高一定语从句整合.doc

定语从句概要： 引导定语从句的关联词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, whose, who, whom, as；关系副词有when, where, why。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都充当一定的句法成份。关系代词在从句中充当动词的宾语时一般可以省略。 关系代词的选用比较复杂，受下列条件的制约： (1) 要看先行词是指人还是指物， (2) 要看关系代词在从句中句法功能， (3) 要看定语从句是限定性的还是非限定性的。 在选择用哪个关系词，首先要找出先行词，分析先行词是指人指物，前有什么词修饰；其次分析，这个关系词在从句里边做的是什么成分，是主语，宾语，宾语补足语，还是状语成分。若是做状语成分那就一般用的是关系副词（一般而言，关系副词的选用相对来说比较简单，如果先行词是表示时间的名词，如time, day 等，则用when, 如先行词为表示地点的名词，如place, house, area 等等，则选用where。如果先行词为reason 则选用why ），其余一般用关系代词。I will never forget the mountain village where I spent my childhood. I will never forget the mountain village in which I spent my childhood. 我永远也不会忘记我度过童年的那个小山村。 I dont know the reason why he did that. 关系副词的用法及说明（注意点）关系副词why关系副词why主要用于修饰表示原因的名词（主要是the reason），同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。如： We dont know the reason why he didnt show up. 我们不知道他为什么没有来。 She didnt tell me the reason why she refused the offer. 她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原因。 与关系副词when和where不同，why可以换成that或省略。如： Thats one of the reasons (why, that) I asked you to come. 这就是我请你来的原因之一。 另外，与关系副词when和where可以引导非限制性定语从句不一样，why只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句。如： 他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。 误：The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank. 正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank. 关系副词when关系副词when主要用于修饰表示时间的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。如： There comes a time when you have to make a choice. 你必须作出抉择的时候到了。 Gone are the days when they could do what they liked. 他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。 注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词，就以为一定要用关系副词when来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分如果在定语从句中用作时间状语，就用when；如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用when，而要用that, which等。如： Dont forget the time (that, which) Ive told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。 关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语，正因为是用作宾语，所以也可以省略。 关系副词where关系副词where主要用于修饰表示地点的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语。如： This is the village where he was born. 这就是他出生的村子。 Thats the hotel where we were staying last summer. 这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。 与前面when的情况一样，注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词，就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分如果在定语从句中用作地点状语，就用where；如果在定语从句中不是用作地点状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用where，而要用that, which等。如： He works in a factory that which makes TV sets. 他在一家电视机厂工作。 关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作主语。 另外注意，where有时还可用于抽象名词后引导定语从句。如： We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的地步。 There are cases where the word “mighty” is used as an adverb. 在一些情况下，mighty一词可用作副词。 He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. 他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。 通常关系副词也可以用“介词+关系代词”来代替关系副词：在句中作状语 关系副词=介词+关系代词 Why=for which where=in/ at/ on which（介词同先行词搭配） When=during/ on/ in/ which（介词同先行词搭配）引导定语从句的关系代词有：that（指人或物），which（指物），who (指人）。指人时可用that或who ；指物时可用that 或which ；但有时只能用that，不能用which。常见的情况有下列五种：1） 当先行词是：all , any , anything , everything , nothing或被它们修饰时。如：Is there anything that I can do for you? 有什么可以为你做的吗？All that can be done must be done. 凡是能做的都必须做。2）当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。例如： That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop. 那是这家书店出售的最有趣的书之一。The first thing that we should do is to get some food. 我们该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。 3）当先行词有：the only , the very , the same , the last 等修饰时。例如： My necklace is not the only thing thats missing. 我的项链不仅是丢掉的东西。4）当主句以who或which开头时，定语从句中引导词用that ,不用which 或who 。例如：Who is the girl that is wearing a red coat? 正穿一件红色外套的女孩子是谁？5）当先行词既有人又有物时，用that 。例如： The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really well known. 你刚才谈起的那位作家以及他的小说确实很著名。定语从句中只能使用关系词which不使用that的情况主要有：1. 在非限制性定语从句中只能使用关系词which，不能使用关系词that2. 在“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能使用关系词which，不能使用that关系代词在定语从句中有时也作介词的宾语。如果介词被置于关系代词前，一般只用介词加which 或介词加whom，而不用介词加that来引导定语从句。如果介词被置于从句句末，则可以使用that来代替which或whom，这时的that可以省略。 This is the ring on which she spent 1,000 dollars. 这就是她花了一千美元买的那枚戒指。 One of my colleagues whom you are familiar with will come today. One of my colleagues that you are familiar with will come today. One of my colleagues you are familiar with will come today. 我的一个同事，就是你非常熟悉的那个人，今天要过来。还有一种定语从句，它的结构是：the same . as, such as 这里的as 可以指人或物，这里的as 引导的是限定性定语从句： Such furniture as is very popular is expensive. 一种很受欢迎的家具价钱昂贵。 We have successfully done the same experiment as you did. 你做过的那个试验我们已经成功地做完了。 It wasnt such a computer as the advertisement had promised. 这种电脑可不是广告中说的那种电脑。 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限定性定语从句与主句关系密切，为句中不可缺少的部分，如去掉，主句意思就不完整了。而非限定性定语从句与主句关系松散，如果去掉了，主句内容仍然完整。在书面语中非限定性定语从句一般补逗号隔开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that 引导。引导非限定性定语从句的关系词不可省略。 His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on. 他的讲话没完没了，真让人烦。 The generals daughter, whose name is Jane, gave me a sweet smile. 将军的女儿名叫珍妮。她冲我笑了笑，笑得好甜啊。 非限定性定语从句中，先行词也可以是整个句子，一般用which 或as 来引导定语从句，which在从句中可充当主语、宾语等，as 在从句中一般只充当主语，which 与as 引导这类定语从句的区别在于：which 只能放在句子当中或句子末尾，而as 的位置比较灵活，可以放在句子当中、句子末尾，也可以放在句首。 As is known to all, too much stress can cause disease. Too much stress can cause disease, as is known to all. Too much stress can cause disease, which is known to all. 【众所周知，压力太大了，人会得病的。】 Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which is known to all. As is known to all, Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. 【众所周知，水是由氢和氧组成的。】 Where(关系副词引导的定语从句和从属连词引导的状语从句的区别)where引导定语从句时, where是关系副词, 在从句中作地点状语, 其前面有表示地点的先行词, where引导的从句修饰先行词。例如: The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here. 我买这本书的那个书店离这里不远。 This is the house where I lived two years ago. 这就是我两年前住的那个房子。We will start at the point where we left off. 我们将从上次停下来的地方开始。二、where引导状语从句时, where是从属连词, where引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词, where前面没有表示地点的先行词。例如: Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Han Jiang River meet. 武汉位于长江和汉江汇合处。 Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions. 在有疑问的地方做一个记号。 I found my books where I had left them. 我在我原来放书的地方找到了我的书。 有时, where引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件含义, 可放在主句的前面, 而where引导的定语从句则不能。例如: Where there is a will, there is a way. 谚语有志者事竟成。 Where there is water, there is life. 有水的地方就有生命。