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2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业硕士学位联考（英语二）模拟试题八Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Some historians say that the most important contribution of Dwight Eisenhowers presidency (总统任期) in the 1950s was the U.S. interstate highway system. It was a _1_ project, easily surpassing the scale of such previous human _2_ as the Panama Canal. Eisenhowers interstate highways _3_ the nation together in new ways and _4_ major economic growth by making commerce less _5_. Today, an information superhighway has been builtan electronic network that _6_ libraries, corporations, government agencies and _7_. This electronic superhighway is called the Internet, _8_ it is the backbone (主干) of the World Wide Web.The Internet had its _9_ in a 1969 U.S. Defense Department computer network called ARPAnet, which _10_ Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. The Pentagon built the network for military contractors and universities doing military research to _11_ information. In 1983 the National Science Foundation (NSF), _12_ mission is to promote science, took over.This new NSF network _13_ more and more institutional users, many of _14_ had their own internal networks. For example, most universities that _15_ the NSF network had intracampus computer networks. The NSF network _16_ became a connector for thousands of other networks. _17_ a backbone system that interconnects networks, Internet was a name that fit.So we can see that the Internet is the wired infrastructure on which web _18_ move. It began as a military communication system, which expanded into a government-funded _19_ research network.Today, the Internet is a user-financed system tying intuitions of many sorts together _20_ an information superhighway.”1. A.concise B.radical C.massive D.trivial2. A.behaviors B.endeavors C.inventions D.elements3. A.packed B.stuck C.suppressed D.bound4. A.facilitated B.modified C.mobilized D.terminated5. A.competitive B.comparative C.exclusive D.expensive6. A.merges B.connects C.relays D.unifies7. A.figures B.personalities C.individuals D.humans8. A.and B.yet C.or D.while9. A.samples B.sources C.origins D.precedents10. A.stood by B.stood for C.stood against D.stood over11. A.exchange B.bypass C.switch D.interact12. A.their B.that C.when D.whose13. A.expanded B.contracted C.attracted D.extended14. A.what B.which C.these D.them15. A.joined B.attached C.participated D.involved16. A.moreover B.however C.likewise D.then17. A.With B.By C.In D.As18. A.contexts B. signs C.messages D.leaflets19. A.citizen B.civilian C.amateur D.resident20. A.into B.amid C.over D.towardSection II Reading Comprehension Part ADirections: Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C, or D. mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1 Open up most fashion magazines and you will see incredibly thin models with impossible hair and wearing unreasonably expensive, impracticably styled clothes. But shouldnt clothes be comfortably durable and make a principle of being simple for the individual who wears them? Why are we constantly told that we need to buy new clothes and add fresh pieces to our collection? Fashions change year after year so lots of people can make piles of money. If folks are convinced that they need a different look each season, that this years sweaters length and shoes style are important, they can be persuaded to buy. The fashion industry would have you ignore your shortcomings and just make you feel beautiful and happy. In fact, it is not only a phenomenon we can find in peoples dressing. Fashion controls our lives. Fashion controls what we wear, what we eat, what we drink, the way we cut our hair, the makeup we buy and use, the color of the cars we drive. Fashion even controls our ideas. You dont believe me? How many of your friends are vegetarians? Why are they vegetarians? Because it is fashionable! Where does fashion come from? Often the answers are quite logical. Scientists and historians study the fashions of the past and discover the secrets of each fashion. When girls see an attractive guy, their blood pressure rises and their lips become redder. Thats why guys think that girls wearing lipstick are beautiful. Why do guys shave their heads? In the past soldiers shaved their heads to kill the insects that lived in their hair. Now guys shave their heads so that they look strong and masculine, like soldiers. People spend a lot of time and money on fashion. But are they wasting their money? Changes in fashion help to develop new technologies. Changes in style create work for people all over the world. Many people work in the fashion industry, particularly in the fashion capitals of London, New York, Paris and Milan. And finally, fashion makes you feel good, doesnt it? When you are dressed in the latest style, dancing to the most fashionable music, after watching the latest hit film, you feel great, dont you?21. Whats the authors viewpoint about the models and their hairstyles and clothes? A. Unbiased. B. Indifferent. C. Critical. D. Appreciative.22. It is indicated by the author that clothes should be _. A. comfortable and durable B. new and fresh C. expensive and fashionable D. simple and unique23. The fashion industry makes profits by _. A. selling the products at high prices B. creating a need in you C. helping you get rid of your shortcomings D. making you look more beautiful24. The author thinks what has been found about fashions by the scientists and historians is _. A. incredible B. amazing C. reasonable D. creative25. The passage mentions the advantages of fashion EXCEPT that _. A. it can help promote technological development B. it enables people to remain up-to-date C. it can create more job opportunities for people D. it can make people achieve a great feelingText 2 Will there ever be another Einstein? This is the undercurrent of conversation at Einstein memorial meetings throughout the year. A new Einstein will emerge, scientists say. But it may take a long time. After all, more than 200 years separated Einstein from his nearest rival, Isaac Newton. Many physicists say the next Einstein hasnt been born yet, or is a baby now. Thats because the quest for a unified theory that would account for all the forces of nature has pushed current mathematics to its limits. New math must be created before the problem can be solved.But researchers say there are many other factors working against another Einstein emerging anytime soon. For one thing, physics is a much different field today. In Einsteins day, there were only a few thousand physicists worldwide, and the theoreticians who could intellectually rival Einstein probably would fit into a streetcar with seats to spare. Education is different, too. One crucial aspect of Einsteins training that is overlooked is the years of philosophy he read as a teenagerKant, Schopenhauer and Spinoza, among others. It taught him how to think independently and abstractly about space and time, and it wasnt long before he became a philosopher himself. The independence created by philosophical insight isin my opinionthe mark of distinction between a mere artisan or specialist and a real seeker after truth, Einstein wrote in 1944. And he was an accomplished musician. The interplay between music and math is well known. Einstein would furiously play his violin as a way to think through a knotty physics problem. Today, universities have produced millions of physicists. There arent many jobs in science for them, so they go to Wall Street and Silicon Valley to apply their analytical skills to more practicaland rewardingefforts. Maybe there is an Einstein out there today, said Columbia University physicist Brian Greene, but it would be a lot harder for him to be heard. Especially considering what Einstein was proposing. The actual fabric of space and time curving? My God, what an idea! Greene said at a recent gathering at the Aspen Institute. It takes a certain type of person who will bang his head against the wall because you believe youll find the solution. Perhaps the best examples are the five scientific papers Einstein wrote in his miracle year of 1905. These thought experiments were pages of calculations signed and submitted to the prestigious journal Annalen der Physik by a virtual unknown. There were no footnotes or citations.What might happen to such a submission today?We all get papers like those in the mail, Greene said. We put them in the junk file.26. What do scientists seem to agree upon, judging from the first two paragraphs?A. Einstein pushed mathematics almost to its limits.B. It will take another Einstein to build a unified theory.C. No physicist is likely to surpass Einstein in the next 200 years.D. It will be some time before a new Einstein emerges.27. What was critical to Einsteins success?A. His talent as an accomplished musician.B. His independent and abstract thinking.C. His untiring effort to fulfill his potential.D. His solid foundation in math theory.28. What does the author tell us about physicists today?A. They tend to neglect training in analytical skills.B. They are very good at solving practical problems.C. They attach great importance to publishing academic papers.D. They often go into fields yielding greater financial benefits.29. What does Brian Greene imply by saying . it would be a lot harder for him to be heard (Lines 1-2, Para. 9)?A. People have to compete in order to get their papers published.B. It is hard for a scientist to have his papers published today.C. Papers like Einsteins would unlikely get published today.D. Nobody will read papers on apparently ridiculous theories.30. When he submitted his papers in 1905, Einstein _.A. forgot to make footnotes and citationsB. was little known in academic circlesC. was known as a young genius in math calculationsD. knew nothing about the format of academic papersText 3The more women and minorities make their way into the ranks of management, the more they seem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid. The newcomers also tend to see office matters with a fresh eye, in the process sometimes coming up with critical analyses of the forces that shape everyones experience in the organization. Consider the novel views of Harvey Coleman of Atlanta on the subject of getting ahead. Coleman is black. He spent 11 years with IBM, half of them working in management development, and now serves as a consultant to the likes of AT&T, Coca-Cola, Prudential, and Merch. Coleman says that based on what hes seen at big companies, he weighs the different elements that make for long-term career success as follows: performance counts a mere 10%, image, 30%; and exposure, a full 60%. Coleman concludes that excellent job performance is so common these days that while doing your work well may win you pay increases, it wont secure you the big promotion. He finds that advancement more often depends on how many people know you and your work, and how high up they are. Ridiculous beliefs? Not to many people, especially many women and members of minority races who, like Coleman, feel that the scales(障眼物) have dropped from their eyes. Women and blacks in organizations work under false beliefs, says Kaleel Jamison, a New York-based management consultant who helps corporations deal with these issues. They think that if you work hard, youll get ahead- that someone in authority will reach down and give you a promotion. She adds, Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think theyve gotten ahead because of their sex or color that they play down their visibility. Her advice to those folks: learn the ways that white males have traditionally used to find their way into the spotlight. 31. According to the passage, things formerly judged to be best left unsaid (Line 2, Para.1) probably refers to _. A. criticisms that shape everyones experience B. the opinions which contradict the established beliefs C. the tendencies that help the newcomers to see office matters with a fresh eye D. the ideas which usually come up with h new ways of management in the organization 32. To achieve success in your career, the most important factor, according to the passage, is to _.A. let your superiors know how good you are B. project a favorable image to the people around you C. work as a consultant to your superiors D. perform well your tasks given by your superiors 33. The reason why women and blacks play down their visibility is that they _. A. know that someone in authority will reach down and give them a promotion B. want to give people the impression that they work under false beliefs C. dont want people to think that their promotions were due to sex or color D. believe they can get promoted by reason of their sex or color 34. The author is of the opinion that Colemans beliefs are _ . A. biased B. popular C. insightful D. superficial 35. The best title for this passage would be _. A. Role of Women and Minorities in Management B. The Importance of Being Visible C. Job Performance and Advancement D. Sex and Career SuccessText 4Age has its privileges in America, and one of the more prominent of them is the senior citizen discount. Anyone who has reached a certain age in some cases as low as 55 is automatically entitled to dazzling array of price reductions at nearly every level of commercial life. Eligibility is determined not by ones need but by the date on ones birth certificate. Practically unheard of a generation ago, the discounts have become a routine part of many businesses as common as color televisions in motel rooms and free coffee on airliners.People with gray hair often are given the discounts without even asking for them; yet, millions of Americans above age 60 are healthy and solvent. Businesses that would never dare offer discounts to college students or anyone under 30 freely offer them to older Americans. The practice is acceptable because of the widespread belief that elderly and needy are synonymous. Perhaps that once was true, but today elderly Americans as a group have a lower poverty rate than the rest of the population. To be sure, there is economic diversity within the elderly, and many older Americans are poor. But most of them arent.It is impossible to determine the impact of the discounts on individual companies. For many firms, they are a stimulus to revenue. But in other cases the discounts are given at the expense, directly or indirectly, of younger Americans. Moreover, they are a direct irritant in what some politicians and scholars see as a coming conflict between the generations.Generational tensions are being fueled by continuing debate over Social Security benefits,which mostly involves a transfer of resources from the young to the old. Employment is another sore point. Buoyed by laws and court decisions, more and more older Americans are declining the retirement dinner in favor of staying on the job thereby lessening employment and promotion opportunities for younger workers.Far from a kind of charity they once were, senior citizen discounts have become a formidable economic privilege to a group with millions of members who dont need them.It no longer makes sense to treat the elderly as a single group whose economic needs deserve priority over those of others. Senior citizen discounts only enhance the myth that older people cant take care of themselves and need special treatment; and they threaten the creation of a new myth, that the elderly are ungrateful and taking for themselves at the expense of children and other age groups. Senior citizen discounts are the essence of the very thing older Americans are fighting against discrimination by age.36. We learn from the first paragraph that _.A. offering senior citizens discounts has become routine commercial practiceB. senior citizen discounts have enabled many old people to live a decent lifeC. giving senior citizens discounts has boosted the market for the elderlyD. senior citizens have to show their birth certificates to get a discount37. What assumption lies behind the practice of senior citizen discounts?A. businesses, having made a lot of profits, should do something for society in return.B. Old people are entitled to special treatment for the contribution they made to society.C. The elderly, being financially underprivileged, need humane help from society.D. Senior citizen discounts can make up for the inadequacy of the Social Security system.38. According to some politicians and scholars, senior citizen discounts will _.A . Make old people even more dependent on societyB. intensify conflicts between the young and the oldC. have adverse financial impact on business companiesD. bring a marked increase in the companies revenues39. How does the author view the Social Security system?A. It encourages elderly people to retire in time.B. It opens up broad career prospects for young people.C. It benefits the old at the expense of the young.D. It should be reinforced by laws and court decisions.40. Which of the following best summarizes the authors main argument?A. Senior citizens should fight hard against age discrimination.B. The elderly are selfish and taking senior discounts for granted.C. Priority should be given to the economic needs of senior citizens.D. Senior citizen discounts may well be a type of age discrimination.Part BDirections: Read the following text and answer questions by finding information from column A that corresponds to each of the marked details given in column B. There are two extra choices in the left column. Mark your answer on ANSER SHEET 1. (10 points)“Ive never met a human worth cloning,” says cloning expert Mark Westhusin from the cramped confines of his lab at Texas A&M University. “Its a stupid endeavor.” Thats an interesting choice of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy. So far, he and his team have not succeeded, though they have cloned two calves and expect to clone a cat soon. They just might succeed in cloning Missy later this yearor perhaps not for another five years. It seems the reproductive system of mans best friend is one of the mysteries of modern science.Westhusins experience with cloning animals leaves him vexed by all this talk of human cloning. In three years of work on the Missyplicity project, using hundreds upon hundreds of canine (犬的) eggs, the A&M team has produced only a dozen or so embryos carrying Missys DNA. None have survived
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