初中教学大纲及重点难点分析.doc

初中英语教学大纲及其重、难点 Go for it!新目标初中英语教材的学习主要从语音开始，到词汇、语法、通过情景对话以及交际用语的学习将语法知识体现出来。初中英语教学大纲要求通过听、说、读、写的训练,使学生获得基础知识和初步运用英语进行交际的能力,激发学生的学习兴趣,养成良好的学习习惯。教学点大纲可以分为这几个方面的学习： （一）日常交际用语（二）语音（三）词汇（四）语法（五）话题而其中时态的区分和判别、虚拟语气、以及语态这一块是学生问题比较多，比较容易混淆的部分( Daily Expressions in Communication)1. 问候Greetings 2. 介绍Introductions 3. 告别Farewells4. 打电话Making telephone calls 5. 感谢和应答Thanks and responses6. 祝愿、祝贺和应答Wishes, congratulations and responses 7. 意愿Intentions 8. 道歉和应答Apologies and responses 9. 遗憾和同情 Regrets and sympathy 10. 邀请和应答Invitations and responses 11. 提供 ( 帮助等)和应答Offers and responses12. 请求允许和应答Asking for permission and responses13. 表示同意和不同意Expressing agreement and disagreement14. 表示肯定和不肯定 Expressing certainty and uncertainty 15. 喜好和厌恶Likes and dislikes16. 谈论天气Talking about the weather 17. 购物Shopping18. 问路和应答Asking the way and responses19. 问时间或日期和应答Asking the time or date and responses20. 请求Requests 21. 劝告和建议Advice and suggestions22. 禁止和警告Prohibition and warnings23. 表示感情Expressing certain emotionsa. 喜悦Pleasure, joy b. 焦虑Anxiety c. 惊奇Surprise24. 就餐Taking meals 25. 约会Making appointments 26. 传递信息Passing on a message27. 看病Seeing the doctora. Theres something wrong with. . . . Ive got a cough. I feel terrible (bad). I dont feel well. Ive got a pain here. This place hurts.b. Take this medicine three times a day. Its nothing serious. Youll be all right / well soon.28. 求助Calling for help29. 处理交际中的障碍Language difficulties30. 常见的标志和说明Some common signs and instructionsBUSINESS HOURS FRAGILEOFFICE HOURS THIS SIDE UPOPEN MENUCLOSED NO SMOKINGPULL NO PARKINGPUSH NO PHOTOSON DANGER! OFF PLAYENTRANCE STOPEXIT PAUSEINSTRUCTIONS其实日常交际的内容主要在多说多练，那么，怎样去引发学生去说去练才是作为一个老师应该注重的问题，以上的日常交际用语其实包含的内容并不多，把这些内容编排入课堂，作为有趣地对话激发学生多加练习，掌握生疏的单词，然后熟练的掌握对话。很多学生不敢说不敢讲，就要从基本的对话开始，激发他们的信心和兴趣。可以从一些简单有趣的小故事开始，布置背诵或者是阅读的作业，能力好一些的学生可以要求背诵，能力一般的学生让他们熟读课文。并且在学生之间形成竞争和奖罚分明的氛围，当然，这里的罚不能用打击到学生信心的方式，最好是可以罚他们学习英文歌或准备英文诗当众背诵或朗读，给他们一定的准备时间，让他们不要有负担和压力，轻松的完成任务，完成后给予一定的表扬，鼓励孩子学习的兴趣。并从中获取一定的成就感，让他们开始喜欢这种学习的模式，喜欢上学习，喜欢上英语。这才是我们最终的目的。一、字母26个字母的名称二、国际音标英语的元音音标和辅音音标三、基本的拼读规则 1. 元音字母a, e, i ( y), o, u在重读开音节和重读闭音节中的读音 2. 辅音字母在单词中的基本读音 3. r音节在重读音节中的读音 4. 常见的元音字母组合在重读音节中的读音 5. 常见的元音字母和辅音字母组合在重读音节中的读音 6. 常见的辅音字母组合在单词中的基本读音 读音的基本规则不要求死记硬背，但是由于很多孩子在学习初期带有口音或者老师没注意纠正，往往都会带有一些发音上的小错误。这些小错误如果不及时纠正可能会导致以后在英语学习中的障碍，很多孩子口语不好，都可能是这样造成的；而事实上最好的纠音办法，不是单纯的指出错误纠正，这样的成效并不大，我们应该在找学生的语音错误后，针对他的错误来找一些听力材料来让学生听。材料不能太难，更不能太长，如果是小错误，就尽量找一些英文歌曲来听，并且学习和模仿，而这种方法往往是十分有成效的。或者找一些影视作品里的小片段，来观摩和学习，也是十分见效的，英语语音语调最好的纠正方法就是听和模仿。这往往很枯燥，但也可以通过一些方法让这个过程变得简单。四、辅音连缀和成节音 1. 辅音连缀bl-, kl-, fl-, gl-, pl-,sl-, br-, kr-, sk-, sm-,sp-, st-, tw-, sw- 2. 成节音-bl, -pl, -dl, -tl, -sl, -sn, -zn, -fn, -vn五、单词重音 1. 双音节词的重音 2. 多音节词的重音和次重音六、语调与节奏 1. 句子重音 2. 连读和不完全爆破 3. 意群和停顿4. 升调词性的学习方法其实是有迹可循的，英语词性中绝大多数是与汉语相同的，这一点，为英语的学习提供了方便，可以使用类比的方法把汉语和英文结合起来，一般的学生在对于单词词性上的问题是不大的。但是动词时态的变化往往是学习中的重难点，要十分的注意。初中大纲要求对所有语法点有：1. 词类：1)名词 2)形容词 3)副词 4)动词 5)代词 6)冠词 7)数词 8)介词 9)连词 10)感叹词2. 构词法： 1)合成法 classroom, something, reading-room 2)派生法 worker, drawing, quickly, careful, kindness, cloudy, unhappy 3)转化法 hand (n.)hand (v.) dry ( adj.)dry ( v.)3. 名词 1)可数名词和不可数名词 2)名词的复数 3)专有名词 4)所有格4. 代词 1)人称代词的主格和宾格形式 2)物主代词的形容词与名词性形式 3)反身代词 myself, himself, ourselves4)指示代词 this, that, these, those 5)不定代词 some, any, no, etc. 6)疑问代词 what, who, whose, which, etc.5. 数词基数词和序数词 6. 介词词汇表中所列介词的基本用法7. 连词词汇表中所列连词的基本用法8. 形容词 1)作定语、表语、宾语补足语的基本用法 2)比较等级 ( 原级、比较级、最高级)的基本用法 ( 1)构成 -er, -est; more, the most ( 2)基本句型 as原级形式as. . . not as ( so)原级形式as. . . 比较级形式than. . . the最高级形式. . . in ( of). . .9. 副词 1)表示时间、地点、方式、程度等的基本用法2)疑问副词when, where, how 3)比较等级 ( 原级、比较级、最高级) ( 1)构成 -er, -est; more, the most ( 2)基本句型 as原级形式as. . . not as ( so)原级形式as. . . 比较级形式than. . . the最高级形式. . . in ( of). . .10. 冠词一般用法11. 动词1)动词种类 ( 1)行为动词或实义动词 1及物动词 2不及物动词 ( 2)连系动词 be, look, turn, get, become, etc. ( 3)助动词 be, do, have, shall, will, etc. ( 4)情态动词 can, may, must, need, etc. 2)时态时态是英语语法中的难点，许多学生对于时态的学习往往拎不清，英语中的时态就是动词通过自身变化来表示动作发生的时间和所处状态的各种形式，初中要求掌握的只有下述前5种。学习时要注意判别，对各种时态进行详细的对比和区分。再来确定是那种时态，需要用哪种对应的动词形式。( 1)一般现在时 I get up at six oclock every morning. He doesnt speak Russian. They are very busy. The moon moves round the earth When you see him, tell him to come to my place. Ill go to see you tonight if Im free. ( 2)一般过去时 I was in Grade One last year. I got up at five yesterday ( 3)一般将来时 1. shall ( will)动词原形 She will be here tomorrow. I shall ( will) go to your school tomorrow afternoon. 2. be going to动词原形 Im going to help him ( 4)现在进行时 Were reading the text now. Theyre waiting for a bus ( 5)现在完成时 I have already posted the letter. They have lived here for ten years ( 6)过去进行时 We were having a meeting this time yesterday. The teacher was talking to some parents when I saw her. ( 7)过去完成时 We had learned four English songs by the end of last year. The film had already begun when I got to the cinema. She said that she had not heard from him since he left Beijing ( 8)过去将来时 He said he would go to the cinema that evening. Betty said she was going to visit her uncle next Sunday.3)被动语态 ( 1)一般现在时的被动语态 English is taught in that school ( 2)一般过去时的被动语态 The song was written by that worker ( 3)一般现在时带情态动词的被动语态 She must be sent to hospital at once4)动词不定式 动词不定式的灵活运用也是考点之一，要注意用法。 ( 1)作主语To learn a foreign language is not easy. It is not easy to learn a foreign language. ( 2)作宾语 They began to read ( 3)作宾语补足语 Jim asked me to help him with his lessons. We often heard her sing. ( 4)作定语 I have an important meeting to attend. ( 5)作状语 She went to see her grandma yesterday. ( 6)用在how, when, where, what, which等之后 Do you know when to start? I dont know how to use a computer. He didnt know what to do next12. 句子种类 1)陈述句 ( 肯定式和否定式) 2)疑问句 ( 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句) 3)祈使句 ( 肯定式和否定式) 4)感叹句13. 句子成份 1)主语 Betty likes her new bike. He gets up early every day. To learn a foreign language is not easy. 2)谓语 We work hard.The boy caught a bird. He is my brother. They all look fine. 3)表语 Her sister is a nurse. Its me Im ready. He got angry. His cup is broken. 4)宾语 Tom bought a story-book. I saw him yesterday. He wanted to have a cup of tea. 5)直接宾语和间接宾语 He gave me some ink. Our teacher told us an interesting story. 6)宾语补足语 Call her Xiao Li. You must keep the room clean. John asked me to help him. 7)定语 This is a green jeep. This is an apple tree. Are these students your classmates? I have something to tell you 8)状语 You are quite right. She will arrive in Beijing on Monday. He stopped to have a look.14. 简单句的五种基本句型 第一种主语连系动词表语 ( SVP) The bike is new. The map is on the wall. 第二种主语不及物动词 ( SV) He swims. 第三种主语及物动词宾语 ( SVO) Children often sing this song. 第四种主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语 ( SVIODO) She showed her friends all her pictures. 第五种主语及物动词宾语宾语补足语 ( SVOC) We keep our classroom clean and tidy.15. 并列句He likes maths, but he needs help I help him and he helps me.16. 复合句 1)宾语从句 He said ( that) he felt sick. Can you tell me where the Summer Palace is? I dont know whether ( if) she still works in the factory. I take back what I said. I cant tell who is there. 2)状语从句 The train had left when I got to the station. Ill go with you to the cinema this afternoon if Im free. The students went to the farm because the farmers needed some help. The earth is bigger than the moon. He was so tired that he couldnt walk on. Jack worked hard so that he might get a good job. Doctor Wang went to the hospital though it rained heavily. 3)定语从句 Find the girl who is wearing a red skirt. Show me the picture that you like best. Colour the birds which ( that) are flying.课本中所有的话题包括这些话题中前半部分在日常交际中都会涉及到，后半部分为了方便理解，应该让学生主动着手先去查阅相关汉语资料，这些内容并不是很枯燥，可以根据学生的反应适当的对教学的内容进行调整，加入相关英语的阅读资料。 1. 家庭、朋友与周围的人 Family, friends and people around2. 日常生活 Daily life3. 兴趣与爱好 Interests and hobbies4. 文体活动 Sports, games and entertainment5. 健康 Health6. 天气 Weather7. 节假日 Holidays and festivals8. 旅游与交通 Travel and transport9. 食品与饮料 Food and drinks10. 服饰 Clothes11. 文化习俗 Customs and culture12. 世界与环境 The world and the environment13. 教育 Education14. 科普知识 Popular science15. 著名人物 Famous people16. 职业 Jobs