初中语法精挑细讲之句子类型作文句型.doc

初中语法精挑细讲之句子类型句子类型1从结构上看，英语的句子可分为三种类型：简单句、并列句和复合句。2简单句：由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子叫做简单句。简单句有六种句型：型号 句型 例 子1 主语不及物动词（状语） The Frenchman coughed badly at night. / The city lies in a valley .2 主语连系动词表语 That is a map of China. / That piece of meat looks quite good. / It sounds like the singing of rails .3 主语及物动词宾语 Youre doing the right thing. / Jack likes to stay at home and play by himself .4 主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语 Can you tell me the way to the Summer Palace ? / It took me a week to finish the work.5 主语及物动词宾语宾语补足语 We call him Li Ming . / The rich man asked the singer to come up to the sitting room .6 There +be+主语状语 There are some flowers on the teachers desk . / There are 365 days in a year .3并列句：由并列连词把两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句子。常用的并列连词有and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet, neithernor, eitheror, still, however, not onlybut also等。并列句的结构：简单句并列词简单。Hurry up, or youll miss the early bus . / We love peace but we are not afraid of war . / He must be ill, for he is absent today .She has not only knowledge, but also experience . / He was ill, so he didnt go to school. / Work hard, and you will succeed .4复合句：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫做复合句。主句是句子的主体，从句只用作句子的一个成分，不能独立。从句可以担任复合句的主语（主语从句）、表语（表语从句）、宾语（宾语从句）、定语（定语从句）、状语（状语从句）。中学阶段主要学习含有状语从句、宾语从句、定语从句的复合句。A状语从句：在复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句根据它表示的意思的不同可分为时间、地点、原因、结果、让步、比较（或方式）和条件等类。1 时间状语从句：由when, while, as, the moment, the minute, once, whenever, before, after, till(until), since, as soon as等连词引导。主 句 从 句 例 子一般将来时 一般现在时 I will go out for a walk if it doesnt rain tomorrow .带有情态动词 You must look left and right when you cross the crossing .祈使句 Ask him to give me a call as soon as he comes back .过去时的某种时态 过去时的某种时态 I went to bed at ten after the film was over. / The film had begun when I reached the cinema .I was reading a book while he was singing a song .2 条件状语从句：由if, unless, so long as, as long as, in case , if only, provided that等引导。（注：在条件状语从句的将来时态要用现在时和过去时，表示相应的将来时）。Ill show you around the city if I am free tomorrow . / If I had enough money, I would buy the car .3 原因状语从句：由because（因为）, as（由于）, since（既然）, for（因为）等引导。He was absent yesterday because he was ill . / As it was already dark, they decided to stay in the town for the night .4 目的状语从句：由so that, that, so, in order that, in case等引导。句中常有may, might, can, could, should, would等情态动词。He got up early so that he could catch the early train. / He studied hard in order that he might succeed .5 结果状语从句：由sothat, so, so that, suchthat等。The film is so interesting that everyone likes to see it again . / Nothing more was heard of him, so people thought that he was dead .6 比较状语从句：由than, asas, not as(so)as, the（比较级）the（比较级）等引导。Today is not as warm as yesterday. / He listens to the teacher more carefully than I .7 地点状语从句：由where 和wherever等引导。地点状语从句位于句首时，常用逗号与主句隔开；位于句末时则不用逗号。He follows her wherever she goes .8 方式状语从句：由as, just asso, as if 等。As if 引导的从句的时态要用过去时（虚语语气）。Please do as I do . / He tells me the whole thing as if he knew everything .9 让步状语从句：由though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, no matter who等引导。Although he has failed many times, he doesnt give up trying .B宾语从句：由一个句子充当宾语，我们称之为宾语从句。（宾语从句的语序永远是陈述语序）1 宾语从句的连词。a 如果宾语从句是从陈述句变化而来的，要用连词that来引导，that可以省略。b 如果宾语从句是从一般疑问句变化而来的，要用连词if或whether .c 如果宾语从句是从特殊疑问句变化而来的，连词就应该用特殊疑问词（what, when, where）。2 宾语从句的时态：主 句 从 句 例 子任何一种时态 一般现在时（表示真理、科学原理、自然现象） The teacher told / tells us that the earth goes round the sun.一般现在时 任何一种时态 I hear that he will come back next week.一般将来时 I will tell him that his father rang him up just now when he comes back .一般过去时 过去时的某种时态 I wondered if Tom would come back ./ Lucy asked whether I had finished my homework .3 宾语从句的人称：人称代词要随合理的逻辑而自然变化。She said, I am much better than before.-She said that she was much better than before .4 when 和if 在引导宾语从句和状语从句中，后面的时态有差别。I dont know when (何时)she will be back（宾语从句）, but when(当时候) she comes back, Ill let you know（状语从句） .I dont know if(是否) she will come back（宾语从句）, but if (如果)s 共有4条文章 页次：3/4 分页： 9 7 1 2 3 4 8 :he comes back, Ill let you know （状语从句） .C定语从句：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句，被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导从句的关系代词有：who(人，主格), whom(人，宾客), whose(人，所有格), which(物), that(人，物)。引导从句的关系副词有：where(地点), when(时间), why(原因)。The man who lives next to us is a policeman./ You must do everything that I do ./ We will never forget the day when we visited Gaozhou .主句/先行词 从 句 主 句 主 句 / 先行词 从 句 主 句 / 先行词 从 句1 从句的谓语动词和先行词的关系。a 主谓关系：He asked the man(作从句主语) who/that was smoking .b 动宾关系：The noodles(作从句宾语) that/which I cooked were delicious .2 只能用that 的情况：a 先行词为all, any, few, no, some, much, little等修饰。 I have done all the work that he told us to do .b 先行词被序数词修饰。 That last/first question that he asked me was hard to answer .c 先行词同时有人和物。 They often talk about things and persons that they remember .d 先行词是everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词。 I remembered everything that the teachers taught me before .e 先行词被形容词最高级修饰。 That is the best book that I have read .f 先行词被the very, the only, the same修饰。 It is the very book that I am looking for .g 先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语。 China is no longer the country that it used to be .h 先行词是指示代词that, one, those, this, another, all等。 Is this school the one that I saw in the picture ?i 主句以who / which开头，定语从句用that 。who is the girl that spoke to you just now ? / which is the car that was made in China ?3 只能用which的情况：a 关系代词前有介词。 This is the house in which we lived last year .b 先行词本身是that 。 The clock is that which I bought yesterday .c 非限制性定语从句。 His English , which used to be very poor, is now excellent .4 定语从句在句中作定语，所以在使用时，相当于现在分词短语，过去分词短语，动词不定式短语，介词短语作后置定语的句子。aI bought a book that was written by Lu Xun . = I bought a book written by Lu Xun .bTell the children who are playing basketball not to do that . = Tell the children playing basketball not to do that .cThe house that stands at the corner was built in 1987 . = The house standing at the corner was built in 1987 .dWe have nothing that we should fear . = We have nothing to fear .eThe book that is on the table is expensive . = The book on the table is expensive .5 引导词when, where和why可用相应的表示时间（in, on, at, during等）、地点（in, on, at等）和原因（for）的介词which 表达为介宾结构。aI still remember the day when I met her for the first time . - I still remember the day on which I met her for the first time .bThat is the place where I went when I was a child . - That is the place to which I went when I was a child .cMay I know the reason why you are late ? - May I know the reason for which you are late ?6 在定语从句中，不能再出现指示先行词的指示代词。I just cant find the book which/that she lent it to me .（）- I just cant find the book which/that she lent to me .（）7 注意下面的变化：a This is the house(不作lived的宾语) where we lived last year .This is the house(作lived in的宾语) which/that we lived in last year .b This is the day (不作left的宾语)when we left for Shenzhen .This is the day (作spent的宾语)which/that we spent in Shenzhen .8 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别：a 限制性定语从句：是句中不可缺少的组成部分，没有从句，先行词意思不明确，主句也不完整，从句主句不用逗号分开。b 非限制性定语从句：是主句先行词的补充说明，没有从句并不影响主句意思的明确或完整，这种定语从句一般用逗号和主句分开，在非限制性定语从句中，一般不用that。 Last Sunday they reached Dalian, where a meeting was to be held . She has two brothers, who are both doctors . There be 句型1 英语There + be + (not)结构表示有（没有）某人或某物时，there 是无词义的引导词，be是谓语动词，它后面的名词是主语，两者再数上必须一致。句末往往有表示地点或时间的状语。2 肯定句：There +(助动词或情态动词)be 主语地点（时间）状语。There is a pen on the table . / There will be a football match tomorrow .3 否定句：There + be(助动词或情态动词)not（any）(或no)+ 主语。There are not fairies in the world . / There wasnt a underground in Shanghai before ./ There wont be a football match tomorrow .4 一般疑问句：Be + there +(any) +主语 ？ / 助动词或情态动词 there +be +(any) + 主语 ？Is there anything I can do for you ? / Will there be cloud tomorrow ?5 特殊疑问句：疑问词（名词）be there + 状语 ？How many weeks are there in a year ? / What is there on the desk ? / Where will there be a football match tomorrow ?6 如果there +be 之后是并列主语，应根据离be 最近的名词来选择be的形式。There is a apple and two pears on the table . / There are two pears and a apple on the table .7 含有引导词there 的句子用seem to be , happen to be , used to be 或live 等作谓语的结构。There happened to be an old friend of mine in the shop . / There used to be a temple here 主谓一致1 主谓一致是指谓语动词要与主语单、复数形式及人称变化相一致。主要包括三方面：形式一致、意义一致、就近原则。2 单数名词、不可数名词作主语，谓语用单数；复数名词作主语，谓语用复数；若主语表示单数或整体概念时，谓语应用单数。Time is money . / My book is new . / Our books are there . / His family isnt very large . / His family are all music lovers .3 有些名词以s结尾，但谓用单数。（news, physics, maths, politics等） Maths is very important to us .4 People, police, youth, cattle等常作复数处理。 The youth are full of living .5 既作单数又是复数的名词，可作单、复数。（sheep, fish, deer, Chinese, Japanese）There is one deer / are some deer in the zoo. / I met a Japanese in the street . / The Japanese I met in the street were friendly .6 当主语是两个名词由and 连接时，若表示一种事物或一种概念时，谓语用单数。The teacher and writer is coming（同一个人） . / The teacher and the writer are coming .(不同人)7 有every 或each 修饰的单数名词并列时，谓语动词用单数，第二个every或each 可省略。Every boy and (every)girl has a new book.8 表示时间、距离、金钱或数量的复数名词，一般视为一个整体，谓语用单数。A hundred miles is a long distance .9 有些形容词前加定冠词构成表示一类人的名词，常用复数处理。The rich are getting richer. / The blind are sitting on the road .10 Number, population 等词可作单数或复数，主要从意思决定。A number of books are new. / The number of books is 3,000.The population of China is very large . / One third of the population here are workers.11 当名词后有with, together, like, but, except等介词短语时，谓语随名词的数而变。 Tom with his parents has been to Beijing twice .12 Each和由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词，都作单数看待。Each of us has an apple. / Somebody is using the photo.13 What, who, which, any, more, most, all等代词可以是单、复数，主要靠意思决定。Which is your room ? / Which are your rooms ?14 None 或none of+名词（代词）复数可作单、复数，若名词为不可数，则谓语只用单数。None of the books are easy enough for us . / None of us has got a camera. / None of milk is good.15Either, neither (+of +名（代）词复数作主语时，通常看作单数。Neither of us has been to HongKong . / Either answer is wrong .16many a +单数名词或more than one +单数名词作主语时，谓语多用单数形式。More than one person has that kind of experience.17All/most/half/part/some/the rest of +不可数名词，谓语用单数。 All of meat is bad .18All/most/half/part/some/the rest of +可数名词复数，谓语用复数。 Some of students are absent .19one of +名（代）词复数为主时，谓语通常用单数。One of the girls is from America .20a pair of +名词复数作主语时，谓语常用单数，若pair是pairs时谓语用复数。21（a）part of +名词作主语时，若名词是单数，谓语用单数；若名词是复数，谓语用复数。22a group of +名词作主语时，强调整体，谓语用单数；若强调group 中的各成员，谓语用复数。23a lot of /lots of +名词复数作主语时，谓语用复数；若名词为不可数名词，谓语用单数。24most of +名词复数作主语时，谓语用复数；若名词为不可数名词，谓语用单数。25plenty of +名词复数作主语时，谓语用复数；若名词为不可数名词，谓语用单数。27由eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, or或there be + 名词and + 名词等连接的主语，通常根据就近原则，谓语的单、复数形式依最接近它的名词词组的单、复数形式决定。My parents or I am going to visit my grandparents .Either your father or your mother has been to the Great Wall .Neither you nor Lao Yang is to do the work .There is a man and three children over there .Not only you but also he knows that thing .28动词不定式和动词ing形式作主语时作单数处理。To see you is very glad . = It is very glad to see you .Taking means no holes .Seeing is believing .Finishing the work takes me a long time . = To finish the work takes me a long time . = It takes me a long time to finish the work .三十五个经典句型帮你过写作关 一、 the + est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen (known/heard/had/read, etc) the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen (known/heard/had/read, etc)例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。 二、Nothing is + er than to + VNothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.没有比接受教育更重要的事。 三、 cannot emphasize the importance of too much.（再怎么强调.的重要性也不为过。）例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes toomuch.我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。四、There is no denying that + S + V .（不可否认的.）例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gonefrom bad to worse.不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子 （全世界都知道.）例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable tous.全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。六、There is no doubt that + 句子 （毫无疑问的.）例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves somethingto be desired.毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。七、An advantage of is that + 句子 （.的优点是.）例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it wont create(produce) any pollution.使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。八、The reason why + 句子 is that + 句子 （.的原因是.）例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provideus with fresh air.The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply freshair for us.我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。 九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 （如此.以致于.）例句：So precious is time that we cant afford to waste it.时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。十、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V （虽然.）例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by nomeans satisfactory.by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。十一、The + er + S + V, the + er + S + V The + more + Adj + S + V, the + more + Adj + S + V（愈.愈.）例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make.你愈努力，你愈进步。The more books we read, the more learned we become.我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。十二、By +Ving, can （借着.，.能够.）例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。十三、 enable + Object（受词）+ to + V （.使.能够.）例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。十四、On no account can we + V （我们绝对不能.）例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。十五、It is time + S + 过去式 （该是.的时候了）例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solvethe traffic problems.该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。