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to do 一 .不定式构成： to+动词原形在句中作用：除谓语动词外的任何成分1. 不定式作主语不定式作主语，常用it替代，而将真正主语放在末尾Its useful to learn English well=To learn English well is useful. 句型 it+be+ adj+ of/for sb+to do sth.It is important for us to protect the environment.注意：在kind, good, nice, clever等修饰人品质的时候介词用ofIt is kind of you to help me.2. 不定式作宾语一些谓语动词后只能跟不定式，这类词表命令，打算或者希望的如：would like, like, want, wish, hope, plan, expect.Would you like to see a film this evening?在find，think后跟不定式作宾语，常用it替代，而将真正宾语放于句末。I find it easy to learn English everyday.3. 不定式作宾语补足语不定式作宾语补足语（与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系)eg: Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.常跟不定式作宾语补足语的有ask, want, help, wish, teach, encourage, invite, warn, allow等。eg: My mother encourages me to learn Japanese.注意：一些使役动词和感官动词也用动词不定式作宾补，这时要省略to. 这些动词有：一感（feel)、二听（hear, listen to)、三让（let, make, have)、四看（look at, watch, see, notice) 。但变为被动语态时要加上to.eg: The teacher was saw to enter the office不定式作其他成分作表语（常在be动词后，可与主语互换）：eg: His task is to learn hard 作定语 (与宾语有逻辑上动宾关系）： eg: There is nothing to worry about.作状语（目的，结果，原因）：eg: He opened the door for her to come in疑问词+不定式（作主语或者宾语（可转化为宾语从句）eg: can you tell me when to leave? = can you tell me when you will lea2. 动名词构成：动词原形+ing用法：作主语、宾语、表语、定语1. 主语eg: Eating much is bad for your health.2.宾语动词宾语：eg： I like playing basketball very much.介词宾语：eg: The notebook is used for writing down notes.3. 表语eg: His hobby is swimming. =swimming is his hobby.4. 定语eg: she is in the reading room.注：两动词连用只能接动名词的词完成实践值得忙; finish, practice, be worth, be busy继续习惯别放弃; keep on , be used to , give up考虑建议不禁想; consider , suggest, cant help, feel like喜欢思念要介意. enjoy, miss, mind3. 分词构成：现在分词: 动词+ ing 过去分词： 动词+ ed用法：表语、定语、状语、补足语1. 表语现分eg: The story is interesting.过分eg: I am bored with the thing.2. 定语现分eg: Do you know the girl standing under the tree?过分eg: Please hand your written exercise.3. 状语现分eg: They went out of classroom, talking and laughing.过分eg: Seen from the hill,the school is beautiful.4. 补足语现分eg: I heard him singing when I came in classroom过分eg: I want to have my bike repaired. (have/make/get/+ 名词（代词）+过去分词）1. 动后接动名词和不定式的区别stop to do sth 停下来去做某事 stop doing sth 停止做某事mean to do sth打算做某事mean doing sth 意味着做某事try to do sth 尽力做某事try doing sth 尝试做某事forget to do sth 忘记做某事（未做）forget doing sth 忘记做过某事remember to do sth 记得要做某事（未做)remember doing sth记得做过某事need to do sth需要做某事(主动含义need doing sth 需要去做某事（被动含义）go on to do sth接着做某事（另一件）go on doing 接着做某事2. 现在分词和不定式作宾语补主语的区别eg: I heard him singing in the classroom. (唱的动作正在进行) I heard him sing in the classroom. (唱的动作已结束)常见动词有see, watch, notice, hear, feel, have等。它们现在分词作宾补表动作正在进行；接不带to的动词作宾语表已经完成了的或者经常性的动作3.现在分词和过去分词的区别1.语态上，现分表主动意义，过分表被动意义the surprising news令人惊讶的消息a surprised man 一个感到惊讶的人a moving story 一个感人的故事the moved people 被感动的人们2. 时态上，现分表正在进行的动作，过分表已经完成的动作the developing country 发展中国家the developed country 发达国家the rising sun 正在升起的太阳the risen sun 升起来的太阳含有介词to的固定短语make (a) contribution to， devote to，look forward to，prefer to，be/get used to，pay attention to为作贡献致力于期盼，盼望喜欢 胜过习惯，适应关注于have fun (in) doing sthhave trouble/ difficulty in doing sthspend time (in) doing sthbe worth doingcant help doingKeep/prevent/stop sb/sth from doing sth做有趣做有困难花费多少时间做值得禁不住防止某人/某物被含有介词或者省略的固定句型从句子成分分析非谓语动词一动名词与不定式作主语时的区别1. 特殊表达 动名词表示经常性、反复发生的动作不定式表示具体的、某一次的动作2. 固定句型It takes sb some time to do sth3. 习惯用法Its no use/no good /useless/worthwhile + doing Its kind/wise/clever of sb to do sthIts important/necessary/hard for sb to do sth2 非谓语动词作表语1 对称原则，主语是动名词，表语一般也用动名词Seeing is believing 2. 分词作表语表示主语的特点特征. 现在分词表示令人-;过去分词表示感到-；The speech is _and the students are_.The old man feels _with his _son who is disappointed at his study.3.不定式作表语: (1)计划，趋势将要做的 she is to get married next week.(2)责任，义务必须做的 Im to see you off at the airport tomorrow(3)祈使,命令不得不做的 Youre to stand here ,do you understand ?(4)命运安排,注定做的 Disney met the mouse and he was to become a famous artist. 3 非谓语动词作状语4 作定语，放在名词后面总结原则一：用作目的状语，原则上要用不定式1. When asked why he went there， he said he was sent there _ for a space flight. A. training B. being trained C. to have trained D. to be trained2. _ this cake， youll need 2 eggs， 175 g sugar and 175 g flour. A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. Making原则二：用于名词后作定语时，使用非谓语动词的原则是：用不定式，表示动作尚未发生;用现在分词，表示动作正在进行;用过去分词，表示动作已经发生，同时表示被动意义.1.The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games _ in Beijing in 2008. A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held2. There are hundreds of visitors _ in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Goghs paintings. A. waited B. to wait C. waiting D. wait3. “Things _ never come again!” I couldnt help talking to myself. lost B. losing C. to lost D. have lost4.The last one _ pays the meal.Agreed! arrived B. arrives C. to arrive D. Arriving原则三： 用作伴随状语，原则上要用现在分词1. As the light turned green， I stood for a moment， not _， and asked myself what I was going to do. moved B. moving C. to move D. being moved2. Peter received a letter just now _ his grandma would come to see him soon. A. said B. says C. saying D. to say3. Whenever he was asked why he was late for class， he would answer carelessly， always _ the same thing. A.saying B. said C. to say D. having said4. We often provide our children with toys， footballs or basketballs，_ that all children like these things. A. thinking B. think C. to think D. thought 原则四：作结果状语，用现在分词或不定式，其区别是，一般要用现在分词表自然而然的结果，不定式表意外不好结果.1.The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance，_ in the natural light during the day. A.to let B. letting C. let D. having let2. Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year，_ a record US$ 57. 65 a barrel on April 4. A.have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching3.He hurried to the booking office only _ that all the tickets had been sold out. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told4. He hurried to the station only_ that the train had left. A.to find B. finding C. found D. to have found原则五：非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语原则上应与主句主语保持一致1. Faced with a bill for $10， 000，_. A. John has taken an extra jobB. the boss has given John an extra jobC. an extra job has been takenD. an extra job has been given to John2. While watching television，_. A. the door bell rang B. the doorbell ringsC. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings原则七：强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前时，原则上要用完成式 1._ from other continents for millions of years， Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. A. Being separated B. Having separatedC. Having been separated D. To be separated2. The manager，_ it clear to us that he didnt agree with us， left the meeting room. A. who has made B. having made C. made D. making原则八： 对于固定搭配，原则上按搭配习惯处理1._ with so much trouble， we failed to complete the task on time. ）A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face2. _ in a white uniform， he looks more like a cook than a doctor. A. Dressed B. To dress C. ressing D. Having dressedThe Ministry of Public Security launched the 100-day campaign last Friday, 1 _ (consider) an increase in traffic accidents in recent months. Some 3,167 motorists 2 _(arrest) last weekend across China, including 435 3 _ (drink) drivers. In Beijing, with more and more notices 4_(post) in the streets these days 5 _ (remind) motorists of the danger, citizens become more aware of it. “ We all know it is not right 6 _ (drive) after drinking, but on some occasions it seems unavoidable,” said Xu Yang, a white collar worker from Beijing, 7 _(admit) that he used to drive after drinking.
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