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主动语态被动语态一般现在时amisaredo/does(V.V.s)amisare+done(V. p.p)一般将来时willbe going tobe (about)to+do(V.)will+be+done(V. p.p)一般过去时wasweredid(V.-ed)waswere+done(V. p.p)现在进行时amisare+doing(V.-ing)amisare+being+done(V. p.p)过去进行时waswere+doing(V.-ing)waswere+being+done(V.p.p)现在完成时havehas+done(V. p.p.)havehas+been+done(V. p.p)过去完成时had+done(V. p.p.)had+been+done(V. p.p.)情态动词情态动词+V.情态动词+be+done(V. p.p.)过去将来时would/should +V.would/should be + done(V. p.p.)1)不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态(即多数的瞬间动词):appear, die(死亡),disappear(消失), end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, standbreak out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.After the fire, very little remained of my house.比较: rise, fall, happen是不及物动词;raise, seat是及物动词。(错)The price has been risen.(对)The price has risen.(错)The accident was happened last week.(对)The accident happened last week.(错)The price has raised.(对)The price has been raised.(错)Please seat.(对)Please be seated.要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语:fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong toThis key just fits the lock.3)系动词无被动语态(keep除外):appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turnIt sounds good.4)带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态:die, death, dream, live, lifeShe dreamed a bad dream last night.5)当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。(对)She likes to swim.(错)To swim is liked by her.1一般用法1.一般现在时的被动语态构成:is / am / are +及物动词的过去分词Our classroom is cleaned everyday.I am asked to study hard by my mother.Knives are used for cutting things.2.一般过去时的被动语态构成:was / were + 及物动词的过去分词The new shop was built last year.Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.3.现在完成时的被动语态构成:has / have + been +及物动词的过去分词This book has been translated into many languages.Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.4.一般将来时的被动语态构成:will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词A new hospital will be built in our city.Many more trees will be planted next year.5.含有情态动词的被动语态构成:情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词Young trees must be watered often.Your mistakes should be corrected right now.The door may be locked inside.Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.6.现在进行时的被动语态构成:am / is / are + being +及物动词的过去分词Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.My bike is being repaired by Tom now.They are planting trees over there. Trees are being planted over there by them.7.不定式的被动语态:to + be + 及物动词的过去分词There are two books to be read. There are twenty more trees to be planted.特殊用法1.不及物动词无被动语态。 如:happen, break down, come out.What will happen in 100 years.The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.2.有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 如: write, sell, ride.This pen writes well.This new book sells well.3.感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to，但变为被动语态时，须加上to。例:make somebody do somethingsomebody+ be +made to do somethingsee somebody do somethingsomebody +be +seen to do somethingA girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.The boss made the little boy do heavy work.The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.4.如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。He gave me a book.A book was given to me by him.He showed me a ticket.A ticket was shown to me by him.My father bought me a new bike. A new bike was bought for me by my father.5.一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。We cant laugh at him. He cant be laughed at by us.He listens to the radio every day. The radio is listened to by him every day.The nurse is taking care of the sick man. The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.构成非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing形式及不定式to do也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态)。I dont like being laughed at in the public.如何使用被动语态学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。1 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者(这时可省by短语)。My bike was stolen last night.2 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.3 为了更好地安排句子。The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people.(一个主语就够了)It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示据说或相信的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型It+be+过去分词+that从句或主语+be+过去分词+to do sth.。有:It is said that据说It is reported that据报道It is believed that大家相信It is hoped that大家希望It is well-known that众所周知It is thought that大家认为It is suggested that据建议It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.(=The boy is said to have passed the national exam.)四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1 英语中有很多动词如break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。This kind of cloth washes well.注意:主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。 试比较:The door wont lock.(指门本身有毛病)The door wont be locked.(指不会有人来锁门,指门没有锁是人的原因)2 表示发生、进行的不及物动词和短语，如:happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。How do the newspapers come out?这些报纸是如何引出来的呢?3 系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, look, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。Your reason sounds reasonable.非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义1 在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The house needs repairing(to be repaired).这房子需要修理。2 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。The picture-book is well worth reading.(=The picture-book is very worthy to be read.)3 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.(to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。) 试比较:Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? (此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)4 在某些形容词+不定式做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。 例This problem is difficult to work out .(可看作to work out省略了for me).5 在too to结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.
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