英语词汇学Unit01Introductiontolexicology.ppt

EnglishLexicology Introduction References 1 林福炎 现代英语词汇学 M 安徽教育出版社 1985 2 王文斌 英语词汇文学 M 浙江教育出版社 2001 3 陆国强 现代英语词汇 M 上海外语教育出版社 1999 4 秦秀白 英语简史 M 湖南教育出版社 1983 5 汪榕培 英语词汇学研究 M 上海外语出版社 2000 6 汪榕培 卢晓娟 英语词汇学教程 M 上海外语教育出版社 1997 7 张维友 英语词汇学教程 M 华中师范大学出版社 1997 lexicology 0 INTRODUCTIONWhatislexicology Whatisaword Whatdoesitmeantoknowaword HowmanywordsarethereinEnglish HowmanyofthesewordsdoIknow Aims Study structures meaningsandmeaningrelations Examine situationanditsdevelopmentConsider howtoanalyzeandexplaintheproblemsrelatedtowordsOutline learningstrategies lexicologyGeekmorphemes Lexi meaning word phrase lexicos havingtodowithwords or forwords logos notes adepartmentofknowledge vocabulary lexis lexicon dictionary 1 IntroductiontoEnglishLexicology 1 1 1Whatisaword 1 1 2Lexis lexicalitem lexicalunit lexiconLexeme lemma1 1 3Whatisvocabulary 1 1 4Whatislexicology 1 1 1ADefinitionofaWordAwordisasoundorcombinationofsoundsformingaunitofthegrammarorvocabularyofalanguage OxfordAdvancedLearner sDictionaryofCurrentEnglish OALDCE Awordisoneormoresoundswhichcanbespoken together torepresentanidea object action LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish LDCE aminimalfreeformofalanguage asoundunity aunitofmeaning aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction SoundandMeaning tworivalschoolsofthought theNaturalists 自然派 theConventionalists 惯例派 theNaturalists 自然派 maintainthatthereisanaturalconnectionbetweensoundandmeaninganintrinsiccorrespondencebetweensoundandsense inonomatopoeiatalkingbyiconicsignstoimitatethesounds 2 theConventionalists 惯例派 Relationsareconventionalandarbitrary nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandmeaning akindoflinguisticsocialcontrast 一种社会契约 e g dog desk chairNotbecausethesoundandthreelettersthatmakeupthewordautomaticallysuggesttheanimalinquestion Itisonlyasymbolicconnection thesamephonologicalformmayconveydifferentmeaning e g meet meat meteKnight nightAwordisasymbolthatstandsoutforsthelseintheworld nologicalrelationship differentlanguages sameconcept thesamephonologicalformmayconveydifferentmeaning e g Whatisinaname Thatwhichwecallarose Byanyothernamewouldsmellassweet 香气馥郁 e g woman femme f n thesamemeaninghavedifferentphonologicalformsindifferentlanguagesdifferentlanguagessameconceptThewrittenformofanaturelanguageistheorthographicalrecordoftheoralform Soundshouldbeconsistentwiththeform Classificationofwords Intermsoforigin nativewordsIntermsofmeaningandfunction notionalwords functionalwordsIntermsofusefrequency basicwordstock non basicvocabulary Therearealargeportionofthevocabularythatdoesnotbelongtothecommoncore suchasterminology jargon slang argot neologism literarywords nonbasicvocabulary terminology 专业术语 jargon行话 slang 俚语 argot 黑话 dialectal 方言 terminology photoscanning 扫描 penicillin 盘尼西林 algebra 代数 jargon bottomline 必然结果 bargainingchip谈判各方的优势slang grassandpot 毒品大麻 smoky bear police X rays radar argot can opener all purposekey dip pick pocket dialectal auld Scot old coo Scot cow 1 1 2 Lexis lexicon lexeme 词项是词典的组成单位 包含词的读音 词性 词义 语义特征和句法特征等 Lexisisusedinterchangeablywithvocabulary Whenwerefertoanindividualword wemayusevocabularyitem lexicalitem orlexicalunit Lexiconcanbeamoretechnicalversionoflexis sometimesitisusedsynonymouslywiththeworddictionary Lexeme likephoneme morpheme isrealizedbyasetofconcreteforms Lemma headwordorentrywordindictionaries 1 1 3Vocabulary Vocabularymeansthesumofallthewordsinthelanguage 词项 词 词汇 词汇学Speakingvocabulary activevocabularywritingvocabulary activevocabularyreadingvocabulary passivevocabularyguessvocabulary passivevocabulary 1 1 3 1SizeoftheEnglishvocabulary awiderange from400 000to600 000words Claiborne 1983 p 5 ahalfmilliontoover2million Crystal 1988 p 32 aboutImillion Nurnberg Rosenbium 1977 P 11 200 000wordsincommonuseaddingtechnicalandscientifictermsstretchthetotalintothemillions Bryson 1990 1 1 3 2Howmanywordsdonativespeakersknow Englishnative speakinguniversitygraduateswillhaveavocabularysizeofabout20 000wordfamilies English nativespeakerswilladdroughly1 000wordfamiliesayeartotheirvocabularysize fiveyearoldbeginningschoolwillhaveavocabularyofaround4 000to5 000wordfamilies a20 year olduniversitystudenthaving20 000wordfamilies Awordfamily isusuallyheldtoincludethebaseword allofitsinflections anditscommonderivatives 1 1 3 3Thecomplexnatureofvocabulary typesofwordknowledge themeaning s ofthewordthewrittenformofthewordthespokenformofthewordthegrammaticalbehaviorofthewordthecollocationsofthewordtheregisterofthewordtheassociationsofthewordthefrequencyoftheword 1 1 4Lexicology Lexicologyisthepartoflinguistics dealingwiththevocabularyofalanguageandthepropertiesofwordsasthemainunitsoflanguage Goodknowledgeofthedescriptionofthevocabulary rulesofword formation originandhistoryofwordshelpstoguessandrememberthemeaningofnew learnedwords tomasterthestandardsoftheirusage andtopreventmistakes Twowaystostudylexicology 1 Diachronicapproach 历时语言学2 Synchronicapproach 共时语言学 Lexicologyasabranchoflinguisticstudy Morphology Grammar Semantics Pragmatics Culture Cognitivemechanism Historicallinguistics etymology词汇学研究范围十分广泛 包括词的界定 词的形态和构成 词的意义 词与词之间的意义关系 词义与语境的关系 成语的构成和使用 词典的类型和使用 词汇的发展史 词汇与文化的关系 词汇频率统计 词汇教学等诸多领域 传统的词汇学有词源学 成语学 词典学 专名学 方言学等分支学科 Summary definedseveraltermsthatarenecessary todiscussvocabularywithprecision indicatedthatlanguagescontainhugenumbersofwords learningtheamountofvocabularyanativespeakerknowsisstillanamazingfeat knowledgeofindividualwordsgrowsovertime bothinourabilitytousethemreceptivelyandproductivelyandinthedifferentkindsofwordknowledgebereadytoexplorethefascinatingworldofhowvocabularyislearnedandused 1 2 英语词汇的现状 1 2 1全球语言英语 Englishasagloballanguage 1 2 2英语词汇概况 1 2 1全球语言英语 1 2 1 1英语的现在 Englishtoday 1 2 1 2英语的重要地位1 2 1 3英语的未来 1 2 1 1英语的现在 Englishtoday 国际语言 internationallanguage 世界语言 worldlanguage 全球语言 globallanguage 通用语言 linguafranca 共同语言 commonlanguage 全球语言英语 首先 该语言必须在许多国家作为官方语言使用 其次 如果该语言在某些国家不是官方语言 必须具有与官方语言同等的地位 最后 如果该语言在某些国家不具备与官方语言同等的地位 必须在外语教学中具有优先地位 1 2 1 2英语的重要地位 英语的使用讲英语的人可以分为三类 第一类是本族语者 即英语是其母语第二类是以英语作为第二语言者最后一类是以英语作为外语者 1 2 1 2英语的重要地位 英语教学非英语国家英语国家英语国家 语言学校发展中国家 主要课程母语教授 第二语言 外语 1 2 1 3英语的未来 拒绝 英语作为国际语言使用新生国家 宗祖国语言特权地位民族语言后殖民时期 母语活语言和全球语言 日益壮大语言变体 新英语 newEnglishes 非英语国家 共同语言英语语言的发展历史 1 2 1 3英语的未来 活语言和全球语言 日益壮大语言变体 新英语 newEnglishes 非英语国家 共同语言英语语言的发展历史 3 本书各个单元简介 Unit1词汇概说Unit2 3构词法Unit4 5 6 7词的意义Unit8 9 10词的来源 特征及发展Unit11 12英语的搭配 成语Unit13 14英语词典的基本知识及使用Unit15 16英语词汇的记忆方法及学习策略 Exercises 1 Word2 Lexis3 Lexicon4 Vocabulary5 Glossary6 Phrase7 Expression8 Diction9 Collocation10 Phraseology11 Morphology12 Lexicology13 Etymology14 Lexicography15 Lexicalsemantics Whatdotheyreferto 1 Alistofthedifficultwordsusedinapieceofwritingorsubject withexplanationsoftheirmeaning 2 Agroupofwordsthatformaunitwithinaclause 3 Unclassifiedlinguisticunitofanylength words phrases sentences paragraphs etc 4 Thechoiceofwordsusedinaspeechorpieceofwriting 5 Wordsingeneralknown learnt used etc oralistofwords usuallyinalphabeticalorderandwithexplanationsoftheirmeanings 6 Allthewordsandphrasesinalanguageorinadictionary 7 Allthewordsinalanguage 8 Thesmallestunitofspokenorwrittenlanguagewhichhasmeaningandcanstandalone 9 Thestudyoforiginsanddevelopmentofwords 10 Thewritingandmakingofdictionaries 11 Thestudyofwordsandtheirmeanings 12 Thestudyofmeaningsandusesofwords 13 Thestudyofhowwordsareformedinalanguage 14 Thewordsandphrasesusedinaparticularprofessionoractivity oraparticularwayofputtingwordstogethertoexpresssomething 15 Agroupofwordswhichnaturallygotogethertoexpresssomething Thepronunciationofletterssuchas A E I O U Y Thepronunciationoftheircombinationssuchasa e e e i i o o y y Collectthewordsandsortthemaccordingtotheirpronunciation Dictation words