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一、 重点词汇mine ventilation 矿山通风 dilute 冲淡 contaminant 污染物standard atmospheric pressure 标准大气压 exhaust shaft 出风井 mine quantity 风量 static head 静压水头 velocity head 速度水头 elevation or potential head 位置水头 incompressible fluid 不可压缩流体(3)face 工作面 entry 水平巷道 crosscut 石门；短联络横巷 air leakage漏风defender优点 outspoken critic 缺点 line brattice 纵向风障 auxiliary fan 局部通风机 heading 平巷 blowing (or blower） system 压入式系统 exhaust system 抽出式系统methane buildup 瓦斯积聚 （4）fan in series 串联风机 fans in parallel 并联风机 axial-flow fan 轴流式风机 centrifugal fan 离心式风机 variable-pitch 可变安装角 characteristic curve 特性曲线 blade 叶片 power output 输出功率 power input. 输入功率 Mechanical Ventilation 机械式通风 （5）downcast shaft 进风竖井 drift 水平巷道 slope 斜井 adit 平硐 intake airway进风巷 return airway回风巷 upcast shaft回风竖井 stopping风墙 seal 密闭 stratum地层 spontaneous combustion 自燃 door风门 airlock风闸 interlock devices 互锁装置（6）ventilation network 通风网络 dead-end 独头巷道 junction (node) 节点mass flow 质量流量 volume flow 体积流量 mesh 网孔datum【测】基点线, 基准面 loop 回路 kinetic energy 动能 （7）branch 分支 propane 丙烷 carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 Stratification 分层 Buoyancy 浮力 diffuse boundary 扩散边界Turbulence 湍流 hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物（烃类） carbon monoxide 一氧化碳（8）rank 品级 bituminous 烟煤 anthracite 无烟煤 igneous地火成的natural fracture原生裂隙 cleat【地质】割理 porosity 多孔性sorptive吸附的 Permeability渗透性 free gas自由状态瓦斯adsorbed gas吸附状态瓦斯 voidage孔隙 adsorption isotherm吸附等温线Methane drainage 瓦斯抽放 （9）combustible 易燃物；可燃 conflagration大火 propagation 蔓延 smouldering闷烧, 低温炼焦, 低温干馏 distilled由蒸馏得来的igniting source 点火源 vicinity附近 fire extinguisher 灭火器flammable liquid 易燃液体 the coupled interaction 相互作用英汉翻译第3课There are basically two methods of ventilating the blind entries ahead of the last open crosscut: the use of line brattices or the installation of auxiliary fans. Each technique has its defenders as well as its outspoken critics.（第二段）对最后一个连通石门前的独头平巷进行通风，有两种主要方法：使用纵向风障和安装局部通风机。每一种方法都有它的优点和缺点。Since the blowing system produces a high velocity of air at the face, it achieves superiorgas dilution, but the air, now contaminated with gas and dust, returns over the machine and its operator. As a result, this system is rarely used today. The more commonly employed exhaust system, with intake air coming in on the wide side of the brattice and returning on the narrow side, eliminates this problem because the fresh air passes over the machine operator before it reached the face. However, since the air velocity provided at the face by the exhausted system is low, it does a less effective job of diluting the gas there. （第四段中间）由于压入式系统在工作面附近提供了的风速较高，因此瓦斯能够得到很好的稀释。但是，由于含有瓦斯和粉尘的污浊风流流经机器和操作人员，所以现在很少采用这种系统。现在，广泛采用的是抽出式系统，在这个系统中，风流从风障较宽的一侧流入，从较窄的一侧排出，由于新鲜风流首先流经采煤机的操作人员，然后才到达工作面，所以消除了压入式系统产生的问题。然而，因为抽出式系统在工作面附近提供的风速较低，因此，它的瓦斯稀释效果不好。A blower system can be installed as shown in Fig. 1 (A) 8. There is no problem in delivering more than 1 416 L/s of air through 30 m of 45 cm-diam tubing with reasonable pressure and horsepower. Even with the end of the tubing as far as 10.6 m from the face, adequate dilution can be achieved with methane liberations of as much as 9.4 L/s. The disadvantage of such a blower system is that dust-and gas-laden air passes over the machine operator, and a methane buildup can occur out by the machine. Because of the difficulty of controlling dust, this technique is seldom used today.（第6段）压入式系统的安装如图18.1（A）所示。该系统释放超过1416升秒的具有适度压力和功率的风流，流经长度为30米、直径为45厘米的管道，这不存在任何问题。甚至当管道距离工作面有10.6米远，该系统也能够充分稀释释放量为9.4升秒的瓦斯。压入式系统的缺点是含有粉尘和瓦斯的污浊风流流经采掘机操作人员，并且在采煤机附近能够产生瓦斯聚集。由于很难控制粉尘，这种方法目前很少使用。The exhaust system shown in Fig. 1(B) eliminates the passage of contaminated air over the machine operator, and effectively removes the dust from the working environment. However, even when an airflow of 2630 L/s is maintained through an 45cm tubing 30 m long and ending within 2.1 m of the face, it is not uncommon to have the far corner gas up. When the tubing is allowed to lag back from the face 4.5 to 6 m, it is not uncommon for the entire face to gas up. By this time, the operator is between the end of the tubing and the face and is exposed to contaminated air, so this is a situation that must not be allowed to occur.（第七段）图18.1（B）所示的抽出式系统消除了污浊空气流经采掘机操作人员的通道，有效地除去工作环境中的粉尘。不过，即使当2630升秒的风流流经直径为45厘米，长度为30米，端部距离工作面在2.1米以内的管道时，远而偏的隅角仍有瓦斯聚集。当管道滞后于工作面4.5到6米时，整个工作面都会有瓦斯聚集。这时，在管道端部和工作面之间的操作人员暴露在污浊气流中，因此这种情况不允许发生。第4课The general fan laws are the same for either axial-flow or centrifugal fans. The only differences are in the individual characteristics of power, pressure and air volumes.不论是轴流式扇风机还是离心式扇风机，其一般规律都是相同的。它们的不同处仅仅是功率、压力和风量的个体特性。Fan Laws- These are as follows:风机的规律如下：1. Air quantity varies directly as fan speed 1. Quantity is independent of air density (twice the volume requires twice the speed).1. 风量和风机转速成正比。风量和风流的密度无关（风量要增大到两倍需要转速增大到两倍）。2. Pressures induced vary directly as fan speed squared, and directly as density (twice the volume develops four times the pressure).2产生的压力和风机转速平方成正比，与密度成正比（风量增大到两倍引起压力增大到四倍）。3. The fan power-input varies directly as the fan speed cubed and directly as the air density (twice the volume requires eight time the power).3. 风机输入功率和风机转速的立方成正比与密度成正比（风量增大到两倍需要功率增大到八倍）。4. The mechanical efficiency of the fan is independent of fan speed and air density.4风机的机械效率与风机转速和风流密度无关。The performance of a fan in a ventilating system is determined by its characteristic curve and the mine resistance if acting alone on the system在通风系统中，如果一台风机单独运行，那么该风机的性能决定于它的特性曲线和矿井的阻力The amount of airflow induce in a mine will depend on fan characteristic and mine resistance. 在矿井中所产生的风量依赖于风机特性和矿井阻力。Fan in series-Fan operating in series are those operating on the same flow circuit, each handling the total flow of the circuit and each generating a part of the total pressure required to balance the pressure losses of circuit. 串联运行的风机指的是运行在同一风路中的风机，每个扇风机通过风路中的整个流量并产生需要的一部分总分压以补偿风路压力的损失。Fans in Parallel-Fans may be used in parallel to increase the air volume against changed mine resistance. 并联风机风机可并联使用以便在矿井阻力变化时增大风量。第5课equipped with blow-out panels to help protect the fan in case of a mine explosion配备冲击板（防爆门）以在煤矿发生爆炸时，起到保护风机的作用。When these are no longer required for access or ventilation, they should be blocked by stoppings in order to prevent short-circuiting of the airflow. 当巷道不再需要通过或通风，那么应用风墙封闭，以防止风流短路。第6课Any integrated ventilation system can be represented as a schematic diagram （可能是汉译英）任何一个完整的通风系统都可以用一个示意图来表示The points at which branches connect are known simply as junctions or nodes.分支相连接的点简称为交叉点或者节点。Kirchhoffs first law states that the mass flow entering a junction equals the mass flow leaving that junction 基尔霍夫第一定律说明了流入某交叉点的质量流量等于流出该交叉点的质量流量The simplest statement of Kirchhoffs second law applied to ventilation networks is that the algebraic sum of all pressure drops around a closed path, or mesh, in the network must be zero, having taken into account the effects of fans and ventilating pressures. 应用于通风网络的基尔霍夫第二定律最简单的形式为：把风机和其它压力源的影响考虑在内，网络中一个闭和回路或者网孔中所有压差的代数和必等于零。第7课It is generally assumed when referring to gases in the mining environment that the interest is in toxic gases, however, the concentration of nontoxic gases, such as oxygen, can be of importance. 一提到矿山环境中的气体，人们一般相当然地关心有毒气体。然而，无毒气体的浓度，例如氧气，也很重要。the reduction of oxygen in the air may also pose a risk to life because oxygen is needed to sustain life.空气中氧气的减少对生命形成了危险，因为氧气是维持生命所必须的。The term gas refers to the physical state of a substance at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure that, when unconfined, expands to fill the space it occupies. 术语气体指的是某物质在室温和标准大气压力下的物理状态，当不受约束时，气体能够膨胀，充满它所占的空间Because of turbulence and diffusion, the package of gas is diluted to the point where it differs little from air alone.由于湍流和扩散作用，气体束被稀释到和空气自身差别很小。Traditionally, mine rescue teaching about gas properties focused on the density of pure gases. However, gases in a workplace in emergency situations are often not pure, but are mixed with air and other gases. Pure gases seldom exist in the workplace. When they do, it is likely that the gas was released from a pressurized vessel discharging uncontrollably. Even a leak of pure, pressurized gas will not perform like a pure gas as the distance from the leaking vessel and turbulence increases. Eventually, the leaking gas will mix with the surrounding air as it moves away from the source of the leak.传统上讲，矿山救护在讲授气体性质时一般指的是纯气体的浓度。然而，在突发事件下进入工作地点的气体通常不纯，而混入空气或者其他气体。纯净的气体很少在工作面存在。当确实存在时，很可能是气体从受压容器在失控卸压时释放出来。即使纯的受压气体的泄露，随着离泄露容器的距离增加，涡流的程度增强，其行为也不象纯的气体那样。最终，当泄露气体移离泄露地点时，它将混入周围的空气。There are other physical properties of gases, such as taste, colour, and odour, that may or may not be helpful as warning properties. For example, the property of colour is often best observed with pure gases. Workers may or may not be able to smell a gas (depending on its concentration). Therefore, in an emergency, these properties may serve little purpose in understanding the toxic nature of a gas when it has been mixed with mine air.气体还有一些其他物理性质，例如味道、颜色、气味。这些性质作为预兆特性可能有用，也可能无用。例如颜色特性通常最能观察道纯净气体。工人可能够闻到气体，也可能够闻不到气体，这取决于气体的浓度。因此，在紧急情况下，这些特性作为了解混入矿山空气中气体的毒性意义不大。第8课There are three mechanisms by which gas is stored within the coal seams.About 90 per cent of the gas is absorbed onto the coal surface within the matrix pore structure, the remainder exists as free gas in the natural fracture (cleat) systems of the seams or is dissolved within the seam water气体通过三种途径保存在煤层当中。90%的气体是吸附在煤层表面的微孔矩阵结构中，剩余的气体以自由状态存在于煤层的原生裂隙（节理）当中或者溶解到煤层的水中。Methane exists within coal in two distinct forms, generally referred to as free gas and adsorbed gas. 存在于煤中的瓦斯有两种截然不同的形式，通常称为自由状态瓦斯和吸附状态瓦斯。An attractive force exists between the surfaces of some solids and a variety of gases. 吸引力存在于一些固体表面和各种气体之间。Figure 1 illustrates the variation of both total and adsorbed methane with respect to gas pressure and at constant temperature. 图1描述了总瓦斯和吸收瓦斯在温度不变的情况下与瓦斯压力的变化关系。These methods of pre-drainage and postdrainage have only been partially successful in controlling the gas inflow into mines. 这些预抽和后抽的方法，只能部分成功地控制瓦斯涌入到煤矿中。第9课Fires that occur in mine airways usually commence from a single point of ignition. The initial fire is often quite small and, indeed, most fires are extinguished rapidly by prompt local action. Speed is of the essence. An energetic ignition that remains undetected, even for only a few minutes, can develop into a conflagration that becomes difficult or impossible to deal with. Sealing off the district or mine may then become inevitable.发生在矿井风巷中的火灾通常开始于一点的燃烧。最初火势非常小，实际上只要能够及时地进行局部处理，大多数火灾都能被立即扑灭。快速的行动是非常重要的。旺盛的燃烧如果未被发现，那么即使只有几分钟，也能够发展为大火，从而很难或者不可能扑灭了。因而，封闭区域或者整个矿井可能变得不可避免了。Conversely, the availability of oxygen to the fire site controls the development of the fire. 相反，减少提供给火灾地点氧气能控制火灾的发展。The majority of open fires can be extinguished quickly if prompt action is taken. 如果及时行动，大部分明火都能够扑灭。Neither water nor foam should be used where electricity is involved until it is certain that the power has been switched off. 电力火灾既不能用水也不能用泡沫灭火，除非确定电源已关。先传后面几课的，仅供参考，准确度不定。加粗的比较重要。重点是前面几课，特别是第一二课。
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