初中英语语法之宾语从句.doc

宾语从句宾语从句是名词性从句的一种，相当于名词或名词性短语，在句子中充当宾语。谓语动词、介词、动词不定式、动名词、分词之后均可以带宾语从句。描写情感的形容词（如glad、certain、sure、happy、pleased、sorry、afraid等）的后面亦可以带宾语从句。宾语从句同其他从句一样，也应该使用陈述句语序。一、 宾语从句的变法1. 陈述句变宾语从句陈述句变宾语从句时，语序不变，用that连接（that一般可以省略），此时that无词义，不充当句子成分。e.g.(1)陈述句：He is an honest man. 宾语从句：My mother always says (that) he is an honest man. (2)陈述句：They will win. 宾语从句：We believe (that) they will win.2. 一般疑问句变宾语从句一般疑问句变宾语从句时，语序变为陈述句语序，用if/whether连接（if、whether一般可以互换），其意思是“是否”，也不充当句子成分，句末的标点符号由主句决定。e.g.(1)一般疑问句：Will they win? 宾语从句：Im not sure if/whether they will win. (2)一般疑问句：Does he study hard? 宾语从句：I wonder if/whether he studies hard.3. 特殊疑问句变宾语从句特殊疑问句变宾语从句时，语序变为陈述句语序，用原来的疑问词连接，其意思不变，并且要充当句子成分，句末的标点符号由主句决定。e.g.(1)特殊疑问句：Who is she? 宾语从句：Could you tell me who she is? (2)特殊疑问句：What does he want? 宾语从句：I dont know what he wants.如果特殊疑问句的疑问词在句中作主语，变宾语从句时语序不变，原来的疑问词既作宾语从句的引导词，又作宾语从句的主语。e.g.Whats the matter with her? Can you tell me? Can you tell me whats the matter with her? Who lived here ten years ago? He doesnt know. He doesnt know who lived here ten years ago.二、 注意事项1.时态问题。宾语从句的时态原则上应与主句的时态保持一致。(1)如果主句是现在的时态（包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时），从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。e.g.I dont know she lives here. I am sure he lived here ten years ago. He believes that he has learned enough. I have heard that he will come tomorrow.(2)如果主句的时态是过去的时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时），从句的时态应该根据情况使用某一种过去的时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时）。e.g.I knew who lived here. My father said that he would buy a new computer next week. He said that he had seen her. She was sorry that she hadnt finished her homework on time.(3)当宾语从句表示的是一个普遍真理或客观事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也要使用一般现在时。e.g.My father told me the sun rises in the east. He said that his classroom is much bigger than hers. (4)主句中的would,could不表示过去时态，而是表示一种客气、有礼貌的语气时，宾语从句不用过去时态。e.g.Wed like to tell you that you have passed the exam. Could you let me know when he will be back?2.引导宾语从句的that一般可以省略，特别是在非正式的文本中更是如此。但在某些动词（如answer、imply等）之后，一般需要用that；that也常出现在像assure、inform等引述动词之后。在较长的句子里，特别是当that引导的从句与动词隔开时，that一般不可以省略。另外，当宾语从句出现并列现象时，第一个宾语从句可以省略that，而第二个宾语从句中的that却不可以省略。e.g.The dealer told me how much he was prepared to pay for my car and that I could have the money without delay. （ 那个商人告诉我他准备出多少钱买我的汽车，并说我会立即收到钱。）that引导的宾语从句不能放在介词之后。e.g.He boasted about his success.=He boasted that he was successful.（他夸耀他的成功。=他夸耀他成功了。）但在以疑问词开头的名词性从句之前，介词不可以省略。e.g.He boasted about how successful he was. （他夸耀他是多么成功。）3.if和whether作“是否”理解时的意义完全相同，一般可以互换。但在下列情况下，只能用whether，不能用if。(1)在正式文体中，句中有or not时e.g.I wonder whether it is big enough or not. We should be on time whether its a fine day or not.(2)引出主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时e.g.Whether it is true (or not) remains a question.(主语从句) Whether they can stay with their mother is another matter.(主语从句) The problem is whether he has signed the contract.(表语从句)(3)作介词的宾语e.g.Im concerned about whether he has signed the contract (or not).(4)放在不定式前，与不定式组成词组e.g.She hasnt decided whether to go or not.(5)作discuss等动词的宾语e.g.We discussed whether we should close the shop.4.正确区分if和when引导的从句是宾语从句还是状语从句If和when引导宾语从句时，意思分别为“是否”和“何时”，其中谓语动词的时态一般应和主句谓语动词的时态相呼应；他们引导状语从句时，意思分别为“如果，假如”和“当的时候”，若主句中谓语动词的时态是一般将来时，则从句中谓语动词的时态应为一般现在时。e.g.We are not sure if it will rain tomorrow.If it rains,our sports meeting will be put off. When he wake up,he did not know when the train left.5.在think、believe、suppose、imagine、guess等表示思想和情感变化的动词后的宾语从句有否定转移的情况。 e.g.I dont think chickens can swim. (我认为小鸡不会游泳。) I dont believe she will arrive before 7:00. (我相信她不会在7点前到达。) I dont suppose you can help us. (我认为你不会帮助我们。) 6.含宾语从句的反意疑问句(1）陈述部分是含有宾语从句的主从复合句时，附加疑问部分的主语和谓语的人称和数通常与主句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。e.g. He said that he was a good student, didnt he? She never asked me if you could speak English,did she?(2)陈述部分的主句是I think,I believe等时，附加疑问部分的主、谓语的人称和数往往与宾语从句的主、谓语保持对应关系。e.g. I think that she must be our new English teacher, isnt she?I dont think chickens can swim,can they?7.宾语从句的简化（1）hope,agree,decide等动词后的(that)宾语从句中的主语若与主句的主语相同，从句可以简化为动词不定式结构。 e.g.He hoped that he could pass the English exam. He hoped to pass the English exam.（2）see,watch,hear,find等感官动词后的that宾语从句常简化为“宾语+宾语补足语”结构。其中的宾语为that从句中的主语，宾语补足语为省to不定式或V-ing形式。 e.g.Jack heard that the girl sang a song just now. Jack heard the girl sing a song just now.（3）由疑问词引导的宾语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+动词不定式”结构。 e.g.I dont know how I should do it. I dont know how to do it.8.宾语从句与形式宾语it当宾语从句后跟宾语补足语时，通常在宾语从句处使用形式宾语it，而将真正的宾语从句移至句末。 e.g.I think it best that you should stay here. 我认为您最好待在这儿。强化练习一、 单项选择1. The teacher said _B_ you were very clever.A.if B.that C.why D.what2.-What do you think you can do to make money? -I think _D_ I can sell newspapers. A.this B.which C.it D.that3.Our teacher asked me _A_ I know the names of the mascots. A.if B.that C.what4.-I think its going to be a problem. -Yes,it could be. -I wonder _C_ we can do about it. A.what B.how C.if D.that5.I didnt know _A_ they could pass the exam or not. A.whether B.why C.if D.when6.Could you tell me _C_ it is polite to laugh all the time at the table? A.that B.how C.whether D.where7.I dont know _A_ I am free this afternoon. A.if B.that C.what D.when8.Can you tell me _C_ lives on the floor. A.whom B.whose C.who D.which9.-Do you know _B_ the soldiers came to Yingxiu Town? -The roads were badly broken.They had to walk there. A.why B.when C.how D.where10.He is an unpleased man.I dont understand _C_ she married him. A.whether B.if C.why D.how11.While flying,a bat makes a sound which hits things and comes back to its ears.In this way its able to know _A_ the things are and avoid bumping into them. A.how B.where C.what D.which12. -Could you tell me _B_ Jim will come back?-By bus.A.when B.how C.where D.why13.-The Olympic Games are coming soon.Do you know _C_ they are held? -Every four years. A.how soon B.how long C.how often14.-Do you know _B_ it is from here to the gym? -About twenty minuteswalk. A.how long B.how far C.how soon D.how often15.-May I come in? Im sorry I am late. -Come in,please.But could you please tell me _A_? A.why you are late again B.what were you doing then C.who you talked with D.how do you come to school16. -Could you tell me _C_? -He is an actor. A.who he is B.what is he C.what he does17.-Do you know _B_ last night? -Sorry,I dont know.But I think he should go to bed early because he will have an English exam this afternoon. A.when he goes to bed B.when he went to bed D.when did he go to bed18.The shop assistant said he knew _D_? A.where does the manager live B.where the manager lives C.where did the manager live D.where the manager lived19.Do you know _A_? A.whom she is looking after B.who is she looking C.who is she looking after D.whom she is looking20.The plane hasnt arrived yet.Could you tell me _A_? A.why the plane is late B.how is the plane late C.when will the plane arrive D.that the plane arrives21.-Do you know _B_? -Sorry, I dont know. A.where does Jimmy work B.where Jimmy works C.how does Jimmy go to work D.what does Jimmy do22.-Can you tell me _C_? -Yesterday. A.when did he buy the car B.where did he buy the car C.when he bought the car D.where he bought the car23.I wonder _B_. A.how much cost these shoes B.how much these shoes cost C.how much do these shoes cost D.how much are these shoes cost24.The teacher told us that the moon _B_ around the earth. A.moved B.moves C.was moving D.had moved25.She wondered if they _D_ in Shanghai in two days. A.arrive B.arrived C.will arrive D.would arrive26.The shopkeeper said they _A_ the shoes _. A.have sold out,in my size B.sold out,of my size C.had sold out,for my size D.had sold out,in my size27.-Why did Miss Wang look so worried when we saw her? -Because she wondered _D_. A.where did the other students go B.when would the policeman come C.what her students have done during the trip D.if her students had survived the earthquake28.-Could you tell me _A_? -Because she likes her students very much. A.why so many students like the teacher B.why do so many students like the teacher C.why did so many students like the teacher D.why so many students liked the teacher29.-What did you say just now? -I asked _D_. A.that I could open the door B.could I open the door C.how could I open the door D.how I could open the door30.I dont know when Jim _D_.I will meet him at the airport when he _. A.will return,return B.returns,will return C.returned,returned D.will return,returns31.-Mum,_A_ shall we have lunch? -We will have it when your dad _. A.when,returns B.where,returns C.where,will return D.when,will return32.I do not know if my uncle _D_.If he _ ,I will be very happy. A.comes,will come B.will come,will come C.comes,comes D.will come,comes33.I am waiting for my friend._C_ ,I will go shopping alone. A.If she comes B.If she will come C.If she doesnt come D.If she didnt come34.Do you know if he _A_ back in two hours? A.will be B.comes C.has been35.He could hardly believe what she said,_D_? A.didnt he B.did he C.couldnt he D.could he二、按要求答题1.The flower show will start at 9:30 tomorrow.She said.( 合并成一句) She said _ the flower show _ start at 9:30 tomorrow.2.I know him.He is an Olympic wrestling champion.( 合并成一句) I know _ _ is an Olympic wrestling champion.3.Does the earth go around the sun? My son asked the teacher.(合并为含宾语从句的复合句)My son asked the teacher _ the earth _ around the sun.4.I want to know.Is it polite to talk loudly during a meal?(合并成一句) I want to know _ _ polite to talk loudly during a meal.5.Why didnt he look happy?Could you tell me?( 合并为含宾语从句的复合句) Could you tell me why _ _ unhappy?6.I asked him. Whats the most popular food in his restaurant? (合并为含宾语从句的复合句) I asked him _ the most popular food _ in his restaurant.7.I think they will need to cook some soup.(改为否定句) I _ _ they will need to cook some soup.8.I think we can sell newspapers to raise money.(对划线部分提问) _ _ you think you can _ to raise money?9.I dont know how I can make green tea.(改为简单句) I dont know _ _ make green tea.10.I think the whether will be fine tomorrow.( 对划线部分提问) _ _ you think the whether _ _ _ tomorrow? _ _ you think the whether _ _ tomorrow?11.I dont think you can finish it on time，_ _ ?(改为反意疑问句)