高考高频动词及动词短语.doc

高考高频动词及动词短语【专题要点】动词和动词短语是英语中最灵活、最难掌握的词，其主要考点概览如下：1.实义动词sell, write, wash, wear等词的主动形式后跟副词表示被动意义；2.happen, occur, break out, come out, belong to等为不及物动词或短语，无被动形式；3.同义、近义或结构近似的动词或短语动词的辨析；4.由get, turn, break ,take, set, come等动词构成的动词短语；5.have和get常见的用法；6.appear, seem和look的用法与区别。【考纲要求】动词和动词短语，在历年高考题中所占比例最大，设题时往往都是给出四个不同的动词或短语来测试考生在具体语境中对动词短语意义的理解和运用能力。主要出现在单项选择及完形填空中，考纲要求在复习备考中要掌握以下几个方面:1.动词的词义；2.动词搭配；3.动词短语；4.及物动词和不及物动词的特殊用法；5.常用动词的用法；6.熟记20个高频动词构成的短语用法（break, bring, call, carry, come, cut, die, give, go, get, hold, look, make, pick, put, set, take, turn, set等）【教法指引】考查动词词义辨析和动词短语辨析是高考命题的基本形式，教师在引导学生复习备考中，要把握考纲要求，重点突出，找出易混点，重点词、词组，高频词、词组，正确辨析动词的同义词、近义词，动词短语的相近形式和意义，引导学生理解句意、语境通过辨析、理解语境，在训练中掌握这项考点。一、动词的分类根据意义和句法作用，英语动词可分为四类：1.行为动词（实义动词）及物动词 （带宾语）：study, develop;不及物动词（不带宾语）work, swim, go, come状态动词（相对静止）contain, exist, own, prefer, belong动作动词 延续性（work, stay）；非延续性（marry, go, come）2.系动词表示人或事物的特征和状态：be, feel, look, seem, taste, appear, sound表示状态的变化：turn, go, become, get, fall, grow表示某种状态的延续或持续：remain, keep, stay3.助动词（与动词原形或分词构成复合谓语）：be(am,is,are),do(does,did);have(has);will,would,shall4.情态动词：can(could),may(might),must,shall(should)二、动词及动词短语（一）、动词词义辨析动词是是各类考试的重点，高考试题中，单项填空、完形填空和改错等三项题型中，动词辨义的比重较大，并逐年增加。动词辨义主要指：1、形状相同的动词之间辨义。如：lie, lay; hanged, hung; rise, raise; sit, seat等。2、意义相近的动词之间辨义。如：borrow, lend; speak, say, talk; hope, wish等。3、动词与其它词形相近、意义相似的词的辨义。如：advise, advice; cost, worth; pass, past 等。4、意义不同，但容易混淆的动词的辨义。如：explain, say; discover, invent, uncover; find, find out等。5、某些常用动词的习惯用法的辨义。如：ask, give, call, make, find, get, keep, want, see, hear等。6、某些常用动词短语的辨义。如：give in, give up, turn on, turn off, turn down, turn up等。（二）、易混动词归纳对比1、lay（放）, lie（躺）与lie（说谎）：这三个易混动词构成见下表：中 文 原 形 过 去 式 过去分词现在分词 说 明放 lay laid laid laying 及物动词躺 lie lay lain lying 不及物动词说谎 lie lied lied lying 不及物动词2、rise和raise：rise是不及物动词，其过去式是rose，过去分词是risen，而raise是及物动词，是规则动词。3、hear与listen to：hear侧重点是听到，听见什么，而listen to是侧重于听的倾向，但hear用于无意中的听见，而listen to却用于集中注意力的听。4、see, watch和look：see用作看电影，剧目；watch则用作看电视比赛，而watch还有在旁观看之意。如：Are you going to play or only watch?；look一般用作不及物动词，只是当盯着某人看时用作及物动词，如：The little boy looked me in the face.（小男孩直盯着我的脸。）5、wind和wound：wind意为蜿蜒而行，其过去式与过去分词都是wound，而动词原形wound意为伤害，其过去式、过去分词都是wounded。6、hang的用法：hang有两个意思：一为悬挂，是不规则动词，过去式、过去分词都是hung；二为绞刑，是规则动词，其过去式、过去分词都是hanged。7、hear的过去分词born与borne：bear作为出生讲有两个过去分词born，borne。只有当be+born短语后没有by介词短语时，才可用born。如:He was born in Shanghai. 而作它用时要用borne。如：She has borne five children. 但如果作忍受讲，则一律用borne。8、sit与seat：seat为及物动词时是作容纳讲，sit只是表示一动作。seat如果表示就座时要用be seated。如：They were seated at their desks. 或用seat oneself, 比如:I seated myself in the armchair.9、borrow, lend与keep：借入英文中用borrow，借出用lend，但这两个词都是截止性动词或瞬间动词，不能用于长时间的动作，所以我能借多久应用keep。10、win与beat：win作胜、赢讲时其后应接，a game, an argument, a battle, a prize, a contest, a race, a bet，但不能接人，如果接人则有另外的含意。如:I have won him. 即我已说服他了，我赢得他的好感。而beat是及物动词为击败、胜过讲，直接接人、队。11、steal与rob：steal为偷。rob为抢，其用法不同。steal其后接物+from+某人、某地，而rob其后接人+of+抢的物品。12、fit与suit：fit与suit均可作合适讲，但英文中却用在不同的地方。如fit用于尺寸大小的合适，而suit则多用于颜色式样的合适。13、take, bring 与fetch：英文中拿三个词，即拿来，拿去，去取然后回来(即双程)。所以拿来，带来是bring，拿去带走是take，而去取回来是fetch。14、shut与close：shut与close有时是可以互换的，但有些地方则不可这样做。如:在正式场合多用close，而在命令，态度粗暴的场合则用shut。如:Shut your mouth!(闭嘴)；又如:Shut up. 在指铁路、公路交通关闭或停止使用的场合，则要用close。15、answer与reply：作为回答讲answer是及物动词，如作不及物动词，则意义不同，如answer for，意为向某人或向某事负责。而reply作回答讲是不及物动词，后跟宾语时，要加上to。16、reach，arrive与get to：reach当到达讲是及物动词，而当延伸和拿得到、拿不到时讲，则是不及物动词。作到达讲时还有get to, arrive(at/in)。17、cost，spend与take：英文中花费有三个词cost, spend, take，但各有不同用法。cost作 “花费”讲，主语不能是人，而spend的主语不能是物。如:she spent all his money on stamps.而take作花费讲时，可用人也可用物做主语。更多的用法是用形式主语it，如It takes me three hours to finish this work.18、lost, gone与missing：作补足语时意为丢失、不见了，可以用lost, gone，但要用 miss时则不能用missed, 而要用missing.19、have on, wear, put on及dress：作穿衣服讲的动词分为状态和动作两种。have on与wear作穿着状态讲;但have on不用进行时态，而wear则常要用进行时态。put on是动作，但dress既可用作状态，又可用作穿衣动作，但用作状态时要用其过去分词作形容词如:He was dressed in a b1ue suit作动作讲时，其后不要接衣物而要接反身代词或表示人、物的名词，如：I dress my children in the morning every day.20、begin与startbegin与Start 均可作开始讲，并无多少区别，同样可接不定式或动名词.但在下面的场合多要用Start：1)机器的开动发动；2)旅途的开始。如:we shou1d have to start early because there was a lot traffic in the street。21、allow 与permitallow与permit其后直接接动作时要用动名词，如接人后再接动词则要用不定式，所以用在被动语态时一定要用不定式。如：People are not allowed to spit.22、find与foundfind找到的过去式和过去分词都是found，而found是动词“建立”的原形，其过去式和过去分词是founded，founded，如：The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949.23、speak, say, talk 与tell英文中讲有4个词，speak, say, talk, tell.但其中speak, talk多用作不及物动词，但speak后加语言名词时则用作及物动词，如：Please speak English。而say与tell是及物动词，其中tell常用作接双宾语，如：Tell me a story。但也有些特定的习惯用法，如：在作讲实话，讲谎言，表示时间常用单宾语而不能换其它词，如：My watch was broken. It couldnt tell time correctly。在书信、便条、海报上写着英文应为It said 。在作辨别不同讲时是tell，如：Can you tell me the difference between the two？而讲别人好坏话时用speak，如：The father always speaks well of his son.。24、excuse me 与sorryexcuse me用于来打拢对方前以提醒对方注意的提示语，而sorry则表达因作了某事向对方道歉。25、care for 与care to docare for其后要接不定式时则要省去for或换用名词，如：Would you care for a cup of tea？但care for作照顾讲时与look after相同。26、与名词易混的动词有：advise(v.), advice (n.);accept(v.), except(prep.);pass(v.), past(prep.);bathe(v.), bath(n.);breathe(v.), breath(n.);choose(v.), choice(n.);succeed(v.), success(n.);27、意义相近的动词：ring摇铃，打铃，电话铃响，strike专指敲钟，打几点，撞击；suggest提出实验性或推测性的建议，advice表示对经验不足人的一种忠告；look由视觉得出的印象，seem暗示一定根据的判定，appear外表印象而实际或结果并非如此；stay停留，逗留，remain遗物，某物被取走一部分后剩余部分；discover（发现）找到早已存在但未被人所了解的东西，invent（发明）研制出不存在的东西；remember记忆起以前经历或知道的事，remind提醒某人做某事。28、动词 + 副词 + 介词：catch up with, look forward to, come up with, keep up with, go in for, look down on, get on with 29、动词 + 介词to的词组有：come to, stick to, object to, agree to, turn to, attend to, belong to, devote to, reply to 30、与in相结合的动词有：give in, hand in, bring in, drop in, succeed in, take in, check in, engage in, fill in, trade in （三）动词短语动词短语是指动词和介词、副词或名词的习惯搭配。有关动词短语的测试点主要涉及结构上选用恰当的搭配词，不同搭配含意上的辨异及不同短语的辨异。需掌握以下要点：1、根据动词短语的不同特点，掌握其运用规律。(I)动词+副词(不及物)Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left. 晚会后，人们都已离去，哈里出现了。(2)动词+副词(及物)Please turn every light in the house off. 请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。注意：如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开。如：She turned off all the lights which had been left on. 她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。如果宾语是人称代词，只能放在动词和副词之间。如：She gave them away. 她送掉了它们。(3)动词+介词(及物)Im looking for my glasses. 我在找我的眼镜。注意：当它跟宾语时，不能把介词放在宾语后面。动词短语可以放在句子或从句末尾。如：Shes got more work than she can cope with. 她的工作多得使她应付不了。(4)动词+副词+介词I look forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望不久就见到你。注：“动词+介词”、“动词+名词+副词”、“动词+副词+介词”，这三种搭配都是及物的，如变成被动语态，不可漏掉介词。In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after. (不能漏掉after) 这样一来，粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。2、熟悉同一动词和不同介词或副词、不同的动词和同一介词或同一副词搭配在意义上的差异。(1)同一动词和不同介词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：hear from收到的来信，hear of听说。 look after照料，look at看，look for寻找。(2)同一动词和不同副词搭配时，意义上的差异。如：ring back回电话, ring off挂断电话, ring up打电话 put away放好, put on穿，上演, put up挂起，举起。(3)不同动词和同一介词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：look for寻找, call for去取(某物)，去接(某人), ask for请求, wait for等候, send for派人去叫。(4)不同动词和同一副词搭配时，在意义上的差异。如：break out发生，爆炸, carry out进行，开展, go out熄灭, hand out分发, let out放出, look out当心, sell out卖完, set out出发, take out取出, work out算出。break down出毛病, come down落下来, get down下车, take down取下, write down写下。（四）、常见高频动词短语总结1. breakbreak away 摆脱；逃跑break down （机器）出故障；中断；分解break into 闯入；打断；突然中断break off 中断；折断；突然停止break out 突然发生；爆发break through 突破；克服；挣脱而出break up 打碎；中断；分解break in 破门而入；打断（谈话）；插嘴2. bringbring about 引起；造成bring down 使倒下；使下降；使受挫折bring forward 提出；提前（=put forward）bring into operation实施；使生效bring out 显示出来；出版；生产bring up 提出；教育；培养；吐出bring back 把-送回；使想起；恢复bring in 引进；挣得3. callcall for 需要；要求；邀请call off 取消；停止call on 拜访；看望；号召call up 打电话；使人想起；召集call at 访问call in 请来；召集call back 回电话；召回4. comecome about 发生come across 偶遇；碰到；讲清楚come along 进展；成功；一道走come into effect 生效come off 发生；举行；成功come on 快点；走吧；有进展come out 出来；结果是出版come round/around再现；恢复知觉；改变看法come through 经历；获得成功come to 苏醒；达到；总数为come up 发生；走上前去;(时间)快到come up to 达到（高度、程度）；符合come up against 碰到（困难）come up with 赶上；提出come back 回来；反驳come true 变为现实5. cutcut across 绕劲道穿过；超越；遮住cut back 削减；终止；急忙返回cut down 削减；减少cut in 插嘴；打断；突然出来cut off 切断；中断；隔绝cut out 删掉；戒掉cut short 中断；打断；缩短6. carrycarry on 继续；坚持carry out 执行；实施carry through 帮助度过难关；完成；实现7. diedie away 渐弱die down 熄灭；平静下来die of 因-（病）死亡die from 因-（外部原因）死亡die out 灭绝；绝种be dying to do sth. 迫切想做某事8. givegive away 赠送；颁发；泄露；告发；失去give out 分发；公布；公开；用完（vi）;耗尽（vi）give off 发出；放出give up 放弃；自首；将-交给某人（to sb.）;对某人不报希望（on sb.）give in 屈服；投降；让步；上交；呈交9. gogo along 进展；陪同前往go by 时间过去；经过；遵守go down 下降；下沉；下跌go for 去；选择；想要；攻击（用语言）go in for 从事；爱好；参加（选拔赛、考试等）go into 研究；调查，从事go off 离开；爆炸；食品变坏；断电；熄灭；（与副词连用或用于疑问句）进 行；发生go on 继续进行；发生；上场go out 离开；熄灭；过时go over 复习；仔细查看；检查；审查go through 通过；经历（苦难）；仔细检查go up 上升；增长；涨价10. getget through 浏览；翻阅；经历困难（痛苦）；做完某事get in 收割；收获；收集；购买；买进；插话get over 克服；战胜；熬过；做完；结束；走完get on 继续；进行；上车get round 传播；散播；说服某人；回避；避开get about 四处走动；传开get across 传达；使-让人理解get along/on (with) 进展；相处get down 记下；下来；下车；使-人忧愁get down to(介词) 开始认真干get back 恢复；回来；收回get out 泄露；逃离get tighter 聚会；收集11. holdhold back 阻碍；阻止；控制；抑制；隐瞒；保留；犹豫不决hold up 举起；抬起；拿起；支撑；耽搁；使停顿；拦劫；抢劫；举出，提出hold out 维持；坚持；伸出；拿出hold off 拖延；延迟12. keepkeep away(from) 使远离keep back 扣除，保留；隐瞒keep off 避开；不接近keep on 继续keep out 挡在外边；（警示语）请勿靠近keep up 保持，不低落；持续，继续keep up with 跟上13. looklook after 照顾；关心look out 看；当心；查阅；观察look back 回头看；回顾look down on/upon轻视；看不起look for 寻找；寻求；期望look forward to 盼望；期待look in 顺便看望；顺便拜访look into 调查，深入了解look on 观看； 旁观look over 翻阅；浏览look through 浏览；详细调查look up 查阅；查出14. makemake for 向-前进，快速走向make out 理解，领悟；辨认出，写出make up 组成，占-比例；弥补，补偿；捏造make up for 弥补，补偿make up of 由-组成；包含有15. pickpick out 挑出；分辨出；区别出pick up 拿起；捡起；收拾；偶然获得，学会，接收（节目）；（开车）去接；（顺便）捎带16. putput across 解释清楚；使人接受put aside 放在一边；储存；保留put away 放好；收好put down 写下；记下；镇压put forward 提出；推荐；把-提前put in 伸进；提出；提交；申请，请求put in for 申请；正式要求put off 延期；推迟；关掉；阻止，妨碍put on 穿上；戴上；上演；增加（体重）put out 熄灭；关灯；生产出，出版put up 举起；修建；提供put up with 忍受；容忍put through （把电话）接通；做完；向传达，提出（to sb.）；使经受的考验17. sendsend away 送走；解雇send for 派人去请send out 发送；长出；发出（光、信号等）send up 上升；发射18. setset about 开始做，着手set apart 使分离；使显得突出set aside 留出；拨出set back 推迟，阻碍；使花费set down 记下，写下set off 动身出发；引起；使爆炸（cause to explode）set out 动身出发；引起;表示“着手做”时后跟动词不定式set up 建立；创立；引起19. taketake after 与-相似take apart 拆卸（机器）take away 拿走；时离开；消除（病痛等）take down 记下来；拆掉take for （错）当作；（误）认为take in 吸收；接受；领会；欺骗take off 起飞；匆匆离去；脱下take on 呈现；采纳；承担，从事take ones time 不要着急，慢慢地做take over 接收，接管，取代take to 喜欢；养成-的习惯take up 占据，占（时间、空间）；开始从事20. turnturn down 关小，调低，拒绝turn off 关上/掉；转向；（使某人感到厌烦）turn out 关（灯）；制造；结果是；原来是；培养turn over （使）翻转/身；移交；周转；仔细考虑turn to 求助于；（使）转向；（把注意力等）转向；翻书到turn up 开大；被发现，被找到；到达；露面(五) 动词搭配1.add to增加，增进 add to把加进 add up相加 add up to总计，所有这一切说明 1) I dont think these facts will _ anything. 2) Fifty new books have been _ the library. 3) The music _ our enjoyment of the film. 4) You must have made a mistake when you _ the bill _. ( add up to, added to, add to, addedup )2. break away from打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉 break down出毛病，身体(精神)衰弱，分解，拆开 break off暂停，中断 break in强行进入，插话 break into闯入 break into pieces成为碎片 break out爆发 break up捣碎，驱散，瓦解，学期结束，拆散 break through突破 1) The criminal managed to break _ _ the police and ran into the woods. 2) When he heard the news, he broke _ and cried. 3) Dont break _ while others are speaking. 4) Why dont you break _ for a few minutes and have some coffee? 5) When does school break _? 6) After harvest we break _ the soil with a tool pulled by two oxen. ( away from, down, in, off, up, up ) 3. bring up抚养，呕吐，提出 bring about造成 bring out拿出，出版 bring in引入，引进，挣钱 bring back使回想起 bring down使下降，使倒下1) The shopkeeper brought his price _ to only five dollars.2) The school has brought _ new foreign teachers to teach oral English. 3) The song brought _ happy memories of our schooldays. 4) Do you know what brought _ this misunderstanding? 5) The kind old man agreed to bring _ the young orphan. 6) We decided to bring the matter _ at the next meeting. 7) The wind brought _ a lot of trees last night. 8) Next month they will bring _ a new edition of the book.( down, in, back, about, up, up, down, out )4. call on号召，拜访（某人） call at拜访、参观（某地） call for去叫某人, 要求, 需要 call up使回忆起, 征召入伍call in召集，请某人来 call out大喊，高叫 call off取消，不举行 1) Doctors are often called _ in the middle of the war. 2) Please wait for me at home. Ill call _ you at your house at seven tonight. 3) The trains calls _ several big cities between Beijing and Guangzhou. 4) He called her name _, but she didnt answer. 5) The sports meet was called _ on account of the rain. ( in, for, at, out, off)5. come about发生，出现 come down下跌，落，降，传下来 come in进来 come into (sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect) come on来临/ 快点 come out出版，结果是 come along一道来，赶快 come to达到 (an end/an agreement/a stop)苏醒，合计，总共是 come over走过来 come up发芽，走近 come across偶然碰到 come back回想起 come from来自，源自 1) I come _ the book I lent you last month. 2) How did it come _ that you both got lost? I thought you had a map. 3) It suddenly came _ to me where I had seen the boy before. 4) Come _ now, or else we shall be late. 5) He came _ me like a tiger. 6) The price of petrol has come _ since the beginning of this year. 7) The word came _ use many years ago. 8) When the examination result came _, he had already got a job. 9)The bill came _ over a thousand dollars. 10) I sowed the seeds over a month ago, but they havent come _ yet. ( for, about, back, on, at, down, into, out, to, up )6. cut across抄近路 cut down砍倒，削减 cut off切断，割掉，断绝关系 cut up连根拔除，切碎 through剪断，凿穿 cut out删（省）掉，戒掉 cut in插嘴 1) Dont cut _ this tree. It will be very shady in summer. 2) You must cut _ the number of cigarettes you smoke, or it will cause illness. 3) We decided to cut _ the moor（旷野） to the village. 4) Cutting the tree _ means cutting the tree into pieces. 5) The electricity was cut _ when the lady refused to pay the bill. 6) We were having a pleasant conversation when Tom cut _.（down, down, across, up, off, in ）7. die of (disease/hunger/grief/old age)死于（疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因） die from死于（意外事故、情形） die away渐渐消逝 die out绝种 die down(炉火)渐熄 die off逐一死去8. fall behind落后 fall over ones feet 跌跤 fall down掉下，跌倒 fall back撤退，后退 1) Babies often fall _ when they are learning to walk. 2) Our team seems to have fallen _ the others. 3) As soon as the enemies fell _, the people returned to their villa ge. 4) She fell_ the bench and had her leg broken.（down, behind, back, over ） 9. go in for从事，喜爱，参加 go through通过，经受 go over复习，检查 go up（价格）上涨，建造起来 go after追捕，追赶 go against违反 go ahead先行，开始吧，问吧，说吧 go away离开 go by时间过去 go down下沉，降低，（日、月）西沉 go on(with)继续进行 go with相配，陪同 go without没有，缺少 go out外出，熄灭 go all out全力以赴 go off爆炸，进行，变坏，断电，停止供应 go back on背约，食言 go beyond超出 1) Many new factories have gone _ in the past few years. 2) Rents have gone _ greatly recently. 3) Many years have gone _ since we first met. 4) Lets continue our journey until the sun goes _. 5) His actions went _ the will of the people, 6) I cant do it, for it goes _ my duty. 7) Over 100 students went _ this entrance examination. 8) The bomb went _ and killed ten people. 9) The buyer went _ the car carefully before reaching a decisio n. 10) This tie doesnt go _ my blue shirt. 11) If you think you can solve the problem, go _. 12) Many students went _ playing basketball. (up, up, by, down, against, beyond, through, off, over, with, ahead, in for 10.get down下来，记下，使沮丧 get down to致力于，专心于 get on进展，进步，穿上，上车 get off脱下,下车 get in收集，插（话） get away逃跑，逃脱，去休假 get over忘记，越过，克服，从疾病中恢复 get along with进展，相处 get up起床 get through打通电话，完成，通过 get round消息传开 get close to sth. 接近，几乎 get into (trouble) get to (know) get back取回，收回 get out 出去 1) She spoke so fast that I couldnt get _ what he said. 2) We will find ways to get _ difficulties. 3) The story has got _, and everyone knows about it. 4) When I get _ with the report, Ill go to the cinema. 5) After a delicious meal the two men got _ to business. 6) Dont always get _ a word when others are speaking. 7) It took me a long time to get _ such an unpleasant experience. (down, over, round, through, down, in, over)11. give away赠送，泄露，出卖 give out发出，疲劳，分发，公布 give off发出（光、热、气体） give in (to sb.) 屈服 give up放弃，让（座位） 1) His accent at last gave him _. 2) The liquid gave _ a strong smell. 3) The headmaster gave _ the names of the prize-winners. 4) The soldiers gave _ the town to the enemies. 5) Who will help me to give the books _? 6) Dont believe in those who give his friends _. 7) After a long walk, my strength gave _. (away, off, out, up, out, away, out)12. hand in交上，提交 hand out分发 hand down流传，遗传13. hang about闲逛 hang up挂电话14. hold back阻止，隐瞒 hold up举起，使停顿 hold on别挂电话，等，坚持 hold out持续，坚持，伸出 hold down控制，镇压 1) Im sure he is holding something _. 2) She managed to hold _ her emotion until her guests had left. Then she cried. 3) Tell him to hold _ a moment. Ill come soon. 4) Our food supply wont hold _ for more than a few days. 5) The train was held _ as a result of the floods. 6) These measures helped to hold _ the citys population. 7) Hold _ your left arm, please. (back, back, on, out, up, down, up)15. keep up (courage, English, spirits)保持， keep up with跟上 keep off (grass)不接近，离开 keep away from避开，不接近，离远远的 keep out of keep to (rules, promise)坚持，遵守 keep on继续，坚持下来 keep back阻止，留下，隐瞒，扣下