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第一章 名词名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。一、名词的分类：名词分为专有名词和普通名词。1、专有名词：个人，地方,机构等专有名称，如：China, Shanghai, Li lei等。专有名词的首字母通常要大写。具体说来，它包括人名、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。如：Jim 吉姆 China 中国 July 七月 Friday 星期五 Christmas 圣诞节 English 英语2、普通名词：指表示一类人或东西或抽象概念的名词。 1）个体名词：某类人或东西中的个体，如 apple, country，cup, desk, student等。一般可数，有单复数形式2）集体名词：若干个体组成的集合体，如 family, team, police, class等。一般可数，有单复数形式3）物质名词：无法分为个体的实物，如 milk，tea, air等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。4）抽象名词：动作, 状态, 品质, 感情等抽象概念. 如 health, happiness，love, work, life等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。二、名词的数：可数名词都有单数和复数之分；不可数名词没有复数形式。1、规则的可数名词的复数变化规则：1）一般情况加 s ：books，mouths，houses，girls等。2）以 s，sh，ch，x结尾的加 es：classes，boxes，matches等。3）辅音字母 + y结尾的变 y为 ies：cities，countries，parties，factories等。4）以 o 结尾的词 +es：heroes，Negroes，tomatoes，potatoes等。以 o 结尾 +s：radios，zoos，pianos，photos等。5）以f，fe 结尾的多数 +es：leaves，lives，wives，knives，halves，wolves等。 直接 + s 的名词：roofs( 屋顶), beliefs（信仰）等。 2、 不规则的可数名词的变化规则：【难点】 1） 改变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式。如：manmen, woman women, tooth teeth, foot feet, mouse mice, child children等。 2）单复数形式相同。如：sheep, deer, fish等，以及由汉语音译表示度量、币制等单位的名词。如：yuan.另外以-ese或-ss结尾的表示民族的名词也一样同形。如：Chinese, Japanese等。以-an结尾或其他形式结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词变复数时在词尾加-s.如：Americans, Asians, Russians, Australians, Italians, Germans等。 注意：EnglishmanEnglishmen, Frenchman Frenchmen. 3）单复数相同: sheep, fish, deer, means, Chinese, Japanese, works. 说明 fish如表示不同种类的鱼时复数是fishes： There are many kinds of fishes in that lake. 3.名词单复数的用法： 1）定冠词加姓氏的复数表示一家人：the Greens, the Smiths 2）集体名词people, police 总是作复数： Several police were on duty. 3）hair 表示总体时是不可数： His hair is grey 如果表示若干根头发可以加复数词尾： He had a few white hairs. 4）以s 结尾的学科名词只作单数。maths , news5）glasses， trousers（裤子）， 等常用复数；但如果这些词前用 a pair of / this pair of/that pair of等修饰时谓语动词由pair 来决定：Where are my glasses ？My new pair of trousers is too long. Here are some new pairs of shoes. 6）不可数名词没有复数形式，但有些不可数名词表示种类时，可以有复数形式 There are many kinds of gases in the air. 空气中有许多气体。练习题：名词的各种分类1.The teacher said we needed to choose three for the school concert.A. farmers B. doctors C. drivers D. singers 2.At night the koala bear gets up and eats_广元A1eaf B1eaves C leafs 3.Come on，childrenHelp yourselves to some_ if you like南通Afish and chicken Bfishes and chicken Cfish and chickens Dfishes and chickens四、名词的所有格：1、s 所有格：1）构成：A. 一般词尾+ s.：the teachers office, Xiao Lis sisters husbands mother.B. 以 s 结尾的复数名词只+“ ”： workers rest room. C. 不以s结尾的复数名词加s： childrens toys. D. 复合名词只在最后一个词的后面加 s： my sister-in-laws (弟媳)brother. E. 表示共同所有的几个名词，只在最后一个词的后面加s： This is Tom, James and Dicks room. F. 表示各个所有关系的几个名词，在每个名词后分别加s： Jennys, Jeans and Marys rooms face to the south. 2）用法： A. 名词所有格主要用于表示有生命的名词，表示所属关系： Lei Fengs dairy. B. 用于表示时间的名词： todays paper. an hours drive. Fridays work. C. 用于表示地理、国家、城市等名词： the countrys plan. the farms fruit. Chinas population. D. 用于表示由人组成的集体名词： our partys stand E. 用于表示度量、价值的名词： two dollars worth of books. a pounds weight.2、of所有格：1）凡不能用s 属格的情况可用 of 属格表示所属关系： the City of New York. a map of China. 3、几种特殊情况【难点】 the key to the door. 门的钥匙 answers to the question 问题的答案 tickets for the film / movie 电影的门票 a check for $1500. 1500美元的支票【考点诠释】名词所有格及其用法两者或两者以上共同所有，把“s”加在最后的名词上；表示各自拥有某件东西时，每个名词都要用所有格形式。1._fathers are both scientists（科学家） AJims and Bob BJims and Bobs CJim and Bobs DJim and Bob2._room is big and brightThey like it very much 河北ATom and Sam BToms find Sam CTom and Sams DToms and Sams4、表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加“s”来构成所有格。如：todays newspaper Chinas industry 中国的工业1.Excuse me, is the supermarket far from here?No, its about _.（浙江宁波）A. 7 minutes walk B. 7 minute walkC. 7 minutes walk D. 7 minutes walk2. Im going on holiday on the 12thI have to be back at work on the 26th.So Ive got two_ holiday临沂Aweeks Bweeks Cweeks Dweek选择最佳答案：( ) 1. These _ have saved many childrens lives. A. woman doctors B. women doctor C. women doctors D. woman doctor ( ) 2. -Are there any _ on the farm? -Yes, there are some. A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep( ) 3. -What would you like to drink, _ or orange? -Orange, please. A. hamburger B. chip C. tea D. cakes ( )4. The_ has two _ . A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watch( )5. The little baby has two _ already. A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths( )6. -Its dangerous here. Wed better go out quickly. -But I think we should let _go out first. A. woman and children B. women and child C. woman and child D. women and children( )7. Are they going to have a party on _ ? A. Childrens Day B. Childrenss Day C. Childrens Day D. Children Day( )8. His father went to his doctor for _about his trouble. A .an advice B.some advice C advices D .the advices( )9. Swimming is _in summer. A .a great fun B.great fun C .great funs D .great a fun ( )10.The waitress brought us_.A. glasses of juices B. glasses of juiceC. glass of juices D. glass of juice
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