1. 当强调动作的承受者，将承受者作为谈话的中心时用被动语态。如：How long _ the machine _ _(be, use)? 这台机器用多久了？2. 当没有必要说出动作的执行者或根本不知道动作的执行者是谁时通常用被动语态。如：All the work _ （be, finish）by now.3. 当动作的执行者不是人而是无生命的事物时常用被动语态。如：The window glass _ (be, break) by a stone just now.4. 有时出于礼貌，不便提到动作的执行者，用被动语态。如：Enough _ (be, do) for you, but youve made little progress. 为你做了很多，然而你却进步很少。（谦虚）三、 较为特殊的被动语态结构1. 感官动词和使役动词的被动语态 doing（现在分词，表正在）1）A + see/hear/notice/find/watch/observe + B do（不带to的不定式，表过程）B + be + seen / heard / noticed / found / watched / observed + to do（动词不定式）2）A + let / have / make + B + do（不带to的不定式） B + be let / had / made + to do（动词不定式）如：He was seen _ (enter) the room.2. 带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，常把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留不动。*双宾语：vt. + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 tell sb. sth. 双宾语*复合宾语：vt. + 宾语 + 宾语补足语（宾补） tell sb. to do 复合宾语 宾语 + be done + 宾语补足语（宾补）sb. be told to do如：Mrs. Smith warned her daughter never to drive after drinking. vt. 宾语 宾语补足语（宾补）Mrs. Smiths daughter _ (be, warn) _. 主语3. 短语动词变为被动语态时，把主要动词变为被动形式。如：They are going to pull down the old houses.The old houses _. 4. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语（无主语主动句），在英语中可用被动结构表示。如：It is said that 据说It is reported that 据报道It is supposed that 据推测It is hoped that 希望It is well known that 众所周知It is generally considered that 普遍认为It is suggested that 有人建议_ he is famous in his own country. 据说他在自己的国家很出名。四、 主动形式表示被动意义1. 表示事物状态特征的连系动词看起来/听起来/摸起来/闻起来/尝起来：look, sound, feel, smell, taste 似乎：appear, seem 证明：prove 变得：go, turn, become, get, grow, + adj.保持：keep, stayfall（fall asleep）如：The flowers _ sweet. 这些花闻起来很香。2. 表示主语的某种属性特征的动词read, write, act, iron, cut, draw, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink + adv. 如：1) This pen _ well. 这支笔写起来很流畅。2) The coat _ conveniently. 这件外套洗起来很方便。3) This book _ well. 这本书很畅销（卖起来很好）。3. 表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如：begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run（运行）, move等。如：Work _ at 8 oclock this morning. 工作在今天早上8点开始。4. “in, on, under等 + n.”构成prep.短语表被动意义，名词前一般不用冠词（介词的固定搭配）。如：under control（被控制住）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在修建中）, beyond belief（难以置信）, beyond ones reach（够不着）, beyond our hope（始料不及）, for sale（热销中）, for rent（以供出租）, in print（已出版）, on show（上演，被展示）, on trial（受审；在试验中）, out of fashion（过时），in sight（被看见）, out of sight（_）等。如：The bike is _. 自行车在修理中。5. 1) sth. be worth + doing sth.值得（被）做 doing 2) sth. need / want / require + sth.需要（被）做 to be done如：1) The newspaper is worth _ (read). 这份报纸值得（被）读。2) This bicycle needs _ (repair). 这辆自行车要（被）修了。= This bicycle needs _ _ _.6. 有些adj.后的to do（动词不定式）有被动的含义。这些adj.构成的句型为：A + be + adj. (easy/hard/difficult/heavy/light/comfortable/fit/dangerous) + to do.A很容易/难/重/轻/合适/危险（被）做。如：The work is hard _ (do). 这项工作很难做。7. too + adj. 原级 + to do太而不能（被）做；adj. 原级 + enough + to do 足以而能够（被）做。如：The story was not interesting enough _ (publish). 这个故事趣味性不够，不能（被）发表。8. 在“A + have + B + to do”的结构中，当to do与它修饰的B有动宾关系，且与该句的A构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，to do一般用主动形式表被动；反之，需使用to be done的结构表明被动。如： 主谓She has a sister to look after. 动宾主谓A have B to do 动宾1) He has nothing _ (eat). 他没有什么东西可吃。2) Do you see the letter _ (type)? 你看到那封要打的信了吗？3) Do you have much work _(do) today? 你今天有很多工作要做吗？9. 某些动词在以物为主语的句子中，其进行时也可以表示被动意义。如：The dinner is cooking. 正在烧饭。五、 被动语态与系表结构的区别：被动语态表示动作，主语是动作的承受者； 系表结构表示主语的特征或所处的状态。1. A be done by B：被动语态；A be done _ (其他prep.搭配)：系表结构。如：1) I was frightened by his ghost story. 我被他的鬼故事吓着了。（被动语态）2) I was frightened of snake. 我怕蛇。 系 + 表（动词的过去分词做adj.，做系动词的表语，表状态）2. am / is / are + done + 时间状语：被动语态；am / is / are + done：系表结构。如：1) The bank is usually closed at six. 银行通常在6点（被）关门。(被动语态)2) The bank is now closed. 银行现在没开门。 系 + 表3. was / were + done + 时间、地点、方式、目的状语：被动语态；was / were + done：系表结构。如：1) Tha picture was drawn long ago. 这幅画是很久以前（被）画的。（被动语态）2) The picture was drawn well. 这幅画画得很好。系 + 表六、 “get + done”结构的用法1. 表示突然、偶然、意外发生的事。如：The student got _ （hurt）on his way home from school. 这名学生在放学回家的路上受了伤。2. 表示反身行为而非被动行为。如：I have to get _ (dress)before 7 oclock. 7点前我（自己）必须穿戴好。3. 表示说话强调动作。比较：1) Were you invited to the party?2) Did you get invited to the party?4. 这种结构比较常见的搭配有：get arrested（被捕）, get caught（被抓到）, get confused（发蒙）, get delayed（被推迟了）, get engaged（订婚），get married（结婚了），get divorced（离婚了）, get dressed（穿好衣服）, get drowned（被淹死了）, get drunk（喝醉了）, get elected（获得选票）, get hit（挨打）, get killed（毙命）, get lost（迷路）, get stuck（卡住了）。七、 表示“据说”的被动句型1. It is said (supposed / expected / reported) that 2. There is / are said (supposed / known) to be（is和are的选择根据主谓一致中的就近原则）3. sb. / sth. is / are said (expected / believed) to doE.X.1) _ supported to be a train at 9:30.2) _ said that thirteen is an unlucky number.3) Mr. Brown _ said to have died of liver cancer（肝癌）.4) _ reported that another satellite has been put into orbit（轨道）.5) _ said to be plenty of oil off our coast.6) He _ believed to have already got out of the country.7) _ known to be thousands of different species of beetles（甲虫）.八、 使用被动语态应注意的问题1. 混淆被动语态的时态。2. 根据汉语意思误用被动语态。如汉语说“发生变化”，但英语习惯说“变化发生”，此时不能用“变化被发生”。如：Great changes _ (take place) in my home town in the past years.E.X. 将下列各句的主动语态变成被动语态。1. The police will surely arrest the thieves._2. The army engineers and soldiers have built a bridge over the river._3. The workers could not find the manager anywhere in the factory._4. My sister made the soup._5. He gave me a present._6. My mother invited him to dinner yesterday evening._7. The manager often sends them to repair cars. _8. The students have put up the pictures on the wall._9. Our school built a new teaching building last year._10. We were cleaning our classroom at that time._. 单项选择。1. The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduce greately if people _ to eat more fruit and vegetables.A. persuadeB. will persuadeC. be persuadedD. are persuaded2. Good medicine _ bitter.A. are tastedB. tastesC. will be tastedD. would be tasted3. -Will you go skiing with me this winter vacation?-It _.A. all dependB. all dependsC. is all dependedD. is all depending4. -How are the team playing?-Theyre playing well, but one of them _ hurt.A. gotB. getsC. areD. were5. According to the art dealer, the painting _ to go for at least a million dollars.A. is expectedB. expectsC. expectedD. is expecting6. The policemans attention was suddently caught by a small box which _ placed under the Ministers car.A. has beenB. was beingC. had beenD. would be7. Hundreds of jobs _ if the factory closes.A. loseB. will be lostC. are lostD. will lose8. Rainforests _ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.A. cut B. are cutC. are being cutD. had been cut9. When he turned professional at the age of 11, Mike _ to become a world champion by his coach and parents.A. expectB. was expectingC. was expectedD. would be expected10. -Why does Lingling look so unhappy?-She has _ by her classmates.A. laughedB. laughed atC. been laughedD. been laughed at11. The moment the 28th Olympic Games _ open, the whole world cheered.A. delaredB. have been declaredC. have declaredD. were declared12. This is Teds photo. We miss him a lot. He _ trying to save a child in the earthquake.A. killedB. is killedC. was killedD. was killing13. By the end of last year, another new gymnasium _ in Beijing.A. would be completedB. was being completedC. has been completedD. had been completed14. -George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding?-No, I _. Did they have a big wedding?A. was not invitedB. have not been invitedC. hadnt been invitedD. didnt invite15. He was _ to be clever but dishonest.A. thought asB. thinkingC. thinkD. thought of16. The heros story _ differently in the newspaper.A. was reportedB. was reportingC. reportsD. reported. 用所给动词的适当时态和语态填空。1. He asked his mother for some money, but _(give) a good scolding（斥责）.2. Because he was hurt, the thief had to throw away the things that _(not belong) to him.3. I _ (catch) in the hard rain on my way to the school.4. Im afraid you must _ (feel) terrible now.5. They said that the problem _(discuss) soon.6. A new bridge _(build) over the river next year.7. At that time the desk _(make).8. The hall _(paint) at the moment, so it _(not look) its best.9. It is the third time that you _ (be) late for school this week.10. A quarrel _(break) out between the two neighbours. 单项选择。1. Why dont you put the meat in the fridge? It will _ fresh for several days.A. be stayedB. stayC. be stayingD. have stayed2. With more forest being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth _ each year.A. is washing awayB. is being washed awayC. was washing awayD. are being washed away3. While you were in London that year, the London Bridge _.A. was being repairedB. had been being repairedC. would be repairedD. was repaired4. The fifth generation of computers, with artificial intelligence, _ and perfected now.A. developedB. have developedC. are being developedD. will have been developed5. I was shocked to hear that your house _ into.A. was brokenB. brokeC. has been brokenD. had been broken6. More than a dozen students in that school _ abroad to study medicine last year.A. sentB. were sentC. had sentD. had been sent7. With the development of science and technology, peoples life _ in the past few years.A. improvedB. has improvedC. is improvedD. had improved8. -Do you have any problems if you _ this job?-Well, Im thinking about the salaryA. offerB. will offerC. are offeredD. will be offered9. QQ, a popular net chatting tool, _ an important part in our daily instant communication.A. had been playingB. have playedC. is playingD. will be playing10. It is said that a new robot _ by him in a few days.A. designedB. has been designedC. will be designedD. will have been designed11. We are late. I expect the film _ by the time we get to the cinema.A. will have already startedB. whould alreadey have startedC. shall have already startedD. has already been started12. She will stop showing off if no notice _ of her.A. is takenB. takesC. will be takenD. has taken13. -Have you moved into the new flat?-Not yet. The room _.A. has been paintedB. is paintedC. paintsD. is being painted14. My pictures _ until next Friday.A. wont developB. arent developedC. dont developD. wont be developed15. Tim _ since he lost his job three weeks ago.A. had been unemployedB. was unemployedC. has been unemployedD. has unemployed16. Ill have to push the car to the side of the road because we _ if we leave it here.A. would be finedB. will be finedC. will being finedD. will have been fined17. _ two tickets for the new play at the Grand Theatre on Saturday. Shall we go and see it together?A. They have been givenB. I have been givenC. I am givenD. They have given to me18. The goods _ when we arrived at the airport.A. were just unloadingB. were just been unloadingC. had just unloadedD. were just being unloaded19. Most environment problems exist because adequate measures for preventing them _ taken in the past.A. was not B. were notC. were not beingD. had not been 20. You ought to have put the milk in the refrigerator; now _ sour（酸）.A. I smellB. it is smeltC. it smellsD. it is smelling21. The young teacher has _ competent（有能力的，可以胜任的）.A. been proved to beB. proved to beC. been provedD. proved being22. After synthetic（合成纤维）_, engineers had a better choice of material.A. createdB. has createdC. has been createdD. had been created23. I think much attention _ your pronunciation.A. must be paid toB. ought to be paid C. must pay toD. should be paid 24. Since 1970, millions of enthusiasts（狂热者） _ Vitamin C, which they believe can remedy（治疗）the common cold.A. have takenB. have been takenC. have been takingD. have been taking25. I dont remember _ the chance to try this method.A. having been givenB. to have been givenC. having givenD. to have given26. We could ask someone to do the work privately without it _.A. knowB. be knownC. being knownD. to be known27. They would tell how the African _ on a ship to an American port.A. was broughtB. could have been broughtC. had been broughtD. was to be brought28. He does not possess a bicycle; the one he uses _ to Peter.A. is belonged B. belongedC. belongsD. is belonging29. Negotiation _ again with Moscow tomorrow; a great event will be discussed then.A. is to be openedB. is on the point of （即将）openingC. is going to openD. opens