GRE句子填空讲义09杜昶旭.doc

GRE句子填空讲义杜昶旭自由笔记区 透过现象看本质 常见的现象n GRE是所有英语考试中最难的！n GRE比托福难！考完了GRE再看托福就跟玩儿一样！n GRE需要20000单词才行！n GRE的句子都不是人话，正常人从来不这么说！n TOEFL考的是英语能力，GRE考的是考GRE的能力！n 本质究竟如何？n ETS对GRE的阐述The GRE General Test contains three sections that assess knowledge that has been acquired and developed over a long time.GRE综合测试包含三个部分，它们所评测的，是考生长期获得和积累的知识。Verbal Reasoning: Assesses the ability to analyze and evaluate written material and synthesize information obtained from it, analyze relationships among component parts of sentences, and recognize relationships between words and concepts. Content is balanced among the humanities, social sciences and natural sciences.文字推理：评测考生分析和评价文字材料并整合其中所获得的信息的能力，分析句子成分之间的关系的能力，以及理解词与概念之间关系的能力。测试内容涵盖人文科学、社会科学和自然科学。Quantitative Reasoning: Tests basic mathematical skills and understanding of elementary mathematical concepts, as well as the ability to reason quantitatively and solve problems in a quantitative setting. Content is balanced among questions requiring arithmetic, algebra, geometry and data analysis.数量推理：测试考生基本的数学技能和对基本数学概念的理解，以及数量推理和定量解决问题的能力。内容涵盖算术、代数、几何和数据分析等问题。Analytical Writing: Tests critical thinking and analytical writing skills, as well as the ability to articulate and support complex ideas, analyze an argument and sustain a focused and coherent discussion.分析性写作：测试考生独立思考和分析性写作的技能，清晰地阐述和支持复杂观点的能力，以及分析论证过程和进行集中和连贯的讨论的能力。l GRE不是一种“英语考试”，而是“用英语”进行的能力测试（“Test in English”）；n 对比：TOEFL是一种“英语考试”；n 能力：推理、分析、评价、理解、整合、独立思考；n 范围：人文科学、社会科学和自然科学；n 耐心：GRE考查的是知识的积累而不是短时间掌握的技巧。n 缺陷n 分数：GRE分数对于申请的意义以及自我设定目标（参见附表）n ETS对文字推理部分和句子填空的阐述The verbal ability measure is designed to test the ability to reason with words in solving problems. Reasoning effectively in a verbal medium depends primarily upon the ability to discern, comprehend, and analyze relationships among words or groups of words and within larger units of discourse such as sentences and written passages.文字能力的评测通过测试考生在解决问题过程中用单词进行推理的能力来完成。在文字中进行有效推理，主要依赖于辨别、理解和分析词汇、词组、以及更大的语言单位，如句子和文章，之间关系的能力。The purpose of the sentence completion questions is to measure the ability to use the various kinds of cues provided by syntax and grammar to recognize the overall meaning of a sentence. In deciding which of five words or sets of words can best be substituted for blank spaces in a sentence, you must analyze the relationships among the component parts of the incomplete sentence. You must consider each answer choice and decide which completes the sentence in such a way that the sentence has a logically satisfying meaning and can be read as a stylistically integrated whole. Sentence completion questions provide a context within which to analyze the function of words as they relate to and combine with one another to form a meaningful unit of discourse. Some approaches that may be helpful in answering sentence completion questions:句子填空题的目的是测试考生根据各种类型的线索来理解整个句子含义的能力，这些线索由句法和语法体现。在选择5个或5组词汇哪一个是替代句子中的空格的最好选择时，你必须分析残缺句子的组成成分之间的关系。你必须考虑每一个选项，并判断哪个选项填入句子后在逻辑上满足含义，并且能够在文字上读起来完整。句子填空题目提供了可用于分析词汇功能的上下文，因为他们互相关联，从而使得这些文字有意义。下列方法对于解答句子填空题也许会有帮助。 Read the entire incomplete sentence carefully before you consider the answer choices. Be sure you understand the ideas expressed and examine the sentence for possible indications of tone (irony, humor, and the like).在选择答案之前，仔细阅读整个残缺的句子。确定你理解了句子表达的思想，并且检查句子中可能存在的语气标志（讽刺，幽默等）。 Before reading the answer choices, you may find it helpful to fill in the blanks with a word or words of your own that complete the meaning of the sentence. Then examine the answer choices to see if any of them parallels your own completion of the sentence.在阅读选项前，用你自己的一个或几个单词来填充空格使句子含义完整可能会有帮助。然后，检查选项，看看是否有一些和你自己填充的内容一致。 Pay attention to grammatical clues in the sentence. For example, words like although and nevertheless indicate that some qualification or opposition is taking place in the sentence, whereas moreover implies an intensification or support of some idea in the sentence.关注句子中的语法线索。比如，类似although和nevertheless之类的词汇表明句子中存在某些限制或者反义。相反，moreover则表明句子中存在对某些观点的强调或者支持。 If a sentence has two blanks, be sure that both parts of your answer choice fit logically and stylistically into the sentence.如果句子中有两个空格，确定两个部分的答案都能在逻辑上和文法上与句子契合。 When you have chosen an answer, read the complete sentence through to check that it has acquired a logically and stylistically satisfying meaning.选择答案以后，阅读整个句子，检查它是否在逻辑上和文法上满足含义要求。l 两个重要关系：词汇之间的关系和句子之间的关系。n 词汇之间的关系n 句子之间的关系l 两个最终要求：逻辑契合和文法契合。l 两个重要线索：语法和语气n 句子填空题目的感性认知l 引子：我们曾经做过的填空题和GRE的句子填空有什么不同？ 中文填空题目 单句填空 完型填空l GRE填空题目的特征笔记区例1：Melodramas were popular precisely because they offered the audience a world _ of _.(A) berefttheatricality (B) composedadversity (C) fullcircumstantiality (D) deprivedpolarity(E) devoidneutrality例2：Melodramas, which did not present neutral situations, were popular precisely because they offered the audience a world _ of _.(A) berefttheatricality (B) composedadversity (C) fullcircumstantiality (D) deprivedpolarity(E) devoidneutrality例3：Melodramas, which present the stark oppositions between innocence and criminality, virtue and corruption, good and evil, were popular precisely because they offered the audience a world _ of _.(A) berefttheatricality (B) composedadversity(C) fullcircumstantiality (D) deprivedpolarity (E) devoidneutrality小结区1、 GRE不是一种语言考试，而是以测试考生逻辑分析和推理能力为主要目标的能力测试，只不过其测试载体是英语而已；2、 GRE文字推理（Verbal Reasoning）部分的重点在于寻找语言单位之间的关系；3、 GRE句子填空题目的基本设计原则4、 思考：根据上述要求寻找自己的障碍所在。 抓住本质寻方法笔记区 语言障碍的消除n 词汇认知l 单词、词组及固定搭配l 词典选择：韦氏大学词典（第11版）l 针对填空的重点词汇 动词 修饰抽象名词的形容词 抽象名词 与逻辑或语义相关的副词例4：While the delegate clearly sought to _ the optimism that has emerged recently, she stopped short of suggesting that the conference was near collapse and might produce nothing of significance.(A) substantiate (B) dampen (C) encourage(D) elucidate (E) rekindle例5：Just as such apparently basic things as rocks, clouds, and clams are, in fact, intricately structured entities, so the self, too, is not an “elementary particle,” but is _ construction.(A) a complicated (B) a convoluted (C) a distorted(D) an amorphous (E) an illusory例6：Paradoxically, Robinsons excessive denial of the worth of early works of science fiction suggest that she has become quite _ them.(A) reflective about (B) enamored of (C) skeptical of (D) encouraged by (E) offended by n 句法分析l 从基本句型到非简单句复杂句型的生长过程 基本句型：句子主干结构a) SVP（主系表）例：The Chinese were record-keepers.b) SVi（主谓）例：Yellow fever has reappeared.c) SVtO（主谓宾）例：They began observations.d) SVtO1O2（主谓双宾）例：The feeding activities give the seafloor an appearance.e) SVtOOc（主谓宾宾补）例：The possession of gifts engenders the propensity to abuse them. 简单句：只有一套主谓结构的句子。a) 简单句 = 基本句型（句子主干）+ 非主干成分b) 非主干成分：定语、状语、同位语、插入语。c) 简单句分析之重点词汇：动词、介词短语、分词及分词短语、动词不定式、形容词及形容词短语、副词及副词短语The Chinese were assiduous record-keepers.Yellow fever, the disease, has reappeared after nearly two decades in abeyance in the Western Hemisphere.They began systematic astronomical and weather observations shortly after the ancient Egyptians.The feeding activities of whales and walruses give the seafloor of the Bering Shelf a devastated appearance.The possession of great gifts engenders the propensity to abuse them. 并列句和复杂句：两套或两套以上主谓结构的句子。a) 关联元素：引导并列或主从句的词汇和符号，包括连词、关系代词、冒号和分号。b) 非简单句 = 简单句 + 关联元素 +简单句 + 关联元素 + 简单句 + i. 主句专一原则：n个简单句构成的非简单句，有且仅有n-1个句间关联元素。ii. 并列连词：连接结构、功能、性质均相同的成分。(fanboys: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)iii. 几种常见的从句的形式1. 宾语/表语从句u S + Vt. + that/if/whether/what + Clause.（that-/if-/whether-完整句；what-非完整句）2. 主语从句u That/If/Whether/What + Clause + V. + （that-/if-/wheter-完整句；what-非完整句）u It + Vi. + that + Clause. / It + be + adj. + that + Clause.（完整句）3. 定语从句u n. + relative pron. (that/which/who/whom/as) + Clause（非完整句）u n. + relative conj. (when/where/why) + Clause（完整句）u n. + prep. + relative pron. (except that and as) + Clause（完整句）4. 同位语从句u n. + that + Clause（完整句）5. 状语从句u Conj. (Because/Although/If/While/) + Clause（完整句）c) 非简单句分析之重点词汇：关联元素The Chinese, who began systematic astronomical and weather observations shortly after the ancient Egyptians, were assiduous record-keepers, and because of this, can claim humanitys longest continuous documentation of natural events.Yellow fever, the disease that killed 4,000 Philadelphians in 1793, and so decimated Memphis, Tennessee, that the city lost its charter, has reappeared after nearly two decades in abeyance in the Western Hemisphere.Although the feeding activities of whales and walruses give the seafloor of the Bering Shelf a devastated appearance, these activities seem to be actually beneficial to the area, enhancing its productivity. The poet W. H. Auden believed that the greatest poets of his age were almost necessarily irresponsible, that the possession of great gifts engenders the propensity to abuse them. 特殊句型a) 倒装：部分倒装和完全倒装b) 强调：It + be + 强调成分 + that/who + 其他成分c) 省略：关联元素省略（定语从句和宾语从句）和It is省略小结区1、 从“Foreigner”到“Native”的成长过程需要强化语言基础；2、 GRE填空要求的语言能力a) 词汇（词组）认知和推断能力b) 句子结构分析和认知能力c) 句子成分及成分之间关系的认知和理解能力d) 残缺含义把握能力（语言逻辑）3、 句子理解的关键a) 非简单句：以关联元素为对象进行句子切分；b) 简单句：以谓语动词为中心进行成分划分；4、 练习：用GRE阅读中的句子做句子分析。 分析障碍的消除n 构建正常的逻辑链l 逻辑关系识别 标志：关联元素、动词、副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式、各种固定词组等 用自己的逻辑对下列句子的空格进行判断。Although the minuet appeared simple, its _ steps had to be studied very carefully before they could be gracefully _ in public. （关联元素之连词）The _ questions that consistently structure the study of history must be distinguished from merely _ questions, which have their day and then pass into oblivion.（关联元素之关系代词）Longdale and Stern discovered that mitochondria and chloroplasts _ a long, identifiable sequence of DNA; such a coincidence could be _ only by the transfer of DNA between the two systems. （关联元素之分号）It is difficult to distinguish between the things that charismatic figures do _ and those that are carefully contrived for effect.（动词）Paradoxically, Englands colonization of North America was _ by its success: the increasing prosperity of the colonies diminished their dependence upon, and hence their loyalty to, their home country.（副词）By divesting himself of all regalities, the former king _ the consideration that customarily protects monarchs.（介词短语）Parts of seventeenth-century Chinese pleasure gardens were not necessarily intended to look _: they were designed expressly to evoke the agreeable melancholy resulting from a sense of the _ of natural beauty and human glory.（关联元素之冒号、分词短语）To test the _ of borrowing from one field of study to enrich another, simply investigate the extent to which terms from the one may, without forcing, be _ the other.（不定式）Just as such apparently basic things as rocks, clouds, and clams are, in fact, intricately structured entities, so the self, too, is not an “elementary particle,” but is _ construction.（固定词组） 广义的同义、反义概念a) 在句子填空中，逻辑关系所表达的，是句子中两个部分的同义或反义关系。b) 句子填空中所指的是广义的同义、反义关系广义的同义概念广义的反义概念c) 所有的逻辑关系都可以归纳为广义的同义或者反义关系i. 同义逻辑关系：因果关系、递进关系、复指关系、修饰解释关系ii. 反义逻辑关系：让步转折关系、对比关系笔记区1. Because no comprehensive _ exist regarding personal reading practices, we do not know, for example, the greatest number of books read in an individual lifetime.(A) records (B) instincts (C) remedies 笔记区(D) proposals (E) commercials2. By divesting himself of all regalities, the former king _ the consideration that customarily protects monarchs.(A) merited (B) forfeited (C) debased (D) concealed (E) extended3. The spellings of many old English words have been _ in the living language, although their pronunciations have changed.(A) preserved (B) shortened (C) preempted(D) revised (E) improved4. Old age, even in cultures where it is _, is often viewed with _.(A) veneratedambivalence (B) raresurprise (C) ignoredcondescension(D) feareddismay (E) honoredrespectl 基于逻辑的推断 逻辑所在的层次：句子词汇 收敛逻辑推断：越直接，越正确例1：GRE填空教程是由_编写的。例2：十五岁的小张_。例3：Hydrogen is the _ elements of the universe in that it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.(A) steadiest (B) expendable (C) lightest (D) final (E) fundamental例4：The disjunction between educational objectives that stress independence and individuality and those that emphasize obedience to rules and cooperation with others reflects a _ that arises from the values on which these objectives are based.(A) conflict (B) redundancy (C) gain (D) predictability (E) wisdomn 语义分析方法l 语义场和语义场线 基本概念：重复和指代a) 重复b) 指代 语义分析实例Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they are told to do. The reason for this lies, of course, in the narrow fixation of the computing machines intelligence on the details of its own perceptionsits inability to be guided by any large context. In a psychological description of the computer intelligence, three related adjectives come to mind: single-minded, literal-minded, and simpleminded. Recognizing this, we should at the same time recognize that this single-mindedness, literal-mindedness, and simplemindedness also characterizes theoretical mathematics, though to a lesser extent.l 语义分析的原则l 语义分析的几个重要概念 正/负评价 正/负动作 正/负假定法l 语义分析的两重对应关系 内容对应a) 已知未知：根据已有内容判断空格内容b) 已知已知：与空格有关的非空格部分的对应 关系对应a) 未知v.s.未知：两个空格之间的关系判断同义/反义b) 已知v.s.未知：两个已知部分的关系与空格所在部分元素的关系进行对应笔记区1. Heavily perfumed white flowers, such as gardenias, were favorites with collectors in the eighteenth century, when _ was valued much more highly than it is today.(A) scent (B) beauty (C) elegance (D) color (E) variety2. Dreams are _ in and of themselves, but, when combined with other data, they can tell us much about the dreamer.(A) uninformative (B) startling (C) harmless 笔记区(D) unregulated (E) uncontrollable 3. In the machinelike world of classical physics, the human intellect appears _, since the mechanical nature of classical physics does not _ creative reasoning, the very ability that had made the formulation of classical principles possible.(A) anomalousallow for (B) abstractspeak to (C) anachronisticdeny (D) enduringvalue (E) contradictoryexclude4. Carruthers latest literary criticism _ her reputation for trenchant commentary; despite its intriguing title and the fulsome praise on its dust jacket, it is nothing more than a collection of _.(A) reinforcespronouncements (B) beliesplatitudes(C) prejudicesinsights (D) advancesaphorisms (E) underminesjudgments5. A good doctor knows that knowledge about medicine will continue to _ and that, therefore, formal professional training can never be an _ guide to good practice.(A) varyadaptable (B) changeabsolute (C) ossifyinflexible (D) pertaininvaluable(E) intensifyobsolescentu 先推哪个空格没有限制，关键在于你自己能够掌握的重复信息和关键元素。很多时候，解题的线索都不止一条。7. Natures energy efficiency often _ human technology: despite the intensity of the light fireflies produce, the amount of heat is negligible; only recently have humans developed chemical light-producing systems whose efficiency _ the fireflys system.(A) engendersmanipulates (B) reflectssimulates(C)outstripsrivals (D) inhibitsmatches (E) determinesreproduces8. Parts of seventeenth-century Chinese pleasure gardens were not necessarily intended to look _; they were designed expressly to evoke the agreeable melancholy resulting from a sense of the _ of natural beauty and human glory.(A) beautifulimmutability (B) cheerfultransitoriness(C) colorfulabstractness (D) luxuriantsimplicity(E) conventionalwildness小结区1、 句子分析的两个层面：逻辑和语义2、 句子填空的解题原则：逻辑定正反，语义定内容3、 逻辑a) 广义的同、反义关系；b) 越直接的逻辑关系越正确；c) 避免发散逻辑。4、 语义a) 结合逻辑获取完整信息链；b) 遇到重复立刻标记，遇到代词立刻明确其指代对象。5、 练习：利用GRE阅读文章进行逻辑和语义标记练习。 利用方法解问题 解题步骤 分类解析（按逻辑关系划分）n 因果关系l 关键元素 明显因果关系词：because (of), for, as, since, in that, be due to, owing to, so, so that, hence, thus, therefore, thereby, as a result (of), consequently, accordingly, and 隐含因果关系词a) “导致、造成”：lead to, cause, render, engender, result in, give rise to, make, produce, support, stimulate, spur, spark, fuel, push, motivate, be responsible for, sothat, soas tob) “由而来”：derive from, result from, come from, on the basis of, for the reason that, spring from, initiate from, originate from, be responsive to, attributed toc) “反映、体现”：reflect, present, portray, bespeak, imply, underlying, demonstrate, suggestd) “考虑到，依赖于”：given, considering, on account of, in view of, by, by way of, rely on, depend on, resort to, according toe) 条件关系词：if, when, while, once, as, as soon as, as long asf) 分词短语、不定式、独立主格、虚拟条件等作状语表原因笔记区1. Queen Elizabeth I has quite correctly been called a _ of the arts, because many young artists received her patronage.(A) connoisseur (B) critic (C) friend (D) scourge (E) judge2. He was regarded by his followers, as something of _, not only because of his insistence on strict discipline, but also because of his _ adherence to formal details.(A) a martinetrigid (B) an authoritysporadic (C) a tyrantreluctant (D) a fraudconscientious (E) an acolytemaniacal笔记区3. The successful _ of an archaeological site requires scientific knowledge as well as cultural _.(A) evolutionawareness (B) revelationdepth (C) reconstructionsensitivity (D) analysisaesthetics(E) synthesisunderstanding4. The results of the experiments performed by Elizabeth Hazen and Rachel Brown were _ not only because these results challenged old assumptions but also because they called the _ methodology into question.(A) provocativeprevailing (B) predictablecontemporary (C) inconclusivetraditional (D) intriguingprojected (E) speciousoriginal5. Documenting sciences _ philosophy would be _, since it is almost axiomatic that many philosophers use scientific concepts as the foundations for their speculations.(A) distrust ofelementary (B) influence onsuperfluous (C) reliance oninappropriate (D) dependence ondifficult(E) differences fromimpossible6. The English novelist William Thackeray considered the cult of the criminal so dangerous that he criticized Dickens Oliver Twist for making the characters in the thieves kitchen so _.(A) threatening (B) riveting (C) conniving (D) fearsome (E) irritating7. Reads apology to Heflin was not exactly abject and did little to _ their decades-long quarrel, which had been as _ as the academic etiquette of scholarly journals permitted.(A) encouragesporadic (B) dampencourteous(C) obscureceremonious (D) resolveacrimonious (E) blursarcastic8. Scholars sense of the uniqueness of the central concept of “the state” at the time when political science became an academic field quite naturally led to striving for a correspondingly _ mode of study.(A) thorough (B) distinctive (C)dependable (D) scientific (E) dynamic9. To test the _ of borrowing from one field of study to enrich another, simply investigate the extent to w